Climate Change Convention, Protocol and CDM

Climate Change Convention, Climate Change Convention, Protocol and CDMProtocol and CDM

Kalipada ChatterjeeClimate Change Centre

Development Alternatives

January 28-29, 2005

Workshop on Clean Development Mechanism: Opportunities

in Rajasthan

Hotel Clarks Amer, Jaipur

Development Alternatives2

In the last 2 decades, two important events have far-reaching consequences for life on our planet.

These are :

Appearance of ozone hole

Compelling scientific evidence of global warming

………due to human activities climate has changed over the millennium, but the concern is the rate of change

of climate

Global WarmingGlobal WarmingScience of Climate ChangeScience of Climate Change


Carbon Dioxide

Methane CFC-11 CFC-12Nitrous Oxide

Atmospheric concentration

ppmv ppmv pptv pptv ppbv

Pre-industrial (1750-1800)

280 0.8 0 0 288

Present day (1990) 353 1.72 280 484 310

Current rate of change per year

1.8 (0.5%)

0.015 (0.9%)

9.5 (4%) 17 (4%) 0.8 (0.25%)

Atmospheric lifetime (years)

(50-200) 10 6.5 130 150

ppmv = parts per million by volume; ppbv = parts per billion (thousand million) by

volume; pptv = parts per trillion (million million) by

volume;

Atmospheric Concentration of Atmospheric Concentration of Green House GasesGreen House Gases

Clouds

Changes in Solar Inputs

Changes in the Atmosphere :Composition, Circulation

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere:Ocean

Ice-Ocean Coupling

Changes in the Hydrological Cycle

Sea Ice

Atmosphere-IceInteraction

HeatExchange

WindStress

Precipitation Evaporation

Terrestrial Radiation

Human Influence

Atmosphere-BiosphereInteraction

Ice Sheet

Biosphere

Soil-Biosphere Interaction

Land Surface

Land-AtmosphereInteraction

Changes in/on the Land Surface:Orograogy, Land Use, Vegetation, Ecosystems

Cryosphere:Sea Ice, Ice Sheets, Glaciers

Changes in the Ocean:Circulation, Sea Level,

Biogeochemistry

Hydrosphere:Rivers & Lakes

N2, O2, Ar,H2O, CO2, CH4, N2O, O3, etc.Aerosols


The mean annual concentration of CO2 is relatively homogenous through out the troposphere (the troposphere is mixed on a time scale of about 1 year)

Role of Oceans Largest reservoirs of carbon Global warming may result in release of carbon into the

atmosphere

Role of earth’s vegetation and soils exchange of carbon through photosynthesis, plant

respiration, and microbial conversion of the organic material in the soil back into CO2

What is the Role of the Atmosphere ?What is the Role of the Atmosphere ?


The GHGs in the atmosphere are increasing mainly due to human activities which include:

Energy production from fossil fuels

Industries

Transport

Construction

Agriculture

Land use change and deforestation

Rapid population growth

Why the GHGs are increasingWhy the GHGs are increasing


Global ActionGlobal Action

Climate Change Convention

1988: Formation of IPCC First Assessment Report:1990 Second Assessment Report:1995 Third Assessment Report:1995

………conclude that the balance of evidence suggests a discernible human influence on global climate

1992 :

During the June’92 Earth Summit at Rio de Janerio representatives of 154 countries signed the

UN Framework Convention on Climate change.


1997: Adoption of Kyoto Protocol

Will enter into force after it has been ratified by at least 55 Parties to the Convention accounting for at least 55% of the total 1990 CO2

February 16, 2005

Under Article 3 of the Protocol the Annex 1 countries agreed to quantified emissions limitation and reduction commitments (QELRCs) by at least 5.2% below their 1990 levels.

Global ActionGlobal Action


Global mean surface temperatures Global mean surface temperatures have increasedhave increased


Indian ScenarioIndian Scenario

200 4000 600 800 1000

CO2

CH4

N2O

Relative emissions of GHGs from India in 1994

55

380

793

Gigagram

Aggregate emissions in 1994; 1228 (million tonnes)? CO2 eq.



