Uthman (r)Uthman (r)His KhilaafahHis Khilaafah

A.S. Hashim, MDA.S. Hashim, MD

From wikipedia.comFrom wikipedia.com

Sources of ReferenceSources of Reference

ibn Hisham,Uthman bin Affan, the Third Khalifa of Islam by, Abdul Basit. Hilya al-Awliya, Abu Nu’aym, Uthman ibn Affan: The Man With Two Lights (Part Two) The Murder of the Khalifa Uthman, M. Hinds, The Arabs in History, Oxford University Press, 2002 Encyclopædia Britannica The Early Islamic Conquests, Fred Donner, Princeton 1981 A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims The Cambridge History of Islam, Bernard Lewis, The Succession to MuhammadMakers of Arab History By Philip Khuri Hitti.

In this Slide ShowIn this Slide Show

Uthman and the Conquered LandUthman and the Conquered LandUthman, Omar, and JerusalemUthman, Omar, and JerusalemThe Great Famine The Great Famine At Omar’s DeathbedAt Omar’s DeathbedThe Committee of Six The Committee of Six Reign as a Khalifa (644–656)Reign as a Khalifa (644–656)Sahaaba as Personal DeputiesSahaaba as Personal DeputiesEconomic ReformsEconomic ReformsPublic worksPublic worksExtending Al-Masjid al-Nabawi and al-haram al-ShareefExtending Al-Masjid al-Nabawi and al-haram al-ShareefAdministrationAdministrationThe Holy QuranThe Holy Quran

Uthman close to Abu Bakr,Uthman close to Abu Bakr,

Uthman had a close relationship with Abu Bakr,Uthman had a close relationship with Abu Bakr,Who was the one who induced Uthman to convert to Islam. Who was the one who induced Uthman to convert to Islam.

When Abu Bakr was elected as the Khalifa, When Abu Bakr was elected as the Khalifa, Omar was the very first to offer his allegiance. Omar was the very first to offer his allegiance. Uthman was among the early ones to offer his allegiance. Uthman was among the early ones to offer his allegiance.

During the Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy), During the Ridda wars (Wars of Apostasy), Uthman remained at Medina, Uthman remained at Medina, acting as Abu Bakr's adviser. acting as Abu Bakr's adviser.

On his death bed, Abu Bakr fainted but Uthman finished On his death bed, Abu Bakr fainted but Uthman finished writing Abu Bakr’s will by putting Omar’s name:writing Abu Bakr’s will by putting Omar’s name:

saying that his successor was to be Omar.saying that his successor was to be Omar.

Uthman’s Allegiance to Omar.Uthman’s Allegiance to Omar.

Uthman was the first person to offer his allegiance to Omar. Uthman was the first person to offer his allegiance to Omar. During the reign of Omar, During the reign of Omar,

Uthman remained at Medina as his adviser, Uthman remained at Medina as his adviser, and as a member of his advisory council. and as a member of his advisory council.

Omar restricted the companions, including Uthman, from Omar restricted the companions, including Uthman, from leaving Medina. leaving Medina.

The reason was that Omar didn't wish for the companions, The reason was that Omar didn't wish for the companions, to spread all over the Ummah and have their own followers, to spread all over the Ummah and have their own followers, which would, he felt, result in unnecessary divisions in Islam.which would, he felt, result in unnecessary divisions in Islam.or leading to cult of personalityor leading to cult of personality

The Sahaaba were already sufficiently valued by the Muslims,The Sahaaba were already sufficiently valued by the Muslims,

Uthman’s KhilaafahUthman’s Khilaafah

1. The Conquered LandThe Conquered Land

2. Sahaaba as Deputies

3. Economics

4. Public works

5. Administration

6. The Holy Quran

Uthman AdvisesUthman Advises

During the reign of Omar, considerable During the reign of Omar, considerable wealth flowed into the public treasury. wealth flowed into the public treasury. Uthman advised:Uthman advised:

that some amount be reserved in the treasury that some amount be reserved in the treasury for future needs, for future needs, instead of giving all of it as stipends to the instead of giving all of it as stipends to the Muslims, Muslims, and this was accepted by Omar. and this was accepted by Omar.

