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Cli Ch G i h C lR Climate Change Governance in the Coastal R Climate Change Governance in the Coastal R Climate Change Governance in the Coastal R S staina Sustaina Sustaina 1 Mehdi AZAM 1 and Mehdi AZAM and 1 E i t lG P Ui it f F ib G 1 Environental Governance Programme University of Freiburg German Environental Governance Programme, University of Freiburg, German f S ti bl Et i G iffith U i it A for Sustainable Enterprise Griffith University Au for Sustainable Enterprise, Griffith University, Au Abstract 3 STUDY AREA Abstract 3. STUDY AREA Th i t f li t h ti l l i B ld h d t it t l The impacts of climate change are particularly severe in Bangladesh due to its extreme • S‐W Coastal Region poverty and economic dependency on climate sensitive sectors like agriculture food and S W Coastal Region poverty and economic dependency on climate‐sensitive sectors like agriculture, food, and • Special focus: Five sub‐districts fisheries Geographical location frequent disasters changes in precipitation and Special focus: Five sub districts fisheries. Geographical location, frequent disasters, changes in precipitation and of Khulna and Bagerhat district temperature, and man‐made local environmental changes have dramatically reduced the of Khulna and Bagerhat district temperature, and man made local environmental changes have dramatically reduced the bili f h l i Thi d i i h i f li h • Main Occupation: Agriculture stability of the coastal environment. This study investigates the impacts of climate change Main Occupation: Agriculture on the two most vulnerable coastal districts (Khulna and Bagerhat) of Bangladesh between farmer fish farmer day labour the on the two most vulnerable coastal districts (Khulna and Bagerhat) of Bangladesh between farmer, fish farmer, day labour , the 2008 and 2009 by analyzing recent and predicted changes to the coastal environment and Sundarban forest dependent 2008 and 2009 by analyzing recent and predicted changes to the coastal environment and Sundarban forest dependent livelihood patterns. In particular, it examines what climate change adaptation strategies • Zone of multiple vulnerabilities livelihood patterns. In particular, it examines what climate change adaptation strategies h b d d h l l ih h i f i i d i • Zone of multiple vulnerabilities have been adopted at the grass‐roots level, with the aim of proposing improved strategies and opportunities for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in order to achieve climate and opportunities for mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation in order to achieve climate‐ proof development and sustainability in Bangladesh The study finds that the south proof development and sustainability in Bangladesh. The study finds that the south‐ western coastal region of Bangladesh currently experiences livelihood and food insecurity D western coastal region of Bangladesh currently experiences livelihood and food insecurity l f h h i f li d h id d iii i h l Paik K as a result of the changing pattern of climate and human‐induced activities in the natural Koy i t C t li t h d t ti i iti ti i d t t th environment. Current climate change adaptation initiatives are inadequate to secure the livelihood of the huge number of people affected by climate change This ultimately means livelihood of the huge number of people affected by climate change. This ultimately means that people are being displaced to urban areas The study concludes by suggesting a that people are being displaced to urban areas. The study concludes by suggesting a f f framework for development, involving multi‐stakeholder engagement through less framework for development, involving multi stakeholder engagement through less l i d ff ti it td ti bt iti i il it overlapping and more effective integrated actions between communities, civil society organizations NGOs and various local government departments to build at the grass roots organizations, NGOs and various local government departments to build, at the grass roots level a sustainable community that is resilient to the impacts of climate change level, a sustainable community that is resilient to the impacts of climate change. 1 INTRODUCTION 4 RESULTS: VULNERABILITY 1. INTRODUCTION 4. RESULTS: VULNERABILITY • LMFs and non farm households are increasing • Climate change is recognized as a threat to environmental security and • LMFs and non farm households are increasing Climate change is recognized as a threat to environmental security and • Production hampered: natural disaster and in sustainability • Production hampered: natural disaster and in sustainability • Agriculture sector 21% of GDP and 50% of lab C tl i ’ hi ll ti d l bilit • Agriculture sector: 21% of GDP and 50% of lab • Coastal region’s geographical location and vulnerability Sh i f i l dt i tld d • Shrimp farming leads to environmental degrad • Failure of adaptation leads to migration Et f d i idJ l t N M ht • Failure of adaptation leads to migration • Extreme food crises: mid July to Nov.; March t T i i ( 1d 6 h • Opportunities are high but weak governance structure • Temporary migration (range 1 day to 6 month Opportunities are high but weak governance structure Temporary migration (range 1 day to 6 month k b d • This study aims to assess performance of existing adaptation • Drinking water situation become worse and w • This study aims to assess performance of existing adaptation Drinking water situation become worse and w strategies impoverish sectoral adaptation and focus on further • About 20‐30 mil environmental migrants with strategies, impoverish sectoral adaptation and focus on further About 20 30 mil. environmental migrants with strategies prioritizing grass‐root involvement for adaptation related strategies prioritizing grass root involvement for adaptation related j l i di l i 5 RESULTS: CHALLENGES TOWARDS AD project planning and implementation. 