Climate ChangeClimate Change- International - International

EffortsEfforts

Direct Observation of Climate

Change

Source: IPCC 4AR

United Nations Framework United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Convention on Climate

ChangeChange Sets an overall framework for Sets an overall framework for

intergovernmental efforts to tackle intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by climate the challenge posed by climate change. change.

192 countries ratified192 countries ratified Enter into forces: 21 March 1994Enter into forces: 21 March 1994

UNFCCCUNFCCC Under the Convention, governments: Under the Convention, governments:

gather and share information on greenhouse ggather and share information on greenhouse gas emissions, national policies and best practicas emissions, national policies and best practices es

launch national strategies for addressing greenlaunch national strategies for addressing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to expected house gas emissions and adapting to expected impacts, including the provision of financial aimpacts, including the provision of financial and technological support to developing countrind technological support to developing countries es

cooperate in preparing for adaptation to the icooperate in preparing for adaptation to the impacts of climate change mpacts of climate change

UNFCCC - PrinciplesUNFCCC - PrinciplesArticle 3.1Article 3.1 The Parties should protect the climate syThe Parties should protect the climate sy

stem for the benefit of present and futurstem for the benefit of present and future generations of humankind, e generations of humankind, on the basion the basis of equitys of equity and in accordance with their and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilitcommon but differentiated responsibilitiesies and and respective capabilitiesrespective capabilities. Accordin. Accordingly, the developed country Parties shoulgly, the developed country Parties should take the lead in combating climate chad take the lead in combating climate change and the adverse effects thereof. nge and the adverse effects thereof.

UNFCCC – Annex I PartiesUNFCCC – Annex I PartiesAustraliaAustralia, Austria , Belarus* , Belgium, Bulgaria* , , Austria , Belarus* , Belgium, Bulgaria* , CCanadaanada, Czechoslovakia*, Denmark, European Econo, Czechoslovakia*, Denmark, European Economic Community, Estonia*, Finland, France, Germanmic Community, Estonia*, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary*, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, y, Greece, Hungary*, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, JapanJapan, , Latvia*, Lithuania*, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Latvia*, Lithuania*, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NeNew Zealandw Zealand, Norway, Poland*, Portugal, Romania*, R, Norway, Poland*, Portugal, Romania*, Russian Federation*, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tuussian Federation*, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine*, United Kingdom of Great Britain anrkey, Ukraine*, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, d Northern Ireland, United States of AmericaUnited States of America

*Countries that are undergoing the process of transiti*Countries that are undergoing the process of transition to a market economy. on to a market economy.

UNFCCC – Other PartiesUNFCCC – Other Parties

Parties not in Annex I (Examples Parties not in Annex I (Examples in Asia)in Asia)

China (including Hong Kong), South China (including Hong Kong), South Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, Korea, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia, …………

UNFCCC - CommitmentsUNFCCC - CommitmentsArticle 4 Article 4 ……4.24.2 The developed country Parties … shall provide The developed country Parties … shall provide

new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full new and additional financial resources to meet the agreed full costs incurred by developing country Parties in (preparation of costs incurred by developing country Parties in (preparation of national communications). They shall also provide such national communications). They shall also provide such financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, financial resources, including for the transfer of technology, needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed needed by the developing country Parties to meet the agreed full incremental costs of implementing measures that are full incremental costs of implementing measures that are covered by paragraph 1 of this Article … covered by paragraph 1 of this Article …

4.34.3 The developed country Parties … shall also assist The developed country Parties … shall also assist the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable the developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of to the adverse effects of climate change in meeting costs of adaptation to those adverse effects.adaptation to those adverse effects.

4.44.4 The developed country Parties … shall take all The developed country Parties … shall take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention…implement the provisions of the Convention…

……

Kyoto ProtocolKyoto Protocol An international legal instrument under UNFCCCAn international legal instrument under UNFCCC

UNFCCC encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG eUNFCCC encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize GHG emissionsmissions

KP commits them to do soKP commits them to do so Sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the EuroSets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the Euro

pean community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - pean community for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions - an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012period 2008-2012 Recognizing that developed countries are principally responsiblRecognizing that developed countries are principally responsibl

e for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Proe as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the prtocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”inciple of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”

Adopted on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 FebrAdopted on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. uary 2005.