Uthman and the Conquered LandUthman and the Conquered Land

A controversy arose about the land in A controversy arose about the land in conquered areas. conquered areas. The army was of the view that:The army was of the view that:1.1. Lands in conquered territories should be distributed Lands in conquered territories should be distributed

among the soldiers of the conquering army, among the soldiers of the conquering army, 2.2. but others thought that the lands should remain as the but others thought that the lands should remain as the

property of the original owners, property of the original owners, 3.3. and the lands without claimants should be declared as and the lands without claimants should be declared as

state property. state property.

Uthman supported the latter view Uthman supported the latter view (view #3 above)(view #3 above) and and this view was ultimately accepted. this view was ultimately accepted.

Uthman, Omar, and JerusalemUthman, Omar, and Jerusalem

At the time of the conquest of Jerusalem At the time of the conquest of Jerusalem the Christians demanded the Christians demanded that Omar goes to Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the city. that Omar goes to Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the city.

Uthman was of the view that Uthman was of the view that it was not necessary for the Khalifa of the Muslims to go to Jerusalem it was not necessary for the Khalifa of the Muslims to go to Jerusalem and that the enemy, when defeated, would surrender the city and that the enemy, when defeated, would surrender the city unconditionally. unconditionally.

Uthman's argument was attractive, Uthman's argument was attractive, Omar however did not agree, he decided to go to Jerusalem to accept Omar however did not agree, he decided to go to Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the city.the surrender of the city.in order to win the good will of the Christians,in order to win the good will of the Christians,And prevent further blood shedAnd prevent further blood shed

The Great FamineThe Great Famine

In the year 638, Arabia fell into severe drought followed In the year 638, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. by a famine. Omar wrote to the provincial governors of Syria, Palestine Omar wrote to the provincial governors of Syria, Palestine and Iraq for the aid. and Iraq for the aid. State of emergency was declared in Medina and Arabia. State of emergency was declared in Medina and Arabia. And Omar dispatched his men to the routes of Iraq, Palestine and And Omar dispatched his men to the routes of Iraq, Palestine and SyriaSyria

to take the supply caravans to the desert settlements deeper into to take the supply caravans to the desert settlements deeper into Arabia, to save people from annihilation. Arabia, to save people from annihilation. and a large caravan belonging to Uthman (carrying a and a large caravan belonging to Uthman (carrying a supply of food grains) helped to serve the poor well.supply of food grains) helped to serve the poor well.

At Omar’s DeathbedAt Omar’s Deathbed

Omar appointed a committee of 6 Sahaaba, Omar appointed a committee of 6 Sahaaba, He asked that, after his death, the committee reach a final He asked that, after his death, the committee reach a final decision within three days, decision within three days, and the next Khalifa should take the oath of office on the fourth and the next Khalifa should take the oath of office on the fourth day. day. If Talha joined the committee within this period, he was to take If Talha joined the committee within this period, he was to take part in the deliberations, but if he did not return to Medina within part in the deliberations, but if he did not return to Medina within this period, the other members of the committee could proceed this period, the other members of the committee could proceed with the decision. with the decision. On the fourth day after the death of Omar, 11 November 644, 5 On the fourth day after the death of Omar, 11 November 644, 5 Muharram 24 Hijrah, Uthman was elected as the third Khalifa,Muharram 24 Hijrah, Uthman was elected as the third Khalifa,

Ali’s Stand of the StipulationAli’s Stand of the Stipulation

Abdul Rahman bin Auf as chairman of the committee, Abdul Rahman bin Auf as chairman of the committee, made it a condition-precedent that:made it a condition-precedent that:

a candidate for Khilaafah would obey a candidate for Khilaafah would obey not only the Book of God and would follow the Sunnah not only the Book of God and would follow the Sunnah of His Messenger, of His Messenger, but also, would follow the (Sunnah) regulations of Abu but also, would follow the (Sunnah) regulations of Abu Bakr and Omar. Bakr and Omar.

