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ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

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ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How
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Page 1: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

ClimateMasterGeothermal

What, When, Where, & How

Page 2: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

What IsWhat Is Geothermal?Geothermal?

Page 3: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Boiler/Tower Boiler/Tower SystemsSystems

Page 4: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Ground-SourceGround-Source(Geothermal)(Geothermal)

Page 5: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Several Variations of Geothermal

Vertical Closed LoopHorizontal Closed LoopHybrid (Geo and Tower/Boiler)Lake Closed LoopClosed to the AquiferStanding Column Well

Page 6: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Vertical Loop System

Page 7: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Verticals

One Pair Two Pair Series/Parallel One Pair

Avg

De

pth

Avg

De

pth

Avg

De

pth

When Loops areshallower than

one ton per loop

Page 8: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Vertical Loops

• 3/4” pipe - One vertical bore per ton. One circuit and 3 gpm flow per ton.

• Many areas require bentonite grouting• Some locales restrict drilling• Bore per ton

– Cold climates 150 ft per ton– Warm climates 230 ft per ton

Page 9: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Horizontal Loop System(Slinky shown)

Page 10: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Horizontal Loop Types

2 ft 2 ft

2 ft

2 ft

2 ft

Back-Hoe LoopsTwo-Pipe Four-Pipe Six-Pipe

1 ft

Trenched Loops

2 ft

Two-Pipe Four-Pipe Extended Slinky

Page 11: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Horizontal Loops

• Limited tonnage due to land area• Backhoe or trench excavation. In areas with

any rock typically backhoe only.• 1 circuit and 3 gpm flow per ton w/ 3/4” pipe• Pipe per ton

– Cold Climates - 400 to 1000 ft– Warm Climates - 700 to 1800 ft

Page 12: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Ground Source - Closed Loops

• Benefits– Lower maintenance– No water requirements

• Hurdles– Requires land space– First cost

Page 13: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Ground Loop

• 3 gpm flow per ton of cooling• 1 circuit or flow path per ton of cooling w/ 3/4” loop pipe• Loop Temperatures

– 40 - 90 deg F

Page 14: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Hybrid Systems

Ground Loop/TowerGround Loop/BoilerBenefits:

– Off Peak Operation

– Low First Cost

Hybrid Loops

Page 15: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Lake Loop System

Page 16: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

300 ft slinky coilper ton

4 ft between coils

ConcreteBlocks for

weight

Nylon Cable Tiesto secure blocks

300 ft coil per tonseparated by scrap

pipe

Traditional Coiled Pond Loop- Southern Climates

High Efficiency Slinky/Matt PondLoop - Northern Climates

Heavy Duty PlasticSafety matting

8-10 Bricks forweight

Reverse ReturnHeader

Nylon Cable Tiesto secure Netting

and bricks

3 foot separation

Page 17: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Pond Loops

• Least expensive ground loop• Minimum 300 ft2 per ton and 9 feet deep• In north need ice cover for operation (no

aeration). Utilizes 39 degF water temp.• Pond should be within 300’ of structure• 300 ft Pipe per ton

Page 18: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Closed to the Aquifer Systems

Page 19: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Ground Water - Plate Frame HX • Benefits

– Lower first cost– No land requirement– Isolated internal loop via HX

• Hurdles– Requires annual HX maintenance– Requires injection well– Typically used only with more than 4 total units

Page 20: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Standing Column Well

Page 21: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Ground Water - Direct Use

• Benefits– Lowest first cost– No land requirement

• Hurdles– Requires clean water and more maintenance– Getting rid of water can be difficult– Larger pump and pressure tank– Typically used only with 3 or less total units

Page 22: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Heat of extraction/rejection

