Climate change in Tourism

04/11/2023 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian 1

The journey of the jeans

& the Role of TourismCLIMATE CHANGE

Laura Birlibescu - 189508Julia Seperant - 192523Julian von Podewils - 192524


Cup of coffee

• 53g CO2: for a coffee• 71g CO2: for a coffee, if you boil double the water you need• 235g CO2: for a large cappuccino• 340g CO2: for a large latte

(“What’s the carbon footprint”, 2010)


Learning objectives

• Understand the basic physical concept of climate change• Identify an alternative global warming theory• Explain the risk associated with temperature rise• Discuss how society raises awareness about global warming• Identify the main CO2 emission generators in the tourism sector• Understand the importance of climate change for tourist destinations


Climate change definition• Climate Change:

“A periodic modification of Earth’s climate brought about as a result of changes in the atmosphere as well as interactions between the atmosphere and various other geologic, chemical, biological, and geographic factors within the Earth system.”

• Climate:

“It is often defined as the average weather at a particular place, incorporating features as temperature, precipitation, humidity and windiness.”

(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2011)


Greenhouse effect

“The greenhouse effect is a warming of the Earth´s surface and troposphere (which is the lowest layer of the atmosphere), caused by the presence of water vapour, carbon dioxide, methane and certain other gases in the air.”

(Greenhouse effect, 2011)


Composition of the atmosphere

(Pidwirny, 2006)


Climate changeHuman activity of burning fossil fuel and modifying land cover of earth surface leads to :

• Increased greenhouse gases in the athmosphere• Rising temperature• Melting of sea ice• Droughts and floods• Ocean circulation changes• Influence on ecosystem and biodyversity• Coral bleaching



Climate change• Temperature and CO2 develop similarly

Ice age

(European environment agency, 2008)


Global warming based on CO2


Natural sinks : 2-3 gigatons/year

Anthropogenic emissions: 7 gigatons/year



Global contribution of CO2 (2008)



Co2 per capita

(“National carbon dioxide”, 2005)


Kyoto Protocol• United Nation Framework Convention on climate change• Reducing CO2 globally• Adopted on 11th of Dec in 1997 and entered into force on 16th of Feb 2005• By Sept 2011, 192 countries signed and ratified it• Annex 1 countries: 37 were commited to reduce four main greenhouse gases

(carbon dioxide, mathane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) 5% reduction of 1990 level for period of 2008-2012

• non Annex 1 No restrictions: Countries can earn “carbon credits” and sell them

• Need to report regulary on emissions

• It is not a law! Parties don’t necessarily need to stick to regulations(“Kyoto Protocol”, n.d.)


Co2 per country

(McCormick & Scruton, 2009)


Emissions vs. Kyoto targets



Tourism‘s contribution to climate change

Tourism:

“It refers to the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity renumerated from within the place visited.“

(UNWTO, 2008)


Tourism‘s contribution to climate change

Main tourism sub-sectors contributing to climate change:

• Transportation generates 75 % of emissions

• Accommodation generates 21% of emissions

• Tourism activities generated 4 % of emissions

(UNWTO, 2008)


Transportation

• Aviation based trips count for 17 %, but cause 40% of CO2 emissions largest contributor within transportation sectorcauses CO2 but also additional warming effect at flight attitude through other gases, which is 2-5 times the radiative forcing caused by CO2

• Car is the most important contributor in domestic tourism

(UNWTO, 2008)


Transportation

• Rail, coach or water borne transportation more difficult to calculate. Number and length of trips are not clear and no data available for many countries But contribution is small compared to other transportation means, as they are relatively energy efficient On average: account for 16 % of all trips, but gererate 1 % of CO2 emissions

(UNWTO, 2008)


CO2 emissions by transportation

(UNWTO, 2008)Mtonnes= Metric tonnes= 1000 kg


Accommodation

• 80 different accommodation categories• Hotels• Hostels• Motels• Pensions• Bed and Breakfast• Vacation homes• Campsites• Bungalows


Accommodation

• Energy is used in form of• Heating/ Cooling• Cooking• Illumination• Cleaning• In tropical regions for desalination of seawater

CO2 emissions are produced because of too much use of energy and water and too much waste

(“Environmental impact“, 2010)


Energy use by accommodation type

(UNWTO, 2008)3,6 MJ = 1 Kilowatt hour


Accommodation

“The average energy consumption per bed per night in hotels are 130 MJ. Hotels use more energy per visitor than local residents as they have more energy intense facilities, such as bars, restaurants, pools and spacious rooms.”