Abdul Rahman thus put the deeds of Abu Bakr and Omar Abdul Rahman thus put the deeds of Abu Bakr and Omar at par with the Sunnah of the Prophet. at par with the Sunnah of the Prophet. Ali refused to equate the deeds of Abu Bakr and Omar Ali refused to equate the deeds of Abu Bakr and Omar with the Sunnah of the Prophet. But Uthman readily with the Sunnah of the Prophet. But Uthman readily accepted.accepted.Ali refused to do so knowing that his refusal would cost Ali refused to do so knowing that his refusal would cost him the throne of the empire of the Muslims. him the throne of the empire of the Muslims.

Reign as a Khalifa (644–656)Reign as a Khalifa (644–656)

On assuming office, being 72 years old, Uthman: On assuming office, being 72 years old, Uthman: issued a number of directives to the officials all over the issued a number of directives to the officials all over the dominion, dominion, ordering them to hold fast the laws made by his ordering them to hold fast the laws made by his predecessor Omar. predecessor Omar.

Uthman's realm extended:Uthman's realm extended:in the west to Morocco, in the west to Morocco, in the east to south-east Pakistan, in the east to south-east Pakistan, and in the north to Armenia and Atherbaijan. and in the north to Armenia and Atherbaijan.

During his Khilaafah, the first Islamic naval force was During his Khilaafah, the first Islamic naval force was established,established,administrative divisions of the state were revised, administrative divisions of the state were revised, and many public projects were expanded and completed.and many public projects were expanded and completed.

On Assuming OfficeOn Assuming Office

When Uthman became Khalifa, the happiness of the When Uthman became Khalifa, the happiness of the Banu Umayya knew no limits. Banu Umayya knew no limits. Life for them, they knew, would be all cream and peaches Life for them, they knew, would be all cream and peaches henceforth, and it was. henceforth, and it was. Their leader, Abu Sufyan, now 90-years old and blind, Their leader, Abu Sufyan, now 90-years old and blind, came to congratulate Uthman, and gave him the following came to congratulate Uthman, and gave him the following advice: advice:

““At last, the Khilaafah has come to us. At last, the Khilaafah has come to us. Receive it and pass over to others like a ball, and use it to Receive it and pass over to others like a ball, and use it to

strengthen Benu Umayya. strengthen Benu Umayya. This new power which you just received, is everything. It is the only This new power which you just received, is everything. It is the only

reality. Nothing else is real or important."reality. Nothing else is real or important."

Sahaaba as Personal DeputiesSahaaba as Personal Deputies

Uthman sent prominent Sahaaba (Companions of Uthman sent prominent Sahaaba (Companions of Muhammad) as his personal deputies Muhammad) as his personal deputies

to various provinces to various provinces to scrutinize the conduct of officials to scrutinize the conduct of officials and the condition of the people. and the condition of the people.

Uthman ruled for twelve years. Uthman ruled for twelve years. The first six years were peaceful and condition in the Ummah was The first six years were peaceful and condition in the Ummah was agreeableagreeableand he remained popular as a Khalifa; and he remained popular as a Khalifa; but during the second half of his Khilaafah conditions changed but during the second half of his Khilaafah conditions changed dramatically, and a rebellion arose.dramatically, and a rebellion arose.

Uthman and his EnvoyUthman and his Envoy

Uthman worked for the expansion of Islam, Uthman worked for the expansion of Islam, and he sent the first official Muslim envoy to China in and he sent the first official Muslim envoy to China in 650. 650. The envoy, headed by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, arrived in The envoy, headed by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, arrived in the Tang capital, Chang'an, in 651 via the overseas the Tang capital, Chang'an, in 651 via the overseas route. route. The Hui people generally consider this date to be the The Hui people generally consider this date to be the official founding of Islam in China. official founding of Islam in China. The Ancient Record of the Tang Dynasty recorded the The Ancient Record of the Tang Dynasty recorded the historic meeting, historic meeting, in which the envoy greeted Emperor Gaozong of Tang in which the envoy greeted Emperor Gaozong of Tang and tried to convert him to Islam. and tried to convert him to Islam.

Uthman and his Envoy, Uthman and his Envoy, ContinuedContinued

The envoy failed to convince the Emperor to The envoy failed to convince the Emperor to embrace Islam, embrace Islam,

However, the Emperor allowed them to proselytize in However, the Emperor allowed them to proselytize in China China

and he allowed the establishment of the first Chinese and he allowed the establishment of the first Chinese mosque in the capital mosque in the capital

So as to show his respect for the religion. So as to show his respect for the religion.

