CLiFF - Convective Liquid Flow Firstwall

1CLiFF - Convective Liquid Flow Firstwall

Liquid Walls: Concepts, Modeling, and Experiments

Neil B. MorleyUniversity of California, Los Angeles

Presented to:

Chamber Technology Peer Review

UCLA, April 26, 2001

LW Concepts, Modeling and Experiments 2

APEX LW Modeling and Experiment Contributors

UCLA - N. Morley, S. Smolentsev, A. Ying, K. Gulec, M. Abdou, M. Youssef, N. Ghoneim, S. Sharafat, H. Huang, T. Sketchley, B. Freeze*, D. Gao*, M. Dagher*, J. Burris*

PPPL - B. Kaita, R. Woolley, L. Zakharov, S. Jardin

IFS - M. Kotschenreuther, H. Rappaport

SNL - M. Ulrickson, R. Nygren, T. Tanaka, J. McDonald

LLNL - R. Moir, T. Rognlien UW - M. Sawan

ORNL - B. Nelson, P. Fogarty, S. Zinkle ANL - D. Sze

INEEL - K. McCarthy

UIUC - D. Ruzic, J-P. Alain* *Indicates student


LW Concepts, Modeling and Experiments: Outline

• Liquid wall concepts for fusion

• Modeling development, progress and results

• Experiment planning and progress

• Summary


Fluid Out

B

J

V

J

Fluid In

Plasma

Plasma-Liquid Interactions

q

g

Bj

Several LW “classes” identified during idea exploration phase

TLW - Thick Liquid Walls. Nearly all solid surfaces covered by a thick (~40-50 cm) liquid layer: e.g. flowing poloidally on curved back-wall.

CLiFF - Convective Liquid Flow First-wall. Thin (~1-2 cm) liquid layer flowing on curved back-wall that protects nearly all solid surfaces from surface heat/particle flux.

EMR, Magnetic Propulsion, others: Electromagnetically restrained or pumped flows similar to TLW or CLIFF ideas with applied or induced current in LM to push flow against back-wall or pump liquid along flow direction.

Early schematic of an TLW-EMR idea proposed by Woolley PPPL

Sym

met

r y a

x is


Other Possible LW Concepts that show promise

SWIRL: Swirling Thick Liquid Vortex (~40-50 cm). A subset of TLW developed for cylindrical vessels like in the FRC or IFE

SOAKER HOSE: Banks of bleeding tubes with liquid metal forced radially away from plasma between gaps in tube banks with applied EM forces.

Divertor: Various concepts exist for a liquid divertor - research pursued in concert with ALPS program

Many others ideas were proposed and assessed in idea exploration phase of APEX

LW for FRC Chamber using SWIRL


LW have many design options and tradeoffs

Thick Liquid WallAttenuate neutrons and absorb surface heat

flux, maximize potential of LWs

Thin Liquid LayerAbsorbs surface heat and protects underlyingsurfaces, but does little to attenuate neutrons

Free JetsLiquid jet arrays make up plasma facing

surface

Wall FlowLiquid layer flows attached to a wall or oozing

through porous media

Passive Flow ControlUsing centrifugal force from back-wall

contours, vanes or initial flow momentum toguide liquid flow

Active Flow ControlUse applied electrical current or electrically

controlled actuators to influence liquid flows,e.g. in-situ pumping

Toroidally ContinuousLiquid flows that are completely toroidally

continuous with no electrical breaks(axi-symmetric)

Toroidally SegmentedDivided flow with sector channels or

penetrations (or vanes) so that MHD boundarylayers form

Liquid MetalHigh electrical and thermal conductivity

Molten SaltLow electrical and thermal conductivity


Scientific Issues for Liquid Walls

1. Thermofluid Issues

- Interfacial Transport and Turbulence Modifications at Free-Surface

- Hydrodynamic Control of Free-Surface Flow in Complex Geometries, including Penetrations, Submerged Walls, Inverted Surfaces, etc.

- MHD Effects on Free-Surface Flow for Low- and High-Conductivity Fluids

2. Effects of Liquid Wall on Core Plasma

- Discharge Evolution (startup, fueling, transport, beneficial effects of low recycling

- Plasma stability including beneficial effects of conducting shell and flow

3. Plasma-Liquid Surface Interactions

- Limits on operating temperature for liquid surface


APEX has followed the Snowmass Recommendations for LW Research

Fundamental Design, Theory and Modeling: This is needed for all concepts and experiments and should include:• 3D Hydrodynamics/Free surface codes with appropriate turbulence and MHD models• Turbulent, wavy surface, and droplet heat and mass transport modeling• Plasma impurity transport modeling• System modeling and concept analysis and design

Thermal-Fluid Flibe Free Surface Flow Experiments: A series of scaled hydrodynamic experiments is needed to simulate Flibe liquid wall dynamics and heat transfer.