Moving Heat to Water or Air

water refrig airorororor

Page 23: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Heat of extraction

HEATING

water refrig air

WORK 1.08 kw=3.680 kbtu/hr

11.6 kbtu/hr 15.3 kbtu/hr

COP = 15.3/3.68 = 4.15

Page 24: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Heat of rejection

COOLING

water refrig air

work

15.2 kbtu/hr

0.95 kw=3.2 kbtu/hr

12.0 kbtu/hr

EER = 12.0/0.95 = 12.6

Page 25: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Refrigeration Circuit Overview

Compressor

ExpansionDevice

To Loop Source

ReversingValve

AirCoil

Suction

DischargeCoax

Page 26: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Refrigeration Circuit OverviewCooling Mode (GS036)

Compressor

ExpansionDevice

To Cooling Tower

ReversingValve

AirCoil

Suction

DischargeCoax

155 F218 psi

53 F

80 F 60 F

62 F

90 F

60 F76 psi

100 F

92 F 9gpm

a) Lvg air coil temp is lower than ent air coil temp is due to pressure drop through air coil.a) Lvg air coil temp is lower than ent air coil temp is due to pressure drop through air coil.b) Suction temp at compressor is higher than lvg air coil temp because vapor continues b) Suction temp at compressor is higher than lvg air coil temp because vapor continues to superheat as it travels back to compressor.to superheat as it travels back to compressor.

Page 27: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Refrigeration Circuit OverviewHeating Mode (GS036)

Compressor

ExpansionDevice

To Boiler

ReversingValve

AirCoil

Suction

DischargeCoax

168 F248 psi

168 F

70 F 107 F

96 F

70 F

66 F86 psi

62 F

59 F 9gpm

62 F

Page 28: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.
Page 29: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.
Page 30: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.
Page 31: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

How didHow did GeothermalGeothermal

Gain MomentumGain Momentum??

Page 32: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

HistoryBehind

Geothermal

Page 33: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Late 70’s-Early 1980’s

• Energy crisis: Fossil fuel shortages and price shocks

• Dependence shifts to electricity• Opportunity builds for geothermal technology• Technical competence for geothermal water

source heat pumps develops in the industry

Page 34: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Mid 1980’s

• Electric utilities experiencing “peak demands”• DSM (demand side management) becomes a

strategic planning tool• Extensive monitoring reveals geothermal

efficiency and market potential• Geothermal becomes recognized as DSM

planning tool

Page 35: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Late 1980’s

• Performance Standards established for geothermal systems

• Support grows from regulators, research groups and utilities

• Substantial performance in utility DSM programs

• A proven technology competitive with conventional fuels

Page 36: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Early 1990’s

• Geothermal systems increase in performance and functionality

• EPA, DOE, EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute), NRECA (National Rural Electric Cooperative Assoc), EEI (Edison Electric Institute) recognize potential for geothermal

• Utility geothermal DSM programs begin implementation

Page 37: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Mid 1990’s

• Geothermal recognized as key technology to reduce greenhouse gases

• EPA and DOE release reports confirming industry growth potential

• Government, utility, and industry consortium formed to assist in the development of the geothermal market

Page 38: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Late 1990’s-Year 2000

• Geothermal becomes recognized as a major renewable energy source on an international scale

Page 39: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

History of Ground Source Heat Pumps Installations

• Based upon water source heat pump from Florida of 1950’s

• Ground loop development using iron and copper loops 1930’s and 40’s. PB and PE pipe made viable in late 1970’s.

• Three regions of development in 1979:– OSU - J. Bose, J. Partin, G. Parker– Ft Wayne, IN - Dan Ellis– Ontario - Dave Hatherton

Page 40: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Antifreeze Materials

• Methanol - least expensive and good heat heat transfer

• Ethanol - More expensive and best heat transfer

• Propylene glycol - non-toxic and expensive, but lowest heat transfer

Page 41: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Pipe and Fittings

Page 42: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Pipe and Fittings Material

• High Density polyethylene (HDPE )pipe developed for natural gas distribution industry

• Socket or Butt heat fusion joints are stronger than the pipe wall itself

• 3/4, 1, 1-1/4, 1-1/2, and 2” sizes common• Coils and straight lengths• Many fittings available in tee’s, elbow’s, and

couplings

Page 43: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Loop Design

Page 44: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Loop TerminologyHeader

Supply/ReturnLines

Loop/Heat Transfer Field

Page 45: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Loop Terminology (cont.)