Uthman also sent envoys to Sri Lanka for the Uthman also sent envoys to Sri Lanka for the same purposesame purpose

The Holy QuranThe Holy Quran

Uthman is perhaps best known Uthman is perhaps best known for forming the committee which produced multiple copies of the for forming the committee which produced multiple copies of the text of the Quran as it exists today. text of the Quran as it exists today.

The reason was that various Muslim centers, like Kufa The reason was that various Muslim centers, like Kufa and Damascus, and Damascus,

had begun to develop their own traditions for reciting the Quran,had begun to develop their own traditions for reciting the Quran,and writing it down with stylistic differences.and writing it down with stylistic differences.

By the time of Uthman, By the time of Uthman, Islam had spread far and wide, Islam had spread far and wide, differences in reading the Quran in different dialects of Arabic differences in reading the Quran in different dialects of Arabic language became obvious. language became obvious.

The Holy QuranThe Holy Quran

This copy of the Quran is believed to be one of the oldest, compiled during Khalifa Uthman's reign.

The Holy QuranThe Holy Quran

A group of companions, headed by Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, (who A group of companions, headed by Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, (who was fighting in the conquest of Armenia and Atherbaijan), was fighting in the conquest of Armenia and Atherbaijan),

came to Uthman and urged him “to save the Ummah before it is came to Uthman and urged him “to save the Ummah before it is entangled into disagreements about the Book,..". entangled into disagreements about the Book,..".

Uthman obtained the complete manuscript of the Quran from Hafsa, Uthman obtained the complete manuscript of the Quran from Hafsa, daughter of Omardaughter of Omar

who had been entrusted to keep the manuscript who had been entrusted to keep the manuscript ever since the Quran was comprehensively compiled by the first ever since the Quran was comprehensively compiled by the first Khalifa, Abu Bakr.Khalifa, Abu Bakr.

To compile the Quran, Uthman sent for Ubayy ibn Ka'ba who To compile the Quran, Uthman sent for Ubayy ibn Ka'ba who dictated it to Zaid ibn Thabit, and Sa’eed ibn al‑Aas gave dictated it to Zaid ibn Thabit, and Sa’eed ibn al‑Aas gave grammatical inflections. grammatical inflections. So this copy is according to the dictation by Ubayy ibn Ka'ba and So this copy is according to the dictation by Ubayy ibn Ka'ba and written by Zaid Ibn Thabit".written by Zaid Ibn Thabit".

The Holy Quran The Holy Quran ContinuedContinued

As said, Uthman then again summoned the As said, Uthman then again summoned the leading compiling authority, leading compiling authority,

Zaid ibn Thabit, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, and Zaid ibn Thabit, Ubayy ibn Ka'b, and Abdullah ibn Abdullah ibn al‑Zubair, Sae’ed ibn al‑Aas, Abdul Rahman ibn al‑Zubair, Sae’ed ibn al‑Aas, Abdul Rahman ibn al‑Harth, to transcribeal‑Harth, to transcribeUbayy b. Ka'ba was to dictate it to Zaid ibn Thabit, and Ubayy b. Ka'ba was to dictate it to Zaid ibn Thabit, and Sa’eed ibn al‑Aas was to give grammatical inflectionsSa’eed ibn al‑Aas was to give grammatical inflections The style of Arabic dialect used was that of the Quraish The style of Arabic dialect used was that of the Quraish tribe of which the Prophet Muhammad belonged. tribe of which the Prophet Muhammad belonged. Hence this style was emphasized over all others.Hence this style was emphasized over all others.

The Holy Quran The Holy Quran ContinuedContinued

Zaid ibn Thabit and his assistants produced several Zaid ibn Thabit and his assistants produced several copies of the manuscript of the Quran. copies of the manuscript of the Quran.

One of each was sent to every Muslim province One of each was sent to every Muslim province

with the order that all other Quranic materials, with the order that all other Quranic materials,

whether fragmentary or complete copies, be destroyed. whether fragmentary or complete copies, be destroyed.