(“Environmental impact”, 2010)


Other tourism activities• Categories of attractions

• Museums• Theme parks• Outdoor-oriented activities• Events (e.g. Sport events, concerts)• Shopping

Data for emissions and energy used by these activities are rarely availableOn average per trip 27 kg of CO2 is generated (170 MJ of energy use)

(UNWTO, 2008)


Energy use per trip

• International leisure trips: 250 MJ of energy use including local transportation

• Business trips: less activity-oriented and shorter 50 MJ of energy use

• Visiting friends and relatives: familiy-related activities 100 MJ of energy use

(UNWTO, 2008)


“Business-as-usual“ scenario

(UNWTO, 2008)“Business- as-usal“: Forecast of an average 4 % annual growth of international tourist arrivals up to 2020

Growth of 161% of

CO2 emissions

04/11/2023 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Ms Barbara Hoffmann 29

Global warming as a part of society

How does media and politics raise our awareness of climate change in our everyday life?

3004/11/2023 HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian

Global warming as a part of society• Politics:

• Climate summits• G8 & G20 Summit• Politicians gaining popularity due to

green politics• Election program of green parties• Al Gore• Renewable engery concepts• General trust in politicians as they

are representatives of the citizens

• Media:

• Cinema• TV• Advertisement• News• Newspaper article/ books• Special reports• Weather forecast• Talk shows• Documentaries


Global warming based on sunspots• Henrik Svensmark Theory (Physics professor at the danish national space center, Copenhagen)• Cosmic rays coming to earth produced by supernovas• Electro magnetic activity of sun (sunspots) shield against rays• The more magnetic activity the less cosmic rays• The less magnetic activity the more cosmic rays• Rays hit lower atmosphere ionization of the air which releases

electrons hepling the formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) Clouds are formed! Reflecting more solar energy to space

Cooling the planet(Vardiman, 2008)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2ImCO3XYXQ

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2ImCO3XYXQ


Global warming based on sunspots


Impact on winter destinations - Switzerland

• Shift in demand for heating to cooling systems• Scarcity of water• Extreme weather events will incease• Biodiversity will change• More frequent floods and longer drought periods• Zero degree line will rise by 360 m• Number of ski areas will decrease• Alpine glaciers will diminish by ¾ in 2050• Permafrost areas will decrease

(SCNAT, 2007)


Reliable snow cover in ski areas

(Elsasser & Messerli, 2001)


Number of Snow reliable Ski Areas

(SCNAT,2007)


Aletsch Glacier- Switzerland

1900 2004

04/11/2023 37HTM – 301 Tourism Trends – Compiled by Laura, Julia & Julian

1939

2010


Impact on coastal regions - Maldives

• Location: Indian ocean• 1192 islands• 194 populated islands• $ 800 million income through tourism per year• Highest point of land is 2 m above sea level lowest islands on earth • 7th largest coral reefs in the world

(“Global warming“, n.d. & „Climate Change“, 2010)


Effects of global warming • Sea level rise

• Rapid temperature rise causes melting of polar ice caps • Thousands of cubic km of water return to the oceans and

increase their volume• Existing water warms up and expands• Oceans rise 1-22 mm per year• By 2100 oceans preticted to rise by 9-88 cm 80 % of Maldives

would sink beneath ocean (Gössling & Hall, 2006)


Effects of global warming

• Increasing storminess• Increase in cyclones in the atmosphere and storms• Increasing storms and sea level rise go together• The wind pushes the surface sea water in front and causes

floods

(Gössling & Hall, 2006)


Effects of global warming • Changing levels of cloudiness

• Changing distribution of cloud cover and rainfall pattern• More cloud cover: decrease of day time temperature• Less cloud cover: increase of day time temperature and coral

bleaching

Global warming will lead to disappearance of the island and death of coral reefs within the next 100 years

