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Climate Smart Agriculture : way forward for Food Security in a changing climate

Alberto Sandoval FAO

1A triple ChallengeMore food, in quantity, quality and diversity, everywhere for everyone

Adapt to Climate Change

Contribute to mitigate Climate Change

2Food and Nutrition SecurityAvailability

Accessibility

Utilisation

Stability

The objective is to ensure Food and Nutrition Security, worldwide:

It is not only Availability. It is not only global production of calories which has to be ensured.

It is to have enough food accessible to everyone, everywhere, physically and economically.

It is also utilization, to have the right food in quality and diversity.

And to ensure the stability of these three components.

3Two ways to adaptGetting more resilient to variability

Getting prepared to long term changes4Two ways to mitigateReduce emissions per kg of output (decorrelate production growth and emissions growth)

Enhance agricultural soil carbons sinksEmissions of the agricultural sector are projected to increase in developing countries as the production, and consumption, is to increase and emissions are linked to the growth of the use of land, fertilizers and livestock.

Therefore, to decorrelate production growth from emissions growth implies reduced emissions per kg of output

IPCC estimates the global technical mitigation potential from agriculture to be 5500-6000 Mt CO2 eq/year by 2030.

This is grossly equivalent to three quarters of the emissions in 2030. (around 8200 MtCO2-eq )

70% of the global potential stands in developing countries.

Nine tenth of the global mitigation potential of agriculture resides in enhancing soil carbon sequestration

5Climate Smart Agriculture"Agriculture that sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation), and enhances achievement of national food security and development goals."

6EfficiencyResilienceEfficient & resilient Food SystemsWhat do we mean by efficiency?

Here efficiency means efficiency in the use of resources: more output per square meter of land, per cow, per kg of fertilizer.

There can be trade offs between increasing resource efficiency regarding one or another resource. For instance increase yield per hectare through increased use of fertilizers.

From an economic perspective you can increase production either by increasing the use of the factors of production or by increasing productivity. Increased productivity being increased efficiency of the sum of the factors of production.

So economic efficiency does not necessarily imply improved efficiency in the use of inputs such as land and fertilizers.

Efficiency shall also be looked at from a food and nutrition perspective. For instance, to increase the part of workforce in the mix of factors of production would have a positive effect on food security. In that respect it has to be evaluated at various scales and from various perspectives.

Efficiency shall be assessed at each stage and through whole food chains and food systems. The efficiency of a practice shall be assessed inside a system.

Resilience designs here the capacity of systems, communities, households or individuals to prevent, mitigate or cope with risk, and recover from shocks.

Efficiency and resilience shall be pursued together and at various scales.

Increasing efficiency could lead to greater sensibility to certain schocks. For instance more productive livestock is more sensible to heat waves.

Increased efficiency can be a factor of increased resilience. For instance increasing production in food importing countries will improve their resilience to price volatility.

7Various ScalesAt farm scale: Increase efficiency/resilienceFrom a global point of view:Produce where it is more efficientIncrease efficiency where there is the biggest efficiency gap, as compared to best usable practicesAt local, national, regional scaleOften various objectives to be taken into account8Various DimensionsBiophysicalEconomicsSocial issues, gender, indigenous peopleCultural background

Interact and interact with the various dimensions of Food Security9Enabling policies and institutionsNational levelLocal level

Capacity buildingInformationICTExtension servicesFinancing and InvestmentsWhat investments (public, private)

What financing mechanisms are available?

How to combine them?IndicatorsIncomeCarbon in the landscapeEnergy from fosil fuelsStakeholder engagement

Thank You13