5. RESULTS: CHALLENGES TOWARDS AD N b f ff td l t di t j t • The study also discusses the policy gap and current governance • Number of affected people get direct project • The study also discusses the policy gap and current governance Ri id j t it i structures for successful adaptation • Rigid project criteria structures for successful adaptation Li it d ll ti f bd tf li lih d t • Limited allocation of budget for livelihood stra 2 METHODOLOGY L k fi i b NGO dL lG 2. METHODOLOGY • Lack of integration between NGOs and Local G Lack of integration between NGOs and Local G h ff d Fi ld b ti it i ith l l l • More initiatives in the worse affected areas, t • Field observation interview with local people More initiatives in the worse affected areas, t medium or less affected areas: regional conflic • Interviews with farmers fisherman local govt official and NGO medium or less affected areas: regional conflic • Interviews with farmers, fisherman, local govt. official and NGO personnel 6 SECTORAL ADAPTATION personnel 6. SECTORAL ADAPTATION C it lt ti d FGD • Water Resources: demand based technological inco • Community consultation and FGDs • Water Resources: demand based technological inco safe drinking water preservation and efficient strate • Analysis of policies institutional framework project related documents safe drinking water , preservation and efficient strate • Analysis of policies, institutional framework, project related documents management in polders and drinking water supply (T and implementation strategies management in polders and drinking water supply (T and implementation strategies • Coastal Protection: technology and capacity improv Coastal Protection: technology and capacity improv ll di i fGS Sb d l i f wall and incorporation of GIS‐RS based planning for Li lih d di ifi i d di i i f li • Livelihood: diversification and dissemination of live i tf lti l k t iti th an environment for multiple work opportunities at ho floating agriculture/hydroponics vegetable cultivatio floating agriculture/hydroponics, vegetable cultivatio land crab fattening mat making poultry apiculture & land, crab fattening, mat making, poultry, apiculture & • Health: strengthening public health prevention strate Health: strengthening public health prevention strate improvement replication of NGO initiatives at comm improvement, replication of NGO initiatives at comm R i fB ld hR d d Region of Bangladesh: Roadmap towards Region of Bangladesh: Roadmap towards Region of Bangladesh: Roadmap towards bilit bility bility 2 Tapan SARKER 2 Tapan SARKER E il hdi @ i f ib d 2 Ai P ifi C t ny E‐mail: mehdi azam@uranus uni‐freiburg de; 2 Asia Pacific Centre ny, E mail: [email protected] freiburg.de ; Asia Pacific Centre t li E il t k @ iffith d ustralia E‐mail: tapan sarker@griffith edu au ustralia, E mail: [email protected] . a Dacope Mongla kgacha Sharonkhola yra Sharonkhola b b 9 MULTI STAKEHOLDER GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK 9. MULTI‐STAKEHOLDER GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK I tit ti Institutions Revision (GO & NGO) (GO & NGO) No No g (54% are landless) g (54% are landless) Multi‐Stakeholder Local Projects crease of saline areas Multi‐Stakeholder Local Projects Evaluation Committee Project Concept Note Clearance crease of saline areas Evaluation Committee Yes bour force (are dropping) [Sub‐District Executive Officer, Project Yes bour force (are dropping) Implementation Officer, Respective d ti Department Heads, Local Elected di i il i ] 8 POLICY & INSTITUTIONS dation Bodies, NGOs, Civil Society] 8. POLICY & INSTITUTIONS t id A il • Mainstreaming of climate change risk has to mid April • Mainstreaming of climate change risk has ) lil k not integrated into development policies s): multiple works not integrated into development policies s): multiple works and strategies worse and strategies worse Proposal Preparation P li i hi hl biti bt h 1m SLR (landloss:17%) • Policies are highly ambitious but h 1m SLR (landloss:17%) i l t ti l li d t l implementation level is poor due to DAPTATION P lS b i i f Govt. Approval i d fi i DAPTATION Proposal Submission for F di (Clearance for any Projects) inadequate financing b fit i li ibl Funding (Clearance for any Projects) inadequate financing i l d benefit is negligible • Zero grass‐root involvement and Acceptance Zero grass root involvement and Acceptance decision‐making power by local t i l ti decision making power by local ategic solution Implementation government institutions G iii i government institutions Govt. initiatives • Ministerial coordination Govt. initiatives h l Ministerial coordination hus neglecting Evaluation Report • No specific action plan to address hus neglecting l Evaluation Report • No specific action plan to address cts Monitoring & Evaluation environmental/climate migrants cts environmental/climate migrants 10 CONCLUSIONS orporation to access 10. CONCLUSIONS orporation to access egies for water • No other alternatives for Bangladesh except adaptation and strengthen the household resilience capacity egies for water No other alternatives for Bangladesh except adaptation and strengthen the household resilience capacity Table) Pt ti l t d t h l i &t t i dit i ti it th d l t Table) • Potential sectors need technologies & strategies, and its incorporation into the development processes vement in building sea vement in building sea • Building institutional capacity for climate proof development initiatives is imperative DRR • Building institutional capacity for climate proof development initiatives is imperative lih d i lihood options to create • Regional cooperation with neighboring countries h ldl l h • Regional cooperation with neighboring countries ousehold level such as: on in marginal • Grass‐root involvement is mandatory and empower local government institutions in terms of project on in marginal Grass root involvement is mandatory and empower local government institutions in terms of project & honey processing l i dd ii ki & honey processing planning and decision making power egies sanitation egies, sanitation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Th th () k ld th t f W ld Cli t R h P (WCRP) f idi fi il t d th munity level ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The author(s) acknowledges the support of World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) for providing financial support and the munity level floor to present the study results. The author(s) are also grateful to Prodipan (NGO, Bangladesh) for providing local support to carryout the study.