LM-MHD Free Surface Flow Experiments: A series of magneto-hydrodynamic experiments in magnetic fields representative of the tokamak and other magnetic configurations is needed. These experiments should explore both passive free surface flow in relevant fields and field gradients, and the active electro-magnetically pumped concepts as well. Also, a series of experiments is needed in which heat transfer is studied in liquid metal free surface flows with relevant MHD effects.

Flibe Chemistry and Handling Experiments: Experience in handling and utilizing high temperature Flibe is needed before it can be realistically developed for reactor applications. Such experiments will focus on safety, corrosion, TF control, target debris recovery, and tritium handling.


Outline



• Experimental planning and progress

• Summary


Hydrodynamics

Free Surface Phenomena

Electromagnetism

Passive & Active Scalar Transport

0 B Bμ

1j

0

);BV(BΔσμ

1

t

B

0

Tk)T]V(t

T[ρCp

CD)CV(t

C

0V

Bjρ

1

pρ

1-V)V(

t

V

gτ

0)V(t

- Interfacial Transport and

Turbulence Modifications at Free-Surface

- Hydrodynamic Control of Free-Surface Flow in Complex Geometries, including Penetrations, Submerged Walls, Inverted Surfaces, etc.

- MHD Effects on Free-Surface Flow for Low- and High-Conductivity Fluids

Many interacting

phenomena

Predicting LW behavior requires understanding underlying phenomena


Design Focused - Approximate models for Engineering Scale Flows

• Develop “laminarized” (LM) or RANS-turbulent (FLIBE) flow models with geometric simplifications to reduce complexity of Navier-Stokes and Maxwells Eqs.

• Use these modeling tools to explore flow phenomena, test numerical model formulations, and provide some basis for quantitative development of APEX/ALIST/ALPS LW designs

Integrated Understanding Focused - Complete treatment of interacting phenomena

• Develop nearly complete 3D simulations including all magnetic field, electric current and velocity components and some or all scales of turbulence, complex geometries and free surfaces.

• Simulate full interactions of LW flows - possibly in reduced parameter ranges

APEX is using a two-pronged modeling approach to investigate LWs


High conductivity - e.g. liquid metals

• Effect of strong magnetic fields and complex geometries on flow control, surface waves, and velocity profiles

• Effect of velocity profiles and surface waves on heat transfer

Low conductivity - e.g. Flibe and other molten salts

• Effect of strong magnetic fields on turbulence and surface and wall heat transfer

• Effect of complex geometry on flow control and surface waves• For thick liquid Flibe flows - MHD effects on flow control must also be

considered

Model development is specific to conductivity of working liquid


Axisymmetric models: 2 to 2.5-D V-P-B variables• developing, time dependent flows • height function or VOF method • 3 components of B, 3 components of V, applied current• Spatially/temporally varying toroidal magnetic field

Fully Developed Models: 1 to 2D V-B• Effects of conducting walls and 2 components of B• Linear gradients of field components and applied current• Linear stability analysis

Non-Symmetric Averaged Models: 1.5D V-P-B• Developing, time dependent flows • Height function method• 2 components of B - Hartmann drag, field gradients, and

opposing Lorentz force are included through averaging

LM-MHD model development has increased understanding of LW flows and numerical methods for prediction

FLO W

Free surface flow velocity jets produced from MHD interaction - UCLA calculation

Design-focused models have been providing basic description of the flows for design - and for more advanced numerical formulations


Example Results:• Quantification of dividing wall conductivity and separation requirements

based on the calculations of constant-B MHD effects • Quantification of allowable wall-normal field in flows with axisymmetry • Surface temperature in Li, Sn CLiFF, based on reduced velocity profiles• Numerical confirmation of the magnetic propulsion idea in toroidal field• Flow predictions in NSTX fields of Li flow on centerstack, divertor and

outboard midplane in varying toroidal magnetic field

New Questions:• Is flow through 1/R toroidal field stable? Can applied current stabilize it? • How serious are the toroidal movement and resultant bulk instabilities in Li

CLiFF due to interaction of streamwise currents with wall-normal fields?• How strong is the drag coming from wall-normal field variations and startup

fields in NSTX?• MHD Plasma/Liquid coupling?