182 Parties of the Convention have ratified its Protocol to date.182 Parties of the Convention have ratified its Protocol to date. The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were aThe detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol were a

dopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrdopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “Marrakesh Accords.”akesh Accords.”

Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int

KP – Emissions TargetsKP – Emissions Targets

CountryCountry Target (1990 - 2008/201Target (1990 - 2008/2012)2)

EU-15, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, EstEU-15, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuanionia, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco, Romania, Slovakia, Slovea, Monaco, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerlandnia, Switzerland

-8%-8%

USUS -7%-7%Canada, Hungary, Japan, PolandCanada, Hungary, Japan, Poland -6%-6%CroatiaCroatia -5%-5%New Zealand, Russian Federation, UNew Zealand, Russian Federation, Ukrainekraine

00

NorwayNorway +1%+1%AustraliaAustralia +8%+8%IcelandIceland +10%+10%

Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int

KP - Kyoto MechanismsKP - Kyoto Mechanisms Countries must meet their targets Countries must meet their targets

primarily through national measures. primarily through national measures. However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them an additional means of meeting their an additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market-based targets by way of three market-based mechanisms. mechanisms. Emissions trading – known as “the carbon Emissions trading – known as “the carbon

market”market” the clean development mechanism (CDM) the clean development mechanism (CDM) joint implementation (JI). joint implementation (JI).

The mechanisms help stimulate green The mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help Parties meet their investment and help Parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.emission targets in a cost-effective way.

Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int

KP – Emissions TradingKP – Emissions Trading

Source: CDM in Charts ver. 6.0 Aug 2008http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/835/attach/charts.pdf

KP – Clean Development KP – Clean Development MechanismMechanism

Source: CDM in Charts ver. 6.0 Aug 2008http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/835/attach/charts.pdf

KP – Joint KP – Joint ImplementationImplementation

Source: CDM in Charts ver. 6.0 Aug 2008http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/upload/835/attach/charts.pdf

KP – ProgressKP – Progress

Source: UNFCCC Website, www.unfccc.int

UNFCCC / KP – Bali Action UNFCCC / KP – Bali Action PlanPlan

To launch a comprehensive process to To launch a comprehensive process to enable the full, effective and sustained enable the full, effective and sustained implementation of the Convention thrimplementation of the Convention through ough long-term cooperative action, nolong-term cooperative action, now, up to and beyond 2012,w, up to and beyond 2012, in order to r in order to reach an agreed outcome and adopt a deach an agreed outcome and adopt a decision by 2009 (in Copenhagen)ecision by 2009 (in Copenhagen)

Bali Action Plan – Goal of Bali Action Plan – Goal of Future CooperationFuture Cooperation

A A long-term global goallong-term global goal for emission re for emission reductions in accordance with the princiductions in accordance with the principle of common but differentiated respple of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, onsibilities and respective capabilities, and taking into account social and ecoand taking into account social and economic conditions and other relevant fanomic conditions and other relevant factorsctors

Bali Action Plan – Bali Action Plan – Components of Future Components of Future

CooperationCooperation MitigationMitigation - mitigation commitments by all dev - mitigation commitments by all dev

eloped country Parties; mitigation actions by deeloped country Parties; mitigation actions by developing country Partiesveloping country Parties

AdaptationAdaptation - international cooperation to suppo - international cooperation to support urgent implementation of adaptation actions; rt urgent implementation of adaptation actions; risk management and risk reduction strategiesrisk management and risk reduction strategies

Technology transferTechnology transfer - effective mechanisms an - effective mechanisms and enhanced means for development and transfd enhanced means for development and transfer of technology to developing country Partieser of technology to developing country Parties

FinancialFinancial - improved access to adequate, predic - improved access to adequate, predictable and sustainable financial resources for detable and sustainable financial resources for developing country Parties veloping country Parties

FutureFuture

What will the future international What will the future international cooperation on climate change be cooperation on climate change be like?like?