Climate Change Policies and Actions in the Ocean and...

Lee Suk Hui

Korea Marine Environment Management Corp.

Climate Change Policies and Actions

in the Ocean and Fisheries Sector of

the Republic of Korea

THE EAST ASIAN SEAS CONGRESS 2015

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Contents

1. Global and Regional Level Climate Change Trends

2. Climate Change Response Efforts of Korea

3. Ocean and Fisheries Sector Implementation Practices

Workshop Title:Managing Risks in Climate Change and Disasters in the Seas of East Asia

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Global and Regional Level Climate

Change Trends

3

Observations and projections of global climate change under IPCC AR5

Global mean temperature has increased by 0.85 ℃ over the period between 1880 to 2012.

Sea surface temperature has increased by 0.11℃ per decade over the period between 1971 to 2010.

Sea level rose by 19cm over the period between 1901 to 2010.


“Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950s, many of the observed

changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia.”

“Continued emissions of greenhouse gases will cause further warming and changes in all

components of the climate system. ”

Scenario Global, ℃ Ocean , ℃ SL rise, cm Remark

RCP4.5 1.8[1.1-2.6] 1.5[0.9-2.2] 47[32-63] 538ppm in CO2 (stabilization scenario)

RCP8.5 3.7[2.6-4.8] 3.1[2.1-4.0] 63[45-82] 936ppm in CO2 (no-climate policy

scenario)

* 2081~2100 global mean relative to the reference period between 1986~2005

4


Observations and projections of global climate change under IPCC AR5

5

Observations of Climate change in Korea

Temperature and sea level in the Korean peninsula and surrounding

ocean area have risen

Temperature increased by 1.2℃ over the period between 1981 to 2010

Sea surface temperature increased by 1.3℃ over the period between 1968 to 2008

Sea level rose by 8cm over the period between 1964 to 2006

The surface layer acidification has been reported to be in progress

within the East Sea


Sea level rise

over the period 1993 to 2008

p CO2(a) and pH(b) in the East sea


Sea surface temperature


6

Projections of climate change in Korea


Source) KMA, 2012

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Scenario Mean temp. Sea level rise in the

East sea*

Sea level rise in the Yellow

and South sea*

RCP 4.5 3℃ 74cm 53cm

RCP 8.5 5.7℃ 99cm 65cm

Projected sea level rise

for the period of 2006-2099

* 2071~2100 mean relative to the reference period 1981-2010

The mean temperature rises faster in Korea than the global and East Asian region by 20 and 40 %,

respectively

2011-2040 (2041-2070)2071-21002041-2070

Annual mean temperature in Korea

for the period of 2011-2100

RCP 4.5

RCP 8.5

Climate Change Response Efforts of

Korea

8

National Policies and Actions

Internationally,

Reducing greenhouse gas voluntarily as a leading developing country

Suggested NAMA(Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Action) scheme

Announced voluntary mitigation target by 2020 in 2009

Proactive movements such as establishing the Global Green Growth Institute(GGGI),

attributing GCF secretariats, and stronger involvement within the IPCC

Domestically,

Constituted government-wide task force to cope with UNFCCC mandates and

established a comprehensive plan every 3 years (’98-’08)

Enacted the ‘Framework Law of Low Carbon Green Growth’ in 2010

Specific targets identified in 2011

Launched a nation-wide emission trading scheme in 2015


9

National Efforts to contribute UNFCCC

INDCs of Korea

Reduce GHG by 37% from the BAU level (850.6MTCO2 eq.) by 2030

How to reduce GHG?

14.7% through implementing sectoral GHG reduction plan such as increasing renewable

energy supply, introducing average fuel consumption standard for automobiles, energy-

efficient building design etc.

4.5% through reducing coal-based power generation, introducing energy management

system(EMS) to industrial plants and commercial buildings etc.

6.5% through Carbon Capture and Storage(CCS), green car, nuclear power etc.

11.3% through international carbon market

How to adapt?

Developed national climate change adaptation plan in 2010

Implementing strategic actions to strengthen adaptive capacity in subnational and local

level


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Ocean and Fisheries Sector

Implementation Practices

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Master plan for climate change response within the ocean and fisheries sector

1st plan to cope with climate change within the ministerial level (’01)

4 parts 19 projects (monitoring and projection / greenhouse gas reduction / impact and

response / enhancing international cooperation)

Based on MOF’s existing projects and objectives

2nd plan to strengthen research & development, capacity building aspects (’07)

5 parts 15 strategic projects (adaptation in coastal areas / adaptation to the changes

in fisheries resources / greenhouse gas reduction / strengthen scientific basis on

ocean climate change / capacity building to cope with climate change)

15 detailed strategies linked with 15 research projects

Divided into two sectors : ocean sector as a part of the MLTM’s climate change response

plan(’08) and the fisheries sector as a part of the MIFAFF’s climate change response plan

