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Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

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Presentation made by Andy Jarvis of the Decision and Policy Analysis program for the CVC in Cali, Colombia March 2010. See http://dapa.ciat.cgiar.org for more information.
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Escenarios de Cambio climático en Colombia y planificacion Andy Jarvis, Julian Ramirez y Emmanuel Zapata Program Leader, Decision and Policy
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Page 1: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Escenarios de Cambio climático en Colombia y planificacion

Andy Jarvis, Julian Ramirez y Emmanuel ZapataProgram Leader, Decision and Policy Analysis, CIAT

Page 2: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Contenido

• Acerca de cambio climatico y los modelos GCM

• El futuro de Colombia• Café y areas protegidas• Impactos en la

biodiversidad• Lo que se debe hacer

Page 3: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011
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Page 5: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Sources of Agricultural Greenhouse Gasesexcluding land use change Mt CO2-eq

Source: Cool farming: Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential, Greenpeace, 07 January 2008

Page 6: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Resultados Terra-i

Tasa de Deforestacion

151,754 Ha/año

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Porque tan seguros que el clima esta cambiando?

Page 11: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011
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Deshielo en el Arctico

Page 13: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Los modelos de pronostico de clima

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Variabilidad y linea base

+

Cli

mat

e

Timescale

Short (change in baseline and variability) Long

Baseline

_

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Usando el pasado para aprender del futuro

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Modelos GCM : “Global Climate Models”

• 21 “global climate models” (GCMs) basados en ciencias atmosféricas, química, física, biología

• Se corre desde el pasado hasta el futuro• Hay diferentes escenarios de emisiones de gases

INCERTIDUMBRE POLITICO (EMISIONES), Y INCERTIDUMBRE CIENTIFICO (MODELOS)

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Entonces, ¿qué es lo que dicen?

Page 20: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011
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Que viene para Valle?

Page 24: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Climate characteristic

Climate Seasonality

These results are based on the 2050 climate compared with the 1960-2000 climate. Future climate data is derived from 18 GCM models from the 3th (2001) and the 4th (2007) IPCC assessment, run under the A2a scenario (business as usual). Further information please check the website http://www.ipcc-data.org

The coefficient of variation of precipitation predictions between models is 5.31%

General climate characteristics

Extreme conditions

Variability between models

Overall this climate becomes more seasonal in terms of variability through the year in temperature and less seasonal in precipitation

The driest month gets wetter with 133.1 millimeters instead of 124.6 millimeters while the driest quarter gets wetter by 31.95 mm in 2050

The maximum number of cumulative dry months keeps constant in 2 months

Precipitation predictions were uniform between models and thus no outliers were detected

Temperature predictions were uniform between models and thus no outliers were detectedThe coefficient of variation of temperature predictions between models is 3.07%

General climate change description

The maximum temperature of the year increases from 26.93 ºC to 29.77 ºC while the warmest quarter gets hotter by 2.29 ºC in 2050The minimum temperature of the year increases from 16.02 ºC to 17.8 ºC while the coldest quarter gets hotter by 1.99 ºC in 2050The wettest month gets wetter with 361.38 millimeters instead of 355.57 millimeters, while the wettest quarter gets wetter by 23.62 mm in 2050

The rainfall increases from 2779.51 millimeters to 2895.82 millimeters in 2050 passing through 2832.07 in 2020Temperatures increase and the average increase is 2.1 ºC passing through an increment of 0.77 ºC in 2020

Average Climate Change Trends of Valle del Cauca

The mean daily temperature range increases from 9.92 ºC to 10.35 ºC in 2050

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Month

Pre

cip

ita

tio

n (

mm

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Tem

per

atu

re (

ºC)

Current precipitationPrecipitation 2050Precipitation 2020Mean temperature 2020Mean temperature 2050Current mean temperatureMaximum temperature 2020Maximum temperature 2050Current maximum temperatureMinimum temperature 2020Minimum temperature 2050Current minimum temperature

Page 25: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Region DepartamentoCambio en