Manifold

Supply/ReturnLines

To Earth Loop

To Building

Supply/Return Isolation Valves

Page 46: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Loop Design

• Loop style and total trench/bore length obtained from software design

• Goal is 2.5 - 3 gpm flow per ton of capacity (minimum of 2.25 gpm)

• Loop circuiting is designed for:– Low pressure drop– Good heat transfer

• Headers are piped in reverse return to even out pressure drop in parallel circuits

Page 47: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Pumps

• Option 1 - Redundant Alternate - Size single pump to handle complete circulation install duplicate redundant pump in parallel and control alternately

• Option 2 - Redundant Staged - Install two pumps in parallel that can handle load and stage them with alternating controls

Page 48: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

• Option 3 - Variable speed pumps with solenoids at each unit

• Option 4 - Distributed pumping - Install pumps at each heat pump with single pipe system and continuous circulation

Page 49: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Circuit Design rules

• 1 circuit per ton of capacity in 3/4” • 2.5 - 3 gpm per ton of capacity

Page 50: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Header Design

Circuit 4 Circuit 3 Circuit 2

Cir

cuit

1

1 1/4" IPS PE Pipe

3/4" IPS PEPipe

1 1/4” x 1 1/4" x 3/4"IPS PE Tee

Sup

ply/

Ret

urn

Line

11/4" x 3/4" x 3/4"IPS PE Tee

3/4" x 3/4" x 3/4"IPS PE Tee

3/4" IPS PEPipe

3/4" IPS PEPipe

3/4" IPS PEPipe

Circuit 5

Page 51: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Design Do’s and Don’ts

• Design air scoop/trap between building and earth loops to entrap air stemming from wshp maintenance

• Utilize Mechanical room or outside pit to house manifold of supply/return lines with individual shut-offs and main loop to building

• Ensure equipment is rated for temperature range of loop WLHP, GWHP or GLHP

• In hybrid design size loop for heating load and tower for extra cooling required

Page 52: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Flushing

• Flush exterior loop first using system pumps. • Flush supply/return one at a time.• Flush interior loop with exterior isolated so as

not to move air to earth loop

Page 53: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Antifreeze

• Antifreeze to 15 deg F below coldest loop temperature expected

• Always add alcohols below water level to reduce fumes

• Check antifreeze concentrations using the specific gravity charts

Page 54: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

EquipmentEquipment

Page 55: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Components Allowing Geothermal

Copeland UltraTech™two-stage unloadingscroll compressor

Oversized lanced fin / rifled tube refrigerant-

to-air coil

Insulated Refrig Circuit

Large coaxial refrigerant-to-water

heat exchanger Bidirectional TXV

Page 56: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Ground source versus air source

• Water has better heat transfer than air• Improved low temp heating capacity• Lower peak demand• Outdoor ambient conditions, damage, and

vandalism• Noisy and unsightly outdoor unit• Better dehumidification• Higher efficiencies

Page 57: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

ARI Ratings Summary

• ARI/ISO/ASHARE 13256-1 Ground loop heat pump– Based upon typical extreme loop temperatures– Htg 32 degF and clg 77 degF

Page 58: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Lincoln, NE school district compared leading systems for 3 new schools:

Comparative Analysis of Life-Comparative Analysis of Life-Cycle Costs of Heat Pumps Cycle Costs of Heat Pumps

System 150 Tons $/sq. ft.

Geothermal WLHP $1,021,257 $14.66

Air Cooled Recip Chiller/VAV $1,129,286 $16.21

Water Cooled Cent Chiller/VAV $1,164,268 $16.71

• Note: Air Cooled Chiller is 1kw/ton. Water Cooled Chiller is 0.6kw/ton. Vertical Bore Loop Field cost is $2.50 included in the Geo WLHP cost.