(’11)


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Framework of the 2nd master plan to cope with climate change in ocean and fisheries sector


2nd master plan

Management of - Coastal land and industry- Maritime logistics scheme- Environment and ecosystem

Coastal adaptation

- Observation and projection of fisheries’ change-Managing fisheries resources- Food security and fisher protection

Fisheries adaptation

-Ocean renewable energies-GHG storage and sink-GHG inventory - Energy efficiency

GHG reduction

Developing technologies for -observing ocean changes - projections- Technology management and utilization

Strengthen scientific basis

-Developing human resources-Enhancing international co.-Integrated management system

Capacity building

• Management of coastal environment and ecosystem

• Projection and mitigation of coastal changes

• Preventing coastal vulnerability

• Observation and projection of the change of fisheries resources

• Technologies to manage natural resources

• Technologies to manage aquaculture resources

• Ocean energy development

• Technology development for offshore CO2storage

• Technology to reduce CO2emission

• Observation of ocean circulation and sea level change

• Projection of physical ocean changes

• Observation and projection of ocean ecosystem changes

• Developing ocean climate change awareness contents

• Developing Adaptation inventory

• Establishing GHG inventory

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Implemented Policies


MOF

• coastal disaster vulnerability assessment

• Coastal inundation mapping

• coastal sensitivities to climate change

• Making a safe port from disasters

• preventing coastal erosion

• coastal adaptation certification program

• guideline for coastal spatial planning

…

Coastal adaptation

• projection of ecosystem impacts

• Productivity assessment of tidal flat

• Monitoring of red tide, harmful organisms and reducing impact

• Strategy for fisheries response

• assessing aquaculture environment

…

Fisheries adaptation

• Ocean CCS• Developing

ocean energy• Making green-

port• Green-ship

certification• GHG

management in coastal shipping

• Substituting lamp of fishing vessel to LED

• Developing ocean sink

…

GHG reduction

• Projection of ocean climate change in the North Pacific

• Ocean ecosystem changes and finding causes

• technology dev. to cope with climate change in Port

• reduction technologies to reduce GHG emission from ship

• delicate analysis of sea level shift

…

Strengthen scientific basis

• developing ocean climate change awareness contents(online simulators, textbooks)

• Knowledge sharing through workshop, seminars etc.

• GHG inventory of fisheries

…

Capacity building

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Actions : Mid-term Projections of Ocean Climate Change in the North Pacific

2001-2050 projections of climate change in the North Pacific and marginal seas around the

Korean Peninsula(based on the IPCC AR4 A1B scenario)

Ocean temperature in the East Sea is projected to rise due to the increase of heat carried

by the Tsushima warm current into the East Sea


Item North Pacific East Sea Yellow Sea East China Sea

Sea Surface Temp., ℃ 1.55 2.02 1.95 1.56

Sea Surface Sal., psu -0.196 -0.128 -0.184 -0.182

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2001-2050 response prediction of coastal areas or estuaries to change in offshore forcing

item Ulsan Gwangyang Remark

Avg. watershed temp. , ℃ 1.5 1.3

SST increase, ℃ 0.8~0.1 0.1 Considering 50cm

SLRSaturation Strengthened

Intrusion of salt wedge Moves to upstream

within 2~4km

Actions : Ocean temperature projections in Korean seas


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Sea temperature changes for the period of 2001-2050

(surface, 50m, 100m, 500m depth)

Actions : Ecosystem changes in the Korean southern ocean


A. Japonica in Jeju island

Tropical blacklip pearl oyster habitation in Jeju island

Alveopora japonica, subtropical coral species, has expanded

around the Jeju island showing increased skeletal growth

rate, annual recruitment rate etc.

Ocean temperature will increase 2~3℃ by strengthened

Tsushima warm current in 2100(physical model)

Fisheries resources will decrease over 4% in 2100 by

decreasing total biomass of invertebrate and fish group over

5%, 10% respectively(ecosystem model)

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Actions : Coastal vulnerability assessment(Ongoing)

Implementation of the Coastal Disaster

Assessment System(CDAS)

Three coastal vulnerability indices; Coastal

Hazard Vulnerability Index(CHVI), Coastal

Environmental Vulnerability Index(CEVI),

and Coastal Sustainable Development

Index(CSDI) were developed to assess the

coastal vulnerability quantitatively.

Coastal vulnerability assessment has

completed for 115 local areas considering

sea level rise, intensification of typhoons or

hurricanes due global warming and climate

change etc.

Conducted coastal inundation mapping for 141

local areas(51 local governments) considering

surge with frequency of 50yrs, 100yrs, 150yrs,

and 200yrs etc.