Indian ScenarioIndian Scenario As a member of the UNFCCC since its inception,

India’s NATCOM brought out the following depicting India’s vulnerability to CC: Increase in water stress and reduction in the availability of fresh

water. Threats to agriculture and food security, since rain-fed

agriculture is highly monsoon dependent. Shifts in area and boundary of different forest types and threats

to bio-diversity with adverse implications for forest dependent communities.

Adverse impacts on • natural ecosystems.• impacts of sea level rise on coastal agriculture, fisheries and

settlements.• human health.

Increased energy requirement and impact on climate sensitive industries and infrastructure.


The third assessment report of IPCC (IPCC 2000) projects that under the combined influence of GHGs and sulphate aerosols climate may warms globally by 1.4 to 5.80C by the next 100 years

Over the Indian region, the warming will be restricted to : 1.4 + 0.130C in 2020 2.5 + 0.40C in 2050 3.8 + 0.50C in 2080

Rainfall is projected to increase by 2% (2020) to 7% (2080)

Sea level is projected to rise between 0.09 to 0.88 m in the period 1990 to 2100

Extreme events such as excessive rain, flash floods, droughts, cyclones and forest fire are likely to increase.

The combined effect of climate change and increase in extreme events is expected to lead to significant impacts on water resources, agriculture, on food security, human health, habitat and fragile ecosystems like mangroves etc.

Climate Change & India’s Climate Change & India’s ConcernConcern


Climate Impacts on RajasthanClimate Impacts on Rajasthan

The state of Rajasthan experiences an arid and semi-arid climate and is situated in the north western part of India.

India’s initial national communication, submitted to the UNFCCC projected that under climate change scenario 60% area of Rajasthan is likely to experience acute physical water scarce conditions.

1987-88 and 2002-2003 were the severest ones so far.


Addressing Climate ChangeAddressing Climate Change

The possible options are : Mitigation of climate change through domestic

actions by developed countries signatories to KP and through mechanisms like CDM

Adaptation to climate change, by vulnerable communities for increasing their coping capacity and resilience


Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

The purpose of CDM is to : assist developing countries in achieving sustainable

development

contribute to the ultimate objective of the Convention i.e. stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, and

assist developed countries in achieving compliance with their Quantified Emission Limitation and Reduction commitments (QELRCs)


How does CDM workHow does CDM work

To be taken from IGES document


CARBON DIOXIDE

CFCs 11 and 12

OTHER CFCs

NITROUS OXIDE

METHANE

The contribution from each of the human-made greenhouse gases to the change in radiative forcing from 1980 to 1990. The contribution from ozone may also be

significant, but cannot be quantified at present


Objectives of the UNFCCC To achieve stabilisation of GHG concentrations in the

atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system

Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame to : to ensure food production is not threatened, and to enable economic development to proceed in

a sustainable manner



UN Framework Convention on Climate change.


The UNFCCC came into force on March 21, 1994. As on CoP 9 (at Milan, Italy December, 2003) there are at present 188 Parties to the Convention.



UN Framework Convention on Climate change


The possible options are :

Mitigation of climate change

Adaptation to climate change

Addressing Global Warming and Climate Change


The Climate Change Convention is not merely for the stabilisation of the concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere;

poverty eradication and economic and social development

in the developing countries, are also central, though implicit

in the Convention

UNFCCC

Developing

Countries’

Perspective


Capacity building in project development and implementation

Social development, economic development, environment protection and technological development and transfer, leading to the realisation of sustainable development and to address to India’s main agenda : poverty eradication and better quality of life to people

Additional foreign investments

A share of CERs

A cleaner path for rapid economic development

BENEFITS THAT INDIA EXPECTS FROM CDM PROJECT ACTIVITIES ARE :


According to Marrakesh Accords, participation requirements of a developing country Party (e.g. India) in the CDM Process are :