When the standard copies were made available to the When the standard copies were made available to the Muslim community everywhere, Muslim community everywhere,

then all other (previous) material was burned voluntarily then all other (previous) material was burned voluntarily by the Muslim community themselves. by the Muslim community themselves.

The Holy Quran The Holy Quran ContinuedContinued

This was important in order to:This was important in order to:eliminate variations eliminate variations

or differences in the dialect or differences in the dialect

from the standard text of the Quran. from the standard text of the Quran.

Uthman kept a copy of the Quran for himself Uthman kept a copy of the Quran for himself and returned the burrowed manuscript to Hafsa.and returned the burrowed manuscript to Hafsa.

Both Shi'a and Sunni accept the same sacred Both Shi'a and Sunni accept the same sacred text, the Quran, (for Allah has preserved it from text, the Quran, (for Allah has preserved it from any change). any change).

EconomicsEconomics

Uthman was a shrewd businessman, and a successful Uthman was a shrewd businessman, and a successful trader from his youth, trader from his youth, Omar had fixed allowances to the people according to Omar had fixed allowances to the people according to their statustheir status

and on assuming office, Uthman increased it by 25%. and on assuming office, Uthman increased it by 25%. There was inflation and the prices became high.There was inflation and the prices became high.

Omar had placed a ban on the sale or the purchase of Omar had placed a ban on the sale or the purchase of agricultural lands in conquered territories.agricultural lands in conquered territories.

Uthman withdrew these restrictions, Uthman withdrew these restrictions, in view of the fact that the trade could not flourish. in view of the fact that the trade could not flourish.

Uthman permitted people to draw loans from the public Uthman permitted people to draw loans from the public treasury.treasury.

Economics Economics ContinuedContinued

Omar decreed as his policy:Omar decreed as his policy:that the lands in conquered territories were not to be that the lands in conquered territories were not to be distributed among the combatants, distributed among the combatants, but were to remain the property of the previous owners. but were to remain the property of the previous owners. The army felt dissatisfied at this decision, The army felt dissatisfied at this decision, but Omar suppressed the opposition with a strong but Omar suppressed the opposition with a strong hand.hand.

Uthman followed the policy devised by Omar, but Uthman followed the policy devised by Omar, but there were more conquests, thus increasing the there were more conquests, thus increasing the revenues considerably.revenues considerably.

Economics: Omar Versus UthmanEconomics: Omar Versus Uthman

Omar, was very strict in the use of money from the public Omar, was very strict in the use of money from the public treasury. treasury.

Apart from the meager allowance that had been sanctioned in his Apart from the meager allowance that had been sanctioned in his favor, Omar took no money from the treasury. favor, Omar took no money from the treasury. He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family He did not receive any gifts, nor did he allow any of his family members to accept any gift from any quarter. members to accept any gift from any quarter.

But with Uthman there was relaxation of the rules. But with Uthman there was relaxation of the rules. Uthman did not draw any allowance from the treasury for his Uthman did not draw any allowance from the treasury for his personal use, personal use, nor did he receive a salary, he did not need to.nor did he receive a salary, he did not need to.but unlike Omar, Uthman was a very wealthy man with sufficient but unlike Omar, Uthman was a very wealthy man with sufficient resources of his own, resources of his own,

Economics Economics ContinuedContinued

Uthman accepted gifts, with no objections, Uthman accepted gifts, with no objections, and he allowed his family members (Benu Umayya) to accept gifts and he allowed his family members (Benu Umayya) to accept gifts too.too.

Uthman felt that he had the right to utilize the public funds Uthman felt that he had the right to utilize the public funds according to his best judgment, according to his best judgment, and no one criticized him for that. and no one criticized him for that.

The economic boom was due to all the confiscations of The economic boom was due to all the confiscations of the conquered land; the conquered land;

Huge revenues were pouring in and:Huge revenues were pouring in and:Muslims as well as non-Muslims of the Rashidoon EmpireMuslims as well as non-Muslims of the Rashidoon Empireenjoyed this very economic boom during his era.enjoyed this very economic boom during his era.