Coastal inundation map of Busan

present(left) / mid-21st(center) / late-21st(right)

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CHVI of Busan(left) and Yeosu(right)

Actions : Coastal sensitivities to climate change in southern Korea

Climate change is on going

Warming rate is different in each site

In the Gamak, Gwangyang bays

Sea temperature increased during the last

15 years

Biomass and species of phytoplankton have

increased

In the Deukryang, Wando.doam bays

Sea temperature increased relatively slow


Sea temperature changes in Gamak bay

0

50

100

150

200

250

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

출현

종수

연도

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

겨울 봄 여름 가을 여름 가을 겨울 봄 봄 여름 가을 겨울

1994 - 1997~1998 - 2009~2010

개체수

(×10

3cells/ℓ)

조사시기(연도)

Species and biomass(cells) changes of

phytoplankton in Gamak bay

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Gamak bay

Gwangyang bayDeukryang bay

Wando∙Doam bay

Actions : Prevention of coastal disasters

Introduction of a management program for coastal erosion zones through amending the

coastal management law

Port design amendment relating to ocean climate change

Recalculation of wave height for designing port and coastal facilities etc.

Developing technologies and guidelines to improve existing port design manual

Safety evaluation and wave height review for 82 harbors

Increased the wave-heights for design in 49 harbors

Additional coverings to withstand powerful typhoons

Making a safe port from disasters(ARAMIR Project)

Prevention planning for disasters in 22 ports

Mitigating inundation by installing disaster prevention facilities such as gates, dune,

seawall

Upgraded dikes for vulnerable ports from inundation

Creating waterfront space for ports


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Actions : Offshore CO2 storage (Ocean CCS)

Mapping storable areas for CO2 stream and selecting

demonstration site

Process design for transportation and injection for ocean CCS

project

Technology development for safety assessment

Establishing monitoring methodologies and technologies to

identify stored CO2 behaviors

Developing technologies to evaluate environmental hazard of

offshore CO2 storage


[우선고려국내실용화방안]

Practical scenarios for ocean CCS

Schematic image of ocean CCS

CO2 storable area in the ocean

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Transportation injection storage monitoring

Kunsanbasin

Jeju basin

Ulleungbasin

China(Bohai bay)

Actions : CO2 emission reduction using ocean resources

Ocean energy utilization

Technology development and demonstration for

tidal power, sea current power, wave power,

offshore wind power, OTEC etc.

Plan to occupy 4.7% of national new and renewable

energy supply by 2030

Ocean biomass energy utilization

making biodiesel from seaweed, algae etc.

producing biogas(H2) using thermophillic marine

bacteria(ex, thermococcus onnurineus NA1)

Marine afforestation

5,908ha afforestation over the period between 2009-

2014 to improve fishing as well as CO2 sink

Future expansion plans to 54,000ha by 2030


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Marine afforestation

Actions : CO2 emission reduction from ship or shipping

Implementing ‘energy and GHG target management system’ for coastal shipping

Setting targets submitting implementation plan MRV(Measurement, Reporting,

Verification) adjusting targets for next year

2 coastal shipping companies which emits over 50,000t CO2 eq. are undergoing TMS

Plan to reduce 181,000t CO2 eq. by 2020

Building Green Ports : gas reduction, energy efficient, and nature-friendly ports(Busan, Incheon

etc.)

Using electric yard crane, LNG yard tractor etc.

Switching to energy conserving lamps(LED lamp)

Inducing AMP(alternative maritime power) during

anchoring in the port

Dissemination of LED lamps to fishing vessels as a source of saving energy

Developed energy conserving, high performance LED lamps targeted for fishing anchovy,

squid etc.

Expect to conserve 30,240tons of fossil fuel used by 1,200 fishing vessels (‘20)


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Diesel Y/T to LNG Y/T

https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCNalvrTa8sgCFUgllAodQzkL2Q&url=http://www.hdhy.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1684&bvm=bv.106379543,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNHOPv3077fFdUCEDW9V_EbSgFjP3Q&ust=1446586922755771

https://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRxqFQoTCNalvrTa8sgCFUgllAodQzkL2Q&url=http://www.hdhy.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=1684&bvm=bv.106379543,d.dGY&psig=AFQjCNHOPv3077fFdUCEDW9V_EbSgFjP3Q&ust=1446586922755771

Improvement of sectoral policies and actions

Revising the 2nd plan to strengthen governance 3rd master plan for coping with climate

change in ocean and fisheries sector (‘15)

Performance analysis of the 2nd plan implementation

Review policies, actions, governances of other countries as well as different sectors

Analysis of environmental management and outlook

Establishing the long-term action plan(20 yrs) for cost-effective climate change

response


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As wrap up,

All countries(developing and developed) need to participate in GHG emission reduction and

adaptation depending on the decision of COP21(new protocol for post-2020)

Improve projection for regional level by strengthening cooperation in climate change

monitoring and information sharing

Cooperate to develop and disseminate good practices for climate change adaptation in

coastal communities as well as reducing GHG emission within the ocean and fisheries sector

Thank you for your attention

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