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Objectives:• Students will explore why the Industrial Revolution begin in Great

Britain.

• Students will discover the great inventors and inventions during the Industrial Revolution.

• Students will investigate who the Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain.

Main Idea

In the 1700s conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth of the textile industry, which in turn led to huge changes in many other industries.

A New Kind of Revolution

During the 1700s changes in technology began based on the use of power-driven machinery. This era is called the Industrial Revolution.

• Exploration and colonialism

• Seapower

• Political stability

• Government support

• Growth of private investment

Factors for Success• Research and development on farms

• Jethro Tull, seed drill

• Improved livestock breeding

• Better varieties of food crops

– Increased food supply

– Population grew

• Enclosure movement

• the combining of many small farms by wealthy landowners

Agricultural Factors

A Revolution in Great Britain

Britain’s Big Advantage

The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain.

• Had essential elements for economic success

• Factors of production

– Land

– Labor

– Capital

Textile Industry• Beginning of Industrial Revolution• Weaving was a cottage industry• Labor performed at home• Industrialization transformed this

• Fabric made of wool or cotton• Supply of fibers increased in the 1700s• Slave labor in America• Invention of cotton gin• Invention of spinning jenny• Invention of flying shuttle

New Way of Making Cloth• Cottages too small

• Factory invented

• Power for factories?

• Water frame for water power

• Output increased 8x by 1770

Cloth-making in Factories

A Revolution in Textiles

• Steam engines needed large amounts of fuel

• Wood scarce

• Coal mining industry

• Changing landscapes

• Dangers of mining

Coal for Steam Engines

• First successful steam engine in 1712

• Innovations by James Watt

• Steam power versus water power

• Steam locomotives

• Steamships

• Robert Fulton

Development of Steam Engine

Steam Powers the Revolution

“The Chimney Sweeper," from Songs of InnocenceWhen my mother died I was very young,And my father sold me while yet my tongueCould scarcely cry " 'weep! 'weep! 'weep! 'weep!' "So your chimneys I sweep & in soot I sleep.There's little Tom Dacre, who cried when his headThat curled like a lamb's back, was shaved: so I said,"Hush, Tom! never mind it, for when your head's bareYou know that the soot cannot spoil your white hair."And so he was quiet, & that very night,As Tom was a-sleeping he had such a sight!That thousands of sweepers, Dick, Joe, Ned & Jack,Were all of them locked up in coffins of black.And by came an Angel who had a bright key,And he opened the coffins & set them all free;Then down a green plain, leaping, laughing, they run,And wash in a river and shine in the Sun.Then naked & white, all their bags left behind,They rise upon clouds and sport in the wind.And the Angel told Tom, if he'd be a good boy,He'd have God for his father & never want joy.And so Tom awoke; and we rose in the dark,And got with our bags & our brushes to work.Though the morning was cold, Tom was happy & warm;So if all do their duty, they need not fear harm..............................................—William Blake

Industrialization soon spread to western Europe and the United States. Other regions did not industrialize in the 1800s. What was it about Western countries that encouraged them to embrace industry?

• Political liberty

• Freedom to compete

• Rewards reaped

• Exploitation and improvements

Why Western Countries?

• British restrictions

• Hamilton, 1791

• Samuel Slater

–Water frame

– Slater’s Mill

• Lowell’s Mill

America

• Belgium, 1807

• France, 1815

• Germany, 1850

– Railroads

– Treaties

Europe

Industrialization Spreads

Industry in Asia

Eventually, industry spread to Asia.

• Japan first in 1868

• Meiji government

• The 1900s—industrialization for

– China

– India

– Russia

Where employees worked• Major change from cottage industry• Had to leave home to work• Migration from farms to Cities• Hardships for some workers

Life in factory towns• Towns grew up around factories• Towns, factories rose near coal mines• Sanitation poor in many factory towns

Working in a factory• Dangerous work for all• Long workdays (average workday between 12 -14 hours)• Poor factory conditions common

Factories and Factory Towns

“Whole streets, unpaved and without drains or main sewers, are worn into deep ruts and holes in which water constantly stagnates, and are so covered with refuse and excrement as to be impassable from depth of mud and intolerable stench."

Workers in a New Economy • Wealthy to invest in, own factories

• Mid-level to run factories

• Low-level to run machines

Changing Labor Conditions• No government regulation

• Labor unions organized

• Strikes brought change

Cottage Workers’ Unrest• Handmade goods more expensive than

factory made

• Luddite movement, 1811

• Violence spread, 1812

New Class of Workers• Growth of middle class • Managers, accountants, engineers,

mechanics, salesmen• Economy increased

The Factory System and Workers

The factory system changed the world of work. In addition, new processes further changed how people worked in factories.

• Mass production began in U.S.

• Elements:

– Interchangeable parts

– Assembly line

• Production and repair more efficient

• Production more swift

Mass Production• Dramatic increase in production

• Businesses charged less

• Affordable goods

• More repetitious jobs

• Soon became norm

Effects

Factories and Mass Production

• Old mercantile system restricted trade

• Laissez-faire economics

• Adam Smith, market economy

• Thomas Malthus, poverty unavoidable

• Industrialization succeeded and spread

Capitalism and Competition

• Shift in wealth and power

• Entrepreneur

• Banking and finance

• Andrew Carnegie, rags to riches

• Robber barons

• Wealthy business men who use exploitative practices to amass their wealth

New Roles for Business Leaders

New Ideas about Economics

Not everyone agreed that laissez-faire capitalism was good. Two who took a different stance were Robert Owen and Karl Marx.

• More hopeful than Malthus

• Socialism

– Society owns property

– Society controls business

• Model industrial town

• New Harmony

• Social democracy

• a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means

• a democratic welfare state that incorporates both capitalist and socialist practices.

Robert Owen

• More radical socialism

• Predicted collapse of capitalism

• poverty and a workers’ revolution of the Proletariat

• Das Kapital

• Communism

• Government owns means of production

– controls economic planning

Karl Marx

Competing Economic Views

The rise of new economic ideas was among the countless effects of the Industrial Revolution. The shift away from cottage industries also affected home life and the roles of women in society.

• Worlds of work and home separated

• “Separate spheres”• Business world-without

moral controls

• Women-moral guidance at home

Home Life• Industry-great power• Control of other

nations’ economies• Industrialization of

United States• Period of immigration

to United States

Countries• Increase in wealth• Standard of living

improved• Leisure time• Changes to many

aspects of life:– Art– Politics – Transportation

Societies

Effects on Society