(Gössling & Hall, 2006)


Conclusion• Rise of temperature is occuring much faster than at any time in

history• Climate change caused by natural factors and reinforced by

human factors since the industrial revolution• Although there has been a considerable amount of research

conducted, scientists have different conclusions about the development of the Earth`s climate

• Tourism destinations will shift to the North on the northern hemisphere and South on the southern hemisphere

• Tourism destinations have to adapt to the future climate conditions

• Tourism sector needs to reduce CO2 emissions, since it a large contributer to global warming


Reference listBaumert, K. A., Herzog, T., & Pershing, J. (2005). Navigating the numbers: Greenhouse gas data and international

climate policy. Retrieved from http://www.wri.org/publication/navigating-the-numbers

Bows, A., Anderson, K. & Peeters, P. (2009). Air transport, climate change and tourism . Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development. 6(1), 7-20. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14790530902847012

Climate change. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/121632/climate-change

Climate change in the Maldives. (2010). The world bank. Retrieved from http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:22413695~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html

Elsasser, H., & Messerli, P. (2001). The vulnerability of the snow industry in the Swiss alps. Mountain Research and Development.21(04), 335-339. doi: 10.1659/0276-4741

Environmental impact of hotels. (2010). Green hotels & responsible tourism initiative. Retrieved from http://green.hotelscombined.com/GreenYourHotelWhitePaper.php#environmental-impact-of- hotels

European Environment Agency. (2008). Observed global and european annual average temperature deviations, 1850-2007. Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/observed-global- and-european-annual-average-temperature-deviations-1850-2007

Glaciers online. (n.d.). Grosser Aletschgletscher. Retrieved from http://www.swisseduc.ch/glaciers/alps/grosser_aletschgletscher/aletsch_1_1900-2004-en.html


Reference listGlobal warming. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/235402/global-warming

Global warming threatens the state of Maldives with disappearance in the future. (n.d.). Genistra.com. Retrieved from http://www.genistra.com/blog/2010/10/18/global-warming-threatens-the-state-of-maldives- with-disappearance-in-the-future/

Gössling, S. & Hall, M. (Eds.). (2006). Tourism & global environmental change. Great Britain: Routledge

Greenhouse effect. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/245233/greenhouse-effect

Kyoto Protocol. (n.d.). UNFCCC. Retrieved from http://unfccc.int/kyoto_protocol/items/2830.php

Kyoto Protocol. (2011). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/737984/Kyoto-Protocol

Lamb, S. (2005). Paradise(soon to be) lost. Retrieved from http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,341669,00.html

Lane, J. E. (2011). Co2 emissions and gdp. International Journal of Social Economics. 38(11), 911-918. doi: 10.1108/03068291111171414

Müller, H., & Weber, F. (2008). 2030: Der schweizer tourismus. Retrieved from http://www.fif.unibe.ch/unibe/wiso/fif/content/e6012/e6025/e6026/e6679/Klimabericht_ST_Apr08g er.pdf


Reference listNational carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per capita. (2005). UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics

Library. Retrieved from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/national_carbon_dioxide_co2_emissions_per_capita

Pidwirny, M. (2006). Atmospheric Composition. Physical Geography. Retrieved from http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7a.html

SCNAT. (2007). Climate change and Switzerland 2050. Retrieved from http://proclimweb.scnat.ch/portal/ressources/794.pdf

Steiger, R. (2011). The impact of snow scarcity on ski tourism: an analysis of the record warm season 2006/2007 in tyrol (austria). Tourism Review. 66(03), 04-13. doi:

10.1108/16605371111175285

UNWTO. (n.d.). Climate change and tourism. Retrieved from http://www.unwto.org/climate/bkg/en/bkg.php?op=1

UNWTO. (2008). Climate change and tourism. Madrid, Spain: WorldTourism Organization

Vardiman, L. (2008). A New Theory of Climate Change. Institute for Creating Research. Retrieved from

http://www.icr.org/article/new-theory-climate-change/

What’s the carbon footprint of…a cup of tea or coffee?. (2010). The Guardian. Retrieved from

http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/green-living-blog/2010/jun/17/carbon-footprint-of-tea-coffee

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Climate change in Tourism

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