Page 59: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.
Page 60: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Garrett Office BuildingsEdmond, Oklahoma

Page 61: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Geothermal Building20,000 Sq. Ft.

Page 62: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

VAV Building15,000 Sq. Ft.

Page 63: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Floor 2 Conference

Page 64: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Floor 2 Private Office

Page 65: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Floor 2 Open Office Space

Page 66: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Geothermal BuildingFloor 2 Heat Pump Zoning

8

9 10

11

12

13

1415

16

HP-8 HP-11

HP-15 HP-14

HP-13

HP-12

HP-9,10

Page 67: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Loop Field Overview

Page 68: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Geothermal BuildingLoop Field Site Plan

Page 69: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

LoopField

Details

2” PE Zone Supply Header - Return Similar3/4” PE bore piping back toheader

Notes:- 40 bores on 20 foot centers each with 3/4” PE pipe- Short header manifold in center of each loop zone of 10 bores- Each bore must have the same overall pipe length for balanced flow

(Coil excess piping in the header trench)- Loop zone supply and returns done in same fashion- Bores must be grouted when completed

Short headerlocation

Typical bore250 ft deep

Page 70: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Geothermal Mechanical

Room

Page 71: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

GeothermalMechanical

Room

3” Copper

2” PE typical

2” PE typical

Heat PumpSupply

Heat PumpReturn

Expansion

AirSeparator

CWS

125 GPM @ 70’PumpsPrimary/Standby

Ground LoopSupply

Ground LoopReturn

Charging

Bypass

Pressure Reducer/Relief

Backflow Preventor

3/4”Air Vent

Page 72: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Floor 1 Heat Pump Piping

Page 73: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Garrett Office BuildingsHighway View

Page 74: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Geothermal BuildingRoof View

Page 75: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

VAV BuildingRoof View

Page 76: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

VAV BuildingCentral Air Handler

Page 77: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

VAV BuildingAir-Cooled Condensing Unit

Page 78: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

VAV BuildingBoiler Room

Page 79: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Month Gas Mcf Elec kWh Gas Mcf Elec kWhJan-00 36.2 12,400 0.0 9,920 Feb-00 21.0 14,720 0.0 10,880 Mar-00 6.9 13,600 0.0 9,960 Apr-00 4.3 15,760 0.0 10,120 May-00 3.5 17,920 0.0 11,600 Jun-00 4.2 18,560 0.0 12,400 Jul-00 3.2 21,280 0.0 13,120 Aug-00 3.2 23,520 0.0 14,480 Sep-00 3.2 18,720 0.0 11,120 Oct-00 11.2 16,080 0.0 9,840 Nov-00 21.9 12,720 0.0 10,360 Dec-00 69.4 13,600 0.0 13,600 Total 188.2 198,880 0.0 137,400

$ Cost 1,882 $ 17,899 $ $ 10,992 $

$/ft^2

VAV 15,000 ft^2 Geothermal 20,000 ft^2

1.32 0.55

Garrett Office Buildings 2000 Energy Consumption

Page 80: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Garrett Office Buildings2000 Energy Consumption Profile

Page 81: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

Garrett Office BuildingsInstallation Costs

• Geothermal System circa 1998– Complete exterior loop, mechanical room,

interior PE piping, flushing and unit startup, heat pumps, duct work, exhausts, MUA system, timeclock-based controls

– $128,700 ($2,574 per ton)

• VAV System circa 1987– air-cooled condenser, VAV air handler, boiler,

VAV boxes with reheat coils, economizer, electronic controls

– $100,000 ($2000 per ton)– costs per building owner do not include structural

or architectural

Page 82: ClimateMaster Geothermal What, When, Where, & How.

ClimateMasterGeothermalHeat Pumps


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