Precipitacion

Cambio en Temperatura

media

Cambio en estacionalidad de

precipitacion

Amazonas Amazonas 12 2.9 1.4 0 135Amazonas Caqueta 138 2.7 -1.3 0 193Amazonas Guania 55 2.9 -3.2 0 271Amazonas Guaviare 72 2.8 -2.9 -1 209Amazonas Putumayo 117 2.6 0.6 0 170Andina Antioquia 18 2.1 1.3 0 129Andina Boyaca 50 2.7 -3.9 -1 144Andina Cundinamarca 152 2.6 -2.6 0 170Andina Huila 51 2.4 1.0 0 144Andina Norte de santander 73 2.8 -0.4 0 216Andina Santander 51 2.7 -2.4 0 158Andina Tolima 86 2.4 -3.1 0 148Caribe Atlantico -74 2.2 -2.9 2 135Caribe Bolivar 90 2.5 -1.8 0 242Caribe Cesar -119 2.6 -1.3 0 160Caribe Cordoba -11 2.3 -3.8 0 160Caribe Guajira -69 2.2 -1.8 0 86Caribe Magdalena -158 2.4 -1.8 0 153Caribe Sucre 10 2.4 -4.1 -1 207Eje Cafetero Caldas 252 2.4 -4.2 -1 174Eje Cafetero Quindio 153 2.3 -4.1 -1 145Eje Cafetero Risaralda 158 2.4 -3.5 -1 141Llanos Arauca -13 2.9 -6.4 -1 188Llanos Casanare 163 2.8 -5.7 -1 229Llanos Meta 10 2.7 -5.4 -1 180Llanos Vaupes 46 2.8 -1.4 0 192Llanos Vichada 59 2.6 -2.6 0 152Pacifico Choco -157 2.2 -1.2 0 148Sur Occidente Cauca 172 2.3 -1.6 0 168Sur Occidente Narino 155 2.2 -1.4 0 126Sur Occidente Valle del Cauca 275 2.3 -5.1 -1 166

Page 26: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

BCCR-BCM2.0 CCCMA-CGCM2CCCMA-CGCM3.1

T47 CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63 CNRM-CM3 IAP-FGOALS-1.0G

GISS-AOM GFDL-CM2.1 GFDL-CM2.0 CSIRO-MK3.0 IPSL-CM4 MIROC3.2-HIRES

MIROC3.2-MEDRES MIUB-ECHO-G MPI-ECHAM5 MRI-CGCM2.3.2A NCAR-PCM1 UKMO-HADCM3

Page 27: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

BCCR-BCM2.0 CCCMA-CGCM2CCCMA-CGCM3.1

T47 CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63 CNRM-CM3 IAP-FGOALS-1.0G

GISS-AOM GFDL-CM2.1 GFDL-CM2.0 CSIRO-MK3.0 IPSL-CM4 MIROC3.2-HIRES

MIROC3.2-MEDRES MIUB-ECHO-G MPI-ECHAM5 MRI-CGCM2.3.2A NCAR-PCM1 UKMO-HADCM3

Page 28: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

La incertidumbre cientifico SI es relevante para la agricultura: tenemos

que tomar decisiones dentro de un contexto de incertidumbre

Mensaje 1

Page 29: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Un Ejemplo

El susto de café en Cauca y las areas protegidas

Page 30: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Pongámoslo en perspectiva

• Café prefiere 19 a 21.5oC y 1,800 a 2,800mm de lluvia• Mes mas seco > 120mm• Mucha lluvia durante floración resulta en poca

productividad – ej. 2008/2009• Aumento en broca y roya con mas calor (>21.5oC)• La sombra reduzca temperatura del cafetal por unos

1-2oC, pero reduzca también la variabilidad de temperaturas día a noche

Page 31: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Climas mueven hacia arriba

Rango Altitudinal

Tmedia anual actual

Tmedia anual futuro

Tmedia anual

cambio (ºC)

Ppt total anual actual

190-500 25.54 27.70 2.16 5891 6002 1.88501-1000 23.47 25.66 2.19 3490 3597 3.041000-1500 21.29 23.50 2.21 2537 2641 4.101500-2000 18.36 20.58 2.22 2519 2622 4.082000-2500 15.60 17.82 2.22 2555 2657 4.002500-3000 13.33 15.54 2.21 2471 2575 4.20

Temperatura media reduce por 0.51oC por cada 100m en la zona cafetero. Un cambio de 2.2oC equivale a una diferencia de 440m.