Nepotism in the Khilaafah of UthmanNepotism in the Khilaafah of Uthman

Uthman loved the members of his own clan, the Benu Uthman loved the members of his own clan, the Benu Umayya, Umayya,

to a point where his love became an obsession. to a point where his love became an obsession. Benu Umayya were the arch-enemies of Islam, and they had Benu Umayya were the arch-enemies of Islam, and they had fought against its Prophet for more than twenty years.fought against its Prophet for more than twenty years.

Now suddenly, Uthman made them masters of the Ummah. Now suddenly, Uthman made them masters of the Ummah. He himself became helpless, for soon they took the reins of He himself became helpless, for soon they took the reins of the government in their own hands. the government in their own hands. The real rulers of the empire, in the Khilaafah of Uthman, The real rulers of the empire, in the Khilaafah of Uthman, were were

Marwan (the cousin and son-in-law of Uthman) Marwan (the cousin and son-in-law of Uthman) and Hakam bin Abul-Aas (Uthman's uncle and Marwan's and Hakam bin Abul-Aas (Uthman's uncle and Marwan's father). father).

Favoritism in the Khilaafah of UthmanFavoritism in the Khilaafah of Uthman

Uthman opened the gates of the public treasury to his Uthman opened the gates of the public treasury to his relatives. relatives. He gave them rich presents, vast estates and high ranks. He gave them rich presents, vast estates and high ranks. Uthman also:Uthman also:

forbade the citizens of Medina to graze their camels and cattle in forbade the citizens of Medina to graze their camels and cattle in the pastures around the city. the pastures around the city. These pastures had been made a public endowment by the These pastures had been made a public endowment by the Prophet Prophet but according to Uthman’s ordinance, the only allowed animals but according to Uthman’s ordinance, the only allowed animals that could graze were those belonging to him or to Benu Umayya. that could graze were those belonging to him or to Benu Umayya.

The Grazing LandThe Grazing Land

According to the Prophet:According to the Prophet:The Grazing LandsThe Grazing Lands (which were irrigated by (which were irrigated by rain),rain),

were the property of the whole were the property of the whole UmmahUmmah, ,

and therefore, the animals of all its members and therefore, the animals of all its members could graze in them. could graze in them.

He had also told them that these lands could He had also told them that these lands could not be appropriated by anyone for private use not be appropriated by anyone for private use as was done in the Times of Ignorance. as was done in the Times of Ignorance.

Abdul Rahman ibn Auf RegretsAbdul Rahman ibn Auf Regrets

Abdul Rahman ibn Auf, the head of the committee that elected Abdul Rahman ibn Auf, the head of the committee that elected Uthman, became despondentUthman, became despondent

He saw craft spreading its tentacles like an octopus over the Ummah He saw craft spreading its tentacles like an octopus over the Ummah and he was shocked by so much nepotism and he was shocked by so much nepotism and the ineptitude of the Khalifa he had chosen and the ineptitude of the Khalifa he had chosen

He declared that he would stop talking to him He declared that he would stop talking to him Sometime later, when Abdul Rahman lay dying, Uthman came to see Sometime later, when Abdul Rahman lay dying, Uthman came to see him but he did not acknowledge Uthman’s greetings and turned his him but he did not acknowledge Uthman’s greetings and turned his face toward the wall. face toward the wall. He died without exchanging a word with the KhalifaHe died without exchanging a word with the Khalifa. .

Abdul Rahman bin Auf died in remorse at what he had done as the Abdul Rahman bin Auf died in remorse at what he had done as the chairman of Omar's electoral committee.chairman of Omar's electoral committee.

In Sermon 3, page 49 In Sermon 3, page 49

Ali: sermon of Shiqshiqiyah, Part 3Ali: sermon of Shiqshiqiyah, Part 3

As such, one of them turned against me because of his rancor, the other inclined the other way due to his in-law relation,…

Till the third of these stood up heaving his breasts between his dung and fodder.

And with him stood up the children of his clan, (Benu Umayya), devouring Allah's wealth as a camel devours the foliage of spring. Till his rope broke down, and his actions finished him off and the gluttony forced him down prostrate.

