Climate Change 2014

Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability

Part B: Regional Aspects

Working Group II Contribution to the

Fifth Assessment Report of the

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Edited by

Vicente R. BarrosWorking Group II Co-Chair

Centro de Investigaciones del Mar y la AtmósferaUniversidad de Buenos Aires

Christopher B. FieldWorking Group II Co-ChairDepartment of Global EcologyCarnegie Institution for Science

David Jon DokkenExecutive Director

Michael D. MastrandreaCo-Director of Science

Katharine J. MachCo-Director of Science

T. Eren Bilir Monalisa Chatterjee Kristie L. Ebi Yuka Otsuki Estrada Robert C. Genova Betelhem Girma

Eric S. Kissel Andrew N. Levy Sandy MacCracken Patricia R. Mastrandrea Leslie L. White

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© Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014

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First published 2014

Printed in the United States of America

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ISBN 978-1-107-05816-3 HardbackISBN 978-1-107-68386-0 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy ofURLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication anddoes not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate orappropriate.

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Use the following reference to cite Part B:IPCC, 2014: Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B:

Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth AssessmentReport of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Barros, V.R.,C.B. Field, D.J. Dokken, M.D. Mastrandrea, K.J. Mach, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee,K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken,P.R. Mastrandrea, and L.L. White (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 688.

Cover Photo:Maeslant storm surge barrier in Rotterdam, Netherlands. © Asahi Shimbun / Getty Images

1735

I Authors and Expert ReviewersANNEX

I

Annex I Authors and Expert Reviewers

1736

AlgeriaHouria Djoudi, Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR)

ArgentinaSusana Beatriz Adamo, Columbia UniversityOsvaldo Canziani, Academia Argentina de Ciencias AmbientalesAnibal Eduardo Carbajo, Universidad Nacional de San MartínHector Ginzo, Academia Argentina de Ciencias AmbientalesLeonidas Osvaldo Girardin, Fundación BarilocheGraciela Magrin, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaJuan Jose Neiff, National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET) /

Universidad Nacional del NordesteOlga Clorinda Penalba, Universidad de Buenos AiresRubén Piacentini, Institute of Physics, National University of Rosario / National

Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)Miguel Angel Taboada, Instituto Nacional Tecnología AgropecuariaElda Tancredi, National University of Luján / International Human Dimensions

ProgrammeMaría Isabel Travasso, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología AgropecuariaErnesto Viglizzo, National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA) / National

Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET)Alejandra Volpedo, University of Buenos Aires / National Scientific and Technical

Research Council (CONICET)

AustraliaCarolina Adler, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) ZurichAdrian Barnett, Queensland University of TechnologyJonathon Barnett, University of MelbournePaul Beggs, Macquarie UniversityJensen Benedikte, Department of the EnvironmentHelen Berry, University of CanberraNick Bond, Griffith UniversitySarah Boulter, National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility, Griffith

UniversityKathryn Bowen, Australian National UniversityCassandra Brooke, World Wildlife Fund InternationalChristopher J. Brown, University of QueenslandStuart Bunn, Griffith UniversityColin Butler, University of Canberra / National Centre for Epidemiology and

Population Health, Australian National UniversityAndrew Campbell, Charles Darwin UniversityLynda Chambers, Australian Bureau of MeteorologyFrancis Chiew, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganizationHamish Clarke, The University of South WalesAndrew Constable, Australian Antarctic DivisionCarlos Corvalan, Pan America Health Organization / World Health OrganizationLisa Cowan, Department of Primary IndustriesJocelyn Davies, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO)Tom Davies, Edge EnvironmentAdam Davis, Manidis Roberts Pty LtdKeith Dear, Australian National UniversityNega Debela, University of TasmaniaStephen Dovers, Australian National UniversityCarlos M. Duarte, University of Western Australia / Spanish National Research

CouncilKyla Finlay, Department of Primary Industries, VictoriaElizabeth A. Fulton, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationKirsty Galloway McLean, United Nations University-Institute of Advanced StudiesDavid George, Griffith UniversityHabiba Gitay, The World BankSonia Graham, University of MelbourneDonna Green, University of New South WalesDon Gunasekera, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO)John Handmer, Centre for Risk and Community Safety, RMIT UniversityKevin Hennessy, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganizationBeverley Henry, Queensland University of TechnologyBradley Hiller, The World Bank

Alistair Hobday, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation(CSIRO)

Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, University of QueenslandNeil Holbrook, University of TasmaniaMark Howden, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization

(CSIRO)Lesley Hughes, Macquarie UniversityGraeme Hugo, University of AdelaideSue Jackson, Griffith UniversityBenedikte Jensen, Department of Industry, Innovation, Climate Change, Science,

Research and Tertiary EducationDavid Jones, Bureau of MeteorologyRoger N. Jones, Victoria UniversityDavid Karoly, University of MelbourneRobert Kay, Adaptive FuturesMarie Keatley, University of MelbourneStuart Kent, University of MelbourneRoger Kitching, Griffith UniversityNatasha Kuruppu, Institute for Sustainable FuturesConstance Lever-Tracy, Flinders University of South AustraliaStephan Lewandowsky, University of Western AustraliaJanice Lough, Australian Institute of Marine ScienceMargaret Loughnan, Monash UniversityJo Luck, Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research CentreCate Macinnis-Ng, University of AucklandThilak Mallawaarachchi, University of QueenslandYiheyis Maru, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO)Jan McDonald, University of TasmaniaMelodie McGeoch, Monash UniversityKathleen McInnes, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization

Marine and Atmospheric ResearchRoger McLean, University of New South WalesAnthony McMichael, Australian National University, Professor EmeritusCelia McMichael, La Trobe UniversityJudith McNeill, University of New EnglandThomas Measham, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO) Ecosystem SciencesShahbaz Mehmood, Global Change Impact Studies CentreGary Meyers, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO) Marine and Atmospheric ResearchKimberley Millers, University of MelbourneMichael Miloshis, Charles Darwin UniversityAndrew Moore, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO)Colette Mortreux, University of MelbourneSharif Ahmed Mukul, The University of QueenslandShahbaz Mushtaq, University of Southern QueenslandSteve Nicol, Australian Antarctic Division / Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems

Cooperative Research CentreIan Noble, ConsultantBarbara Norman, University of Canberra / Australian National UniversityRobert Norton, International Plant Nutrition InstituteMark Ooi, University of WollongongJean Palutikof, Griffith UniversityGraeme Pearman, Monash UniversityJonathan Pickering, Australian National UniversityBob Pokrant, Curtin UniversityElvira Poloczanska, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

(CSIRO), Marine and Atmospheric ResearchScott Power, Bureau of MeteorologyJoseph Reser, Griffith UniversityThomas Reuter, University of MelbournePenny Reyenga, Department of Environment / Commonwealth Scientific and

Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Anthony J. Richardson, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research

Organization / University of QueenslandLauren Rickards, University of MelbourneDavid Rissik, Griffith University