Page 32: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Suitability in Cauca

• Significant changes to 2020, drastic changes to 2050

• The Cauca case: reduced coffeee growing area and changes in geographic distribution. Some new opportunities.

MECETA

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Resultados: objetivo “Predecir la adaptabilidad”

D

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Impactos en la biodiversidad

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1 2

2020s 2050s

Bir

ds

Vas

cula

r pl

ants

3

Page 39: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Como manejar la biodiversidad hacia el futuro?

• Amenazas hoy en dia dificultan la conservacion• Cambio climatico amenazara biodiversidad aun mas,

pero hay areas especificas que se mantendran climaticamente estables

• Conservacion debe enfocarse en estas areas “climaticamente estables” y con amenazas medias a bajas

• Conservacion tambien deberia facilitar la migracion de especies

• Seguridad alimentaria y migracion de tierras agricolas debe tenerse en cuenta para adaptar biodiversidad

Page 40: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Impactos en recursos hidricos

• Modificacion de caudales maximas y minimas• Modificacion de caudales totales• Modificacion en la carga de sedimentos• Maximos y sedimentos muy dificiles de

predecir por la importancia de eventos diarios en regular procesos de inundacion

Page 41: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011
Page 42: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Los retos que enfrentamos en el campo

• Crecimiento de poblacion• Retos de cambio climatico• Perdida de biodiversidad• Mas dependencia de

servicios ecosistemicos• Senderos de desarollo no

eco-eficientes

• Mas alimentos• En condiciones climaticos

mas complicados• Con menos tierra sin perder

mas biodiversidad• Sin quemar mas carbono

Page 43: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

El reto de adaptacion

Page 44: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Adaptación a qué?

Dos tipos de adaptación:1. Inducción de resiliencia para que el sistema sea

menos vulnerable a choques o cambios sin importar la dirección de dichos cambios

2. Cambio en el sistema para que sea menos vulnerable a evento(s) futuro(s) especifico(s)

Page 45: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Numeros magicos

• 2 grados de temperatura ~ igual a 400m de altura

• La agricultura sube la montana• 20m de dosel ~ igual a 2 grados de

temperatura• Enfrenta 50 anhos de cambio climatico

simplemente con arboles de sombrio

Page 46: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Risk management

Potential examples: ecosystem service payments – risk manages by offering immediate financial capital/relief, mitigates by reducing emissions, and adapts by creating incentives/opportunities to diversity away from just agriculture

Progressive adaptation

Mitigation

CASE 1: Transition (win-win)

Adaptacion ideal

Page 47: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Risk management(coping)

Mitigation

?

Example: subsidies that would lower emissions and give farmers extra financial capital to invest in higher production (risk management and mitigation, but not significant long-term adaption strategy)

Cli

mat

e

Progressive adaptation (transformational

change)

CASE 2: Disjointed adaptation (win-win)

Risk management(coping) Progressive adaptation

(transformative change)

Mitigation

Trade-offs

?

e.g.) Taxing fertilizers and pesticides –mitigates at farmer’s cost

Trade-offse.g.) Occupational change from agricultural to industrial work– farmer “adapts” at potential cost to environment

CASE 3: Disjointed adaptation (no win-win)

Page 48: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

• Problemas de sequia en epoca seco acentuados por el aumento de temperatura– Problemas de disponibilidad de agua– Estres para forajes, empezando con reduccion de

productividad forajera, en casos extremos mortalidad temporal o permanente de matorros

Page 49: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

Cosecha de aguaRegeneración natural en pastos Silvopastoril intensivo

Opciones de adaptacion• Cambio varietal/especie de pasturas• Irrigacion, y sistemas de distribucion de aguas• Uso de ganado resistente, rustico• Manejo de suelos -> reducir compactacion, y mejorar

drenaje, sistemas de rotacion• Sistemas silvo-pastoriles – sombra reduce temperatura

Page 50: Climate change scenarios for colombia and planning - ciat-cvc mar 2011

SSP como vehiculo de adaptacion usando su potencial para la mitigacion

Usar los mercados de carbono y otros servicios ecosistemicos para incentivar la transformacion de paisajes

Risk management(coping)

Mitigation

?

CASE 2: Disjointed adaptation (win-win)

Progressive adaptation (transformational

change)


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