�ه�م� م�ن ج�ل� ر فصغا�خر� اال ومال �ه، �ض�غ�ن ل

وهن هن مع �ص�ه�ره�، .ل

،� القو�م ال�ث� ث قام ن� أ �لى إ�يله� ث ن �ن ي ب �ه� ي ح�ض�ن . ا اف�ج ن

ف�ه�، ل وم�ع�ت�يه� ب

أ �و ن ب معه� وقام خض�م الله� مال خ�ضم�ون ين� أ ى �ل إ ، �يع� ب الر6 ة �ت �ب ن �ل �ب � اال

ج�هز وأ �ه�، �ل فت �ه� ي عل ث ك �ت ان

�ه� ب ت� ب وك �ه�، عمل �ه� ي عل�ه� ت �ط�ن ب

Public worksPublic works

Under Uthman:Under Uthman:There was massive need to build mosques over the There was massive need to build mosques over the vast domain of the Ummahvast domain of the Ummahthe people had become economically better off, the people had become economically better off, and they invested their money in the construction of and they invested their money in the construction of buildings. buildings. Many new and larger buildings were constructed Many new and larger buildings were constructed throughout the empire. throughout the empire.

It is claimed that during the Khilaafah of Uthman:It is claimed that during the Khilaafah of Uthman:as many as five thousand new mosques were as many as five thousand new mosques were constructed, yet the need was for much more. constructed, yet the need was for much more.

Extending Al-Masjid al-NabawiExtending Al-Masjid al-Nabawi

Uthman enlarged, extended, andUthman enlarged, extended, andembellished the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at Medina embellished the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi at Medina

and of the Ka'ba as well. and of the Ka'ba as well.

With the expansion of the army, the cantonments With the expansion of the army, the cantonments were extended and enlarged, were extended and enlarged,

more barracks were constructed for the soldiers and more barracks were constructed for the soldiers and

stables for the cavalry were extended. stables for the cavalry were extended.

Uthman provided separate pastures for state camels.Uthman provided separate pastures for state camels.

Public works Public works ContinuedContinued

During the Khilaafah of Uthman, During the Khilaafah of Uthman, guest houses were provided in main cities guest houses were provided in main cities to provide comfort to the merchants coming from faraway places. to provide comfort to the merchants coming from faraway places.

More and more markets were constructed and Uthman:More and more markets were constructed and Uthman:appointed Market Officers to look after them. appointed Market Officers to look after them.

In Iraq, Egypt, and Persia In Iraq, Egypt, and Persia numerous canals were dug, which stimulated agricultural numerous canals were dug, which stimulated agricultural development. development.

In the cities, particular attention was directed towards the In the cities, particular attention was directed towards the provision of the water supply. provision of the water supply.

Public works Public works ContinuedContinued

In Medina, a number of wells were dug to provide In Medina, a number of wells were dug to provide drinking water for the people drinking water for the people and in Mecca the water supply was also and in Mecca the water supply was also improved. improved. Water was brought to Kufa and Basra by canals. Water was brought to Kufa and Basra by canals. Shuaibia was the port for Mecca but it proved Shuaibia was the port for Mecca but it proved inconvenient, inconvenient,

so Uthman selected Jeddah as the site of the new so Uthman selected Jeddah as the site of the new seaport, seaport, and a new port was built there. and a new port was built there.

Uthman also reformed the police departments in Uthman also reformed the police departments in cities.cities.

AdministrationAdministration

In his testament, Omar had instructed his successor not In his testament, Omar had instructed his successor not to make any change in the administrative set up for one to make any change in the administrative set up for one year after his death. year after his death. For one year Uthman maintained the pattern of political For one year Uthman maintained the pattern of political administration as it stood under Omar, later he made administration as it stood under Omar, later he made changes and some amendments.changes and some amendments.Under Omar, Egypt was divided into two provinces, Under Omar, Egypt was divided into two provinces, Upper and Lower Egypt.Upper and Lower Egypt.Uthman made Egypt one province and created a new Uthman made Egypt one province and created a new province for Africa. province for Africa. Under Omar, Syria was divided into two provinces but Under Omar, Syria was divided into two provinces but Uthman made it one province. Uthman made it one province.