LM-MHD modeling has produced a steady stream of important results… and more questions!


• Gradients in toroidal field produces stream-wise electric current flow (shown below)

• If flow is thin, drag effects may not be sever, but velocity profile can be modified

• But pressurization, pushing liquid outward at free surface may effect stability

Understanding MHD field gradient effects on drag and stability

0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020D istance from the w all, m

-0.8

-0.4

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

Dim

ensi

onle

ss w

all-n

orm

al fo

rce

i n w a r d n e t f o r c e

o u t w a r dn e t f o r c e

U pper section

0

1

Y /

h

-4.0 -2.0 0.0 2.0 4.0D istance from the m idp lane, m

4.0

8.0

B to

roid

al, T

Upper section Lower section


Understanding multi-component MHD effects and predicting flow profiles

0.000 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.020D istance from the w all, m

-1

0

1

2

Tor

oida

l vel

ocity

com

pone

nt, m

/s

U pper section

-4 0 4D istance from the m idplane, m

0.000

0.020

0.040

0.060

Flo

w th

ickn

ess

Brad=0Brad=0.01 T

Brad=0.015 T

Brad=0.02 T

doubling the flow th ickness

Flow drag is very sensitive to surface- normal fields. Especially if flow is axisymmetric or has field gradients

Interaction with streamwise currents can induce a toroidal motion as well.

Incorporation of these effects into design is key for feasibility


Magnetic Propulsion is one way to use MHD forces to overcome drag

0 2 4 6 8 10x / ho

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

h / h

o 2, 134

5

6

7

8

9

- no current- w ith current

BZ1 BZ2

• Increase of the field gradient, (BZ1-BZ2)/L, results in the higher MHD drag (blue curves 1-6)

• Applying an electric current leads to the magnetic propulsion effect and the flow thickness decrease (red curves 7-9)

In calculations: L=20 cm; h0=2 cm; U0=5 m/s

Innovative idea from L. Zakharov (PPPL) where applied current is used to induce pressure gradient that propels flow!


Extension of 3D free surface codes to include limited MHD

• Effects caused by wall-normal magnetic field in flows with axial symmetry

• Effects caused by a spatial and temporal variations in toroidal magnetic field in flows with axial symmetry

• Alternate heat flux boundary condition at free surface for improved accuracy

• Fully 3D field effects currently under development

Improved understanding has led to extension of state-of-the-art in free surface modeling

2-D simulation of flow development under strong toroidal magnetic field gradient - UCLA


Preliminary 3D results for lithium flow in a wall-normal field gradient

Flow direction• 3D Tools just now being

applied to cases with strong MHD forces

• Required to address fusion reactor environment

• Careful testing and benchmarking is required to ascertain validity of modeling results

3-D simulation of flow development under wall normal magnetic field gradient - UCLA


Jet start-up without / with grid adaption - HyperComp Phase I SBIR

• Grid adaption or multi-resolution for surface and boundary layer resolution

• Parallel Algorithms for tractable computing times

• 3D Unstructured Meshes for complex geometries

• High-order advection and free surface tracking algorithms

APEX cooperation with SBIR is leading to even greater modeling capabilities


Turbulence modification in strong magnetic fields• Two-equation turbulence models (the so-called k-e model) with include terms

describing the effect of the magnetic field and presence of free surface

• Development of DNS and LES models that can directly simulate the turbulence development and dissipation under free surface and MHD conditions

Modeling Approach for LW MHD turbulence in low conductivity fluids

Approach Level of description Computational challengeDNS-

Direct Numerical SimulationGives all information

High.Simple geometry, Low Re

LES-Large Eddy Simulation

Resolves large scales.Small scales are averaged

Moderate to high

RANS –Reynolds Avereged

Mean-flow levelLow to moderate.

Complex geometry possible

Flow Control in complex geometries• Issues of penetrations, nozzles, mixing promoters, etc. addressed with 3D VOF

codes


•Strong redistribution of turbulence by a magnetic field is seen.

•Frequency of vortex structures decreases, but vortex size increases.

•Stronger suppresion effect occurs in a spanwise magnetic field

•Free surface approximated as a free slip boundary. Work proceeding on a deformable free surface solution.