Voluntary

A Party not included in Annex I may participate in a CDM project activity if it is a Party to the Kyoto Protocol, and

Have set up a Designated National Authority (DNA)

PARTICIPATION REQUIREMENTS OF A DEVELOPING COUNTRY PARTY


India’s ratification of the Kyoto Protocol

Designated National Authority (DNA) in place

GoI’s endorsement of a number of CDM Projects so far

Enabling environment was further strengthened by hosting the COP 8 at New Delhi, Prime

Minister of India’s address at COP8 and Delhi Declaration

Enabling Environment for CDM in India


Focus of the abatement strategy is CO2 emissions reductions in the energy sector and forestry sectors and CH4 emissions reduction in the agriculture sector

Mitigation Options in the energy sector identified are : improvements in energy efficiency through

upgrading currently employed technologies and introduction of advanced technologies that are

more efficient use of renewable energy sources wherever feasible

to bring down the carbon content of the grid, to provide sustainable energy, and as a decentralised energy source at remote areas

ADDRESSING GHG MITIGATION IN INDIA


Focus of the Present Orientation Workshop and Expectations

Focus :

Initiate a process and bring different stakeholders from state and country level to a common platform for raising awareness and build capacity on the clean development mechanism, particularly in the small scale sector such as brick, rice mill, hotel and small scale renewable energy project activities as defined under the Marrakech Accords (CoP7) and recent CDM executive board modalities and procedures on small scale CDM.


Focus of the Present Orientation Workshop and Expectations

Expectation : This orientation workshop under IGES and CCC, DA

initiatives will lead to a three year CDM capacity building programme amongst the different stakeholders in India.

Assist Project Developers to initiate CDM project activity in their respective sectors.

Facilitate to develop, design and implement a number of CDM projects under the small scale sector and strengthen learning processes by doing

Assist in achieving sustainable development objectives

Assist in the mitigation and adaptation to climate change, poverty eradication and rural development in the longer term to address to poverty eradication and providing better quality of life to all.


Among the NGOs, Development Alternatives has set up a Climate Change Centre

Activities of the Climate Change Centre are categorised under three broad heads :

A.Research Development of methodologies

Analysis and determination of baselines

Analysis and documentation of experience and lessons learned worldwide for capacity building

Quantified indicators of sustainability for CDM projects

NGO INITIATIVES : CLIMATE CHANGE CENTRE, DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES

(Contd...)


B. Facilitations

Project formulation

Approval process

Identification of partners and technologies

Providing linkages to reduce transaction costs

Assisting in negotiations

C. Outreach and Awareness

Organising regional workshops on CDM project development

Participation in CoPs,

Closely interacting with Govt. and Industry on issues on climate change, CDM etc. particularly on policy analysis and operational issues

Bringing out publications, research papers / articles

NGO INITIATIVES : CLIMATE CHANGE CENTRE, DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES (Contd…)


Initiatives taken by the Various Stakeholders in India can be further Reinforced by proactive role of financial

institutions:

Finance being one of the main hurdles in the promotion of Renewable Energy, a proactive role with well defined programmes of the Financial Institutions may considerably help in accelerating promotion of RETs in the rural development through CDM

By internationally agreeing to a minimum price of per tonne of CO2 reduced particularly through small scale CDM activities

Minimising transaction costs / upfront costs


Clean Development Mechanism : catalyses sustainable development in longer term promote international co-operation in mitigation of climate

change in short as well as longer term increase resilience and coping capacity of communities through

increased sustainable livelihoods and other tools for adaptation to climate change

narrow the gap between the haves and have nots in longer term may lead to equitable distribution of resources in longer term will address to rural development and poverty eradication in

India in the longer term

CONCLUSION

To speed up the process of CDM in India and to encourage different stakeholders, GoI may introduce a concept of “CARBON RESERVE” by banking carbon reduced or sequestered in line with India’s gold reserve and foreign exchange reserve as a part of India’s climate

change policy in the longer term.


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Climate Change Convention, Protocol and CDM

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