AdministrationAdministration

During Uthman’s reign the empire was divided into twelve provinces as such:During Uthman’s reign the empire was divided into twelve provinces as such:1.1. Medina Medina 2.2. Mecca Mecca 3.3. Yemen Yemen 4.4. Kufa Kufa 5.5. Basra Basra 6.6. Jazira Jazira 7.7. Faris Faris 8.8. Atherbaijan Atherbaijan 9.9. Khurasan Khurasan 10. Syria 10. Syria 11.11. Egypt Egypt 12.12. N. AfricaN. Africa

AdministrationAdministration

The provinces were The provinces were further divided into districts further divided into districts (more than 100 districts in the empire) (more than 100 districts in the empire)

and each district or main city had:and each district or main city had:its own Governor, its own Governor, Chief judge and Amil (tax collector). Chief judge and Amil (tax collector).

The governors were appointed by Uthman and every The governors were appointed by Uthman and every appointment was made in writing. appointment was made in writing. At the time of appointment, an instrument of instructions At the time of appointment, an instrument of instructions was issued with a view to regulating the conduct of the was issued with a view to regulating the conduct of the governors. governors.

AdministrationAdministration

On assuming office, the governor:On assuming office, the governor:was required to assemble the people in the main mosque, was required to assemble the people in the main mosque, and read the instrument of instructions before them. and read the instrument of instructions before them.

Uthman appointed his kinsmen as governors in Uthman appointed his kinsmen as governors in provinces:provinces:

Egypt, Egypt, Syria, Syria, Basra,Basra,Kufa, and Kufa, and YemenYemen

These governors then appointed members of Benu These governors then appointed members of Benu Umayya into other administrative but lucrative positionsUmayya into other administrative but lucrative positions

Administration Administration ContinuedContinued

A possible explanation for this reliance on his kin A possible explanation for this reliance on his kin is:is:

that the Rashidoon Empire had expanded so far, so that the Rashidoon Empire had expanded so far, so fast, that it was becoming extremely difficult to govern, fast, that it was becoming extremely difficult to govern, and that Uthman felt that he could trust his own kin not and that Uthman felt that he could trust his own kin not to revolt against him. to revolt against him.

However Shi'a did not see this as prudence; However Shi'a did not see this as prudence; they saw it as nepotism, it was to promote his clan, they saw it as nepotism, it was to promote his clan, Benu UmayyaBenu Umayyaand it was an attempt to rule like a king, a monarch and it was an attempt to rule like a king, a monarch rather than as the first among equals.rather than as the first among equals.

Uthman’s Rule Uthman’s Rule

BenignBenign

Easy going compared to Omar’sEasy going compared to Omar’sNepotism and favoritismNepotism and favoritism

Collection of the QuranCollection of the Quran

Autocratic Autocratic

StrategyStrategy

Empire: Uthman versus OmarEmpire: Uthman versus Omar

Omar's empire at its peak, 644. Uthman’s empire at its peak, 656.

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Uthman as the KhilaafahDiscussed in this slide show are:

Uthman and the Conquered LandReign as a Khalifa (644–656)Sahaaba as Personal DeputiesThe Holy QuranEconomic ReformsPublic worksExtending Al-Masjid al-Nabawi AdministrationAdministration

Finally we quote the Quran:Finally we quote the Quran:

By the Token of Time By the Token of Time

Verily Man is in loss,Verily Man is in loss,

Except those who Except those who believe and do good believe and do good works, and exhort one works, and exhort one another to Truth and another to Truth and exhort one another to exhort one another to patience.patience.

ح�من� الر6 الله� � م �س� ح�من� ب الر6 الله� � م �س� ب

� ح�يم �الر6 ح�يم الر6

�عص�ر� �عص�ر�وال وال

� ا �ن6 � إ ا �ن6 ر@ الالإ خ�س� ف�ي ل ان ر@ نس خ�س� ف�ي ل ان نس

� �إ �وا الالإ وعم�ل �وا آمن 6ذ�ين �وا ال وعم�ل �وا آمن 6ذ�ين الواصو�ا وت �حات� واصو�ا الص6ال وت �حات� الص6ال

�ر� �الص6ب ب واصو�ا وت Hق�ح �ال �ر� ب �الص6ب ب واصو�ا وت Hق�ح �ال ب

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Be in Allah’s CareBe in Allah’s Care

Dr. A.S. HashimDr. A.S. Hashim