“DNS of turbulent free surface flow with MHD at Ret = 150” - Satake, Kunugi, and Smolentsev, Computational Fluid Dynamics Conf., Tokyo, 2000

Ha=20, Streamwise

Ha=0

Ha=10, Spanwise

Extending the state-of-the-art in DNS with MHD and free surface effects


0 1 2 3 4 5(H a/R e) x 1000

0

4

8

12

Cf x

100

0

Experim ent :R e=29000R e=50000R e=90000calcu la tions

"transition"H a/R e=1/225

"lam inar"C f=2H a/R e

Comparison of UCLA modelto experimental data

MHD DEPENDENT TURBULENCE CLOSURES

Magnetic fielddirection

Kem em 3C 4C

Streamwise KBC 203

2

04 BC 0.02 0.015

Wall-normal KBC 203

2

04 BC }0.1exp{9.1 N }0.2exp{9.1 N

Spanwise KBC 203

2

04 BC }0.1exp{9.1 N }0.2exp{9.1 N

MHD K- TURBULENCE MODEL

;])[(

Pr

2

nDissipatio

Kem

Diffusion

jK

t

j

oduction

j

it

jj x

K

xx

v

x

Kv

t

K

.])[( 2

2

1

emj

t

jj

it

jj K

Cxxx

v

KC

xv

t

tttt

tpnpt n

TCvtCq /Pr;

Pr''

Extending the state-of-the-art in RANS with MHD and free surface effects

1.5-D MHD K- Flow Model

• unsteady flow

• height function surface tracking

• turbulence reduction near surface is treated by specialized BCs

• effect of near-surface turbulence on heat transfer modeled by variation of the turbulent Prandtl number


Significant results from continuously advancing MHD-k model

Other Examples...• 2 to 3 cm, 10 m/s turbulent Flibe flow in ARIES RS type geometry can

be established• Mean MHD effects in Flibe CLiFF are negligible, but mean MHD

effects in thick Flibe flow are important• Design parameters for FLIHY flibe hydrodynamics simulation

experiments

Surface Temperature Predictions forCLiFF

• Slight changes in turbulent Prandtl number (due to surface waviness or increased surface turbulence) can dramatically affect surface temperature: 40C difference seen in Flibe CLiFF case

0 2 4 6 8Distance, m

0

20

40

60

80

Tem

pera

ture

ris

e, K

Flat surface

Bulk

Surface temperature change in a 2 MW/m2 heat flux

Wavy surface


3D Hydrodynamic simulations needed to investigate flibe flow control

• Geometric complexity requires 3D simulations using tools like Flow3D, HIMAG, and Telluride - penetrations- mixing promoters- nozzles

• Prediction of gross flow motion for thin low conductivity flows (friction factors modified for MHD and curvature effects)

Flow around circular penetration - HIMAG


Calculated velocity and surface depth

SWIRL Concepts: Structural cylinders with a liquid vortex flow covering the inside surface. Applicable to FRC, ST and IFE

Computer Simulation: 3-D time-dependent Navier-Stokes Equations solved with RNG turbulence model and VOF algorithm for free surface tracking

Results: Adhesion and liquid thickness uniformity (> 50 cm) met with a flow of Vaxial = 10 m/s, V,ave = 11 m/s

Modeling flow for alternative plasma confinement schemes


Next steps for liquid wall modeling

• Complex geometry LM flow control around penetrations, jet streams emerging from nozzles, etc.

• 3D and 2D (or helical) turbulence and its effect on surface heat transfer

• Temporal and spatially varying fields 3D LM-MHD in complex geometries and supply lines

• Coupling of MHD LWs to MHD plasma physics

• Experimental verification

M O D ELIN G D IR EC TIO N S

L o w -co nd u c tiv ityliq u ids

tu rbu le nce ;M H D e ffe ts

H ig h -co nd u c tiv ityliq u ids

la m in a riza tio n ;s tro n g M H D e ffe c ts

L iq u id w a ll - p la sm ain te rac tion

co u p le d p ro b le m ;im p o rta n t if R e m >1

N u m e rica l s im u la tionH yd ro d yn a m ics;

S ta b ility;H e a t Tra n s fe r

MHD LES and DNS with free surface

3D MHD LES and complex geometry

Collaboration with physics


LW Concepts, Modeling and Experiments: Outline



• Experimental planning and progress

• Summary


Experimental research approach based on key issues and flexibility

Experimental data for verification of the numerical predictions and testing of ideas in conjunction with the model development efforts

• Two flexible free surface flow test stands at UCLA have already been planned, designed and constructed

M-TOR facility for LM-MHD flows in complex geometry and multi-component magnetic fields

FLIHY Facility for molten salt turbulent flow simulation and surface heat and mass transfer measurements

• Other small scale testing at PPPL and UIUC to use in-house capabilities to look at specific issues

MTOR- Designed in collaboration among UCLA, PPPL and ORNL


Exploring Free Surface LM-MHD in MTOR Experiment

Flexible user facility to study:

• Toroidal field and gradient effects: Free surface flows are very sensitive to drag from toroidal field Hartmann walls and 1/R gradient

• 3-component field effects on drag and stability: Complex drag and stability issues arise with field gradients, 3-component fields

• Effect of applied electric currents: Magnetic Propulsion and other active electromagnetic restraint and pumping ideas

• Geometric Effects: axisymmetry, expanding / contacting flow areas, inverted flows, penetrations

• NSTX Environment simulation: module testing and design

Conceptual view of midplane and divertor experiments for NSTX module

MTOR Magnetic Torus and LM Flowloop


Ultrasonic Transducer Plots

-2.4

1.2

4.8

8.4

12

.0

15

.7

19

.3

22

.9

26

.5

30

.1

33

.7

37

.3

40

.9

44

.5

48

.1

51

.8

55

.4

59

.0

62

.6

66

.2

69

.8

73

.4

77

.0

80

.6

84

.2

87

.9

91

.5

95

.1

Microseconds

Without Liquid Metal With Liquid Metal

Time-of-flight

Current Status MTOR Facility: beginning first experiments

• PPPL DC power supply tested

• Water coolant loop installed

• Small Ga loop (1L) operating

• 16 L Ga alloy currently shipping for use with EM pumping loop already at UCLA

• Safety consultation with GA completed

• Ultrasound diagnostics working, automatic data acquisition still under development

Typical ultrasound plot with and without liquid metal present (top)

Ga flowing in open channel (bottom)


With Magnetic Field -reduction in wave height

Without Magnetic Field

10 cm

f=10Hz

Surface waves height reduction by Magnetic Field explained by linear MHD theory with ohmic dissipation, from H. Ji PPPL

Basic Science research initiative collaborating with APEX

laser reflection data


MTOR Coil wiring

Development of cost-effective facilities with education mission

LIMIT experiment at UIUC

Flowing Ga section for MTOR

SNL Test of IR

• MTOR built with recycled components with heavy student involvement

• FLIHY dual use with Jupiter-II monies from Japan

• Tabletop LIMIT experiment at the UIUC to show axisymmetric center-stack flow for NSTX

• Sharing and collaboration on diagnostic systems is required by small budgets. E.g. Ultrasound, PIV, IR and visible high speed photography


Free Surface Heat Transfer using LowFree Surface Heat Transfer using LowConducting High Prandtl Number FluidConducting High Prandtl Number Fluid I Turbulence at and near the free (deformable Turbulence at and near the free (deformable

and wavy) surfaceand wavy) surface II Heat transfer enhancement techniquesHeat transfer enhancement techniques

Understanding Basic Hydraulic Understanding Basic Hydraulic Phenomena For Liquid Wall DesignPhenomena For Liquid Wall Design I Demonstration of liquid wall concepts using Demonstration of liquid wall concepts using

hydrodynamically scaled experimentshydrodynamically scaled experimentsII Accommodation of penetrationsAccommodation of penetrationsIII Flow recovery system designFlow recovery system design

Closed channel heat transfer enhancementClosed channel heat transfer enhancementfor Jupiter-II Collaborationfor Jupiter-II CollaborationI Quantitative turbulence measurements of Quantitative turbulence measurements of

complex channel and MHD effectscomplex channel and MHD effects

penetration

un-wetted back wall

Deflected liquid layer

FLIHY Facility is designed for multiple applications of Flibe flow

Flow around elliptical penetration with no backwall topology modifications - UCLA simulation


FLIHY will allow exploration of flow control and interfacial transport

• Large scale test sections with water/KOH working liquid will generate LW flows around penetrations

• Tracer dye and IR camera techniques will be used to measure interfacial transport at free surface

• PIV and LDA systems for quantitative turbulence comparison to DNS for JUPITER-2 Collaboration

FLIHY Experiment at UCLA - Interfacial Transport Test


FLIHY experiment pre-analysis relies on k-e modeling for design

• Test section length and flow height determined to allow fully developed flow regime based on K calculations

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6Distance from the heater leading edge, m

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

Tem

pera

ture

ris

e, K

q=30 kW /m 2

20

10

2 m

• Require IR heater power estimated with K calculations to achieve measurable surface temperature rise


Penetration of dye from free surface can be used to infer heat transfer charateristics - Reynolds Analogy

• Profile of dye penetration (red dots)

• Local free surface (blue dots)

flow direction ~2 m/s

Dye Diagnostics for Interfacial Mass Transport Measurements


Water jet

hot droplets

Hot droplet penetrating jet

Dynamic Infrared measurements of jet surface temperature

Impact of hot droplets on cold water jet (~8 m/s) thermally imaged in SNL/UCLA test


Observe the behavior of flow: i.e. attachment, wave trains, flow depth near sidewall

- High Speed Camera 1000 frame/s, 512*256 pixel - Strobe with variable frequency

Measure flow rate and fluid depth for comparison to numerical models

- Pressure sensors, flow meter and thermocouples- Ultrasonic and laser height measurement technique

Capability to mount various penetrations sections

Penetrations on curved surfaces, scaled

to CLiFF similarity


JUPITER-II Thermofluid Task Objectives

1. Understand underlying Science and Phenomena for low conductivity, high Prandtl liquid flow and heat transfer through:

a. Conducting experiments using Flibe simulantb. Modeling and analysis of fundamental phenomena

2. Compare experimental and modeling results to provide guidance and database for designs and next generation stage of larger experiments

3. Identify and assess new innovative techniques for enhancement of heat transfer (a major feasibility issue for Flibe designs)


Main Areas of Collaborative Scientific Interest between JUPITER and APEX

Turbulent Hydrodynamics and heat transfer near solid walls and at liquid/vacuum interfaces of Flibe simulants flowing in closed channels and swirl pipes, and on flat and curved plates, with and without MHD effects

Identification of instrumental and experimental techniques: Radiant heating, laser and ultrasonic surface topology reconstruction, infra-red temperature measurements, laser Doppler and particle image velocimetry, others.

Development and benchmarking of new modeling techniques: MHD turbulence interactions and turbulence wall and free surface interactions in k-e, DNS, LES


MHD and complex pipe shape effects on turbulence and high Pr heat transfer

• Pipe and free surface test section on improved FLIHY

• Low temperature and transparent structures /windows allow for optical turbulence diagnostics: Particle Image Velocimetry

• Dye, IR, Ultrasound, and Hot-film anemo-meters may also be used

Thermofluid Test sections for JUPITER-II


TASK 1-1-B Thermofluid Experiments and Modeling Schedule for 6 years

2001, 4 2002, 4 2003, 4 2004, 4 2005, 4 2006, 4

Heat Transfer Experiment with HTS Test sections; Swirl tube, Packed bed tube etc.Numerical Analysis of heat transfer enhancement

HTS

Thermo-fluid Experiments & Analysis (Tohoku Univ.)

MHD Experiments (UCLA)

Thermofluid Flow Experiments

FLI-HY Loop

(UCLA)

Modeling (DNS, LES)

Pipe and free surface flows with/without Magnetic Fields

C&R C&R C&R

Continue with Heat Transfer?

Continue with MHD, or another option?

Continue with Flibe Loop?

Non Magnet With Magnet

Visualization and Velocity Measurement Experiments (Straight tube, Swirl tube, Packed bed tube, etc.

Surface stability and visualization experiments

Heat Transfer Experiment indicated by HTS Experiment

Surface heat transfer experiments

Visualization and Heat Transfer experiments, same as 2001-03 under Magnetic Field (Swirl Tube, Packed Bed Tube, etc.)

Large Integrated Flibe Loop

Conceptual Design Evaluation


Summary

Liquid walls are an innovative approach to fusion technology

APEX is analyzing LW feasibility with a suite of modelingtools and predictive capabilities. APEX approach:

• emphasize phenomena and underlying science

• utilize and extending state-of-the-art tools in CFD

• develop unique capabilities where none have existed previously• collaborate with world experts in turbulence and MHD

APEX has developed experimental capabilities to begininvestigation of LW flows. APEX approach:

• low cost, high flexibility facilities

• joint education and research mission• collaboration among US and international communities

Milk drop splash using VOF - Kunugi

Date post:	31-Jan-2016
Category:	Documents
Upload:	manchu
View:	37 times
Download:	0 times

CLiFF - Convective Liquid Flow Firstwall

Documents