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Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

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Dave Copas Wrightington 19 th August 2014
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Page 1: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Dave  Copas  Wrightington  

19th  August  2014  

Page 2: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Aims    � Basics  � History  � Examination  

�  Inspection  �  Palpation  �  Cuff  Assessment  

� Demonstration  �  Summary  

Page 3: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Role  of  the  Cuff  �  Shoulder  Complex  comprises  30  muscles  � RC  muscles  predominantly  STABILISERS  � Do  contribute  to  movement  �  3  muscles  coalesce  to  form  rotator  cuff  �  4th  separated  by  rotator  interval  

Page 4: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff
Page 5: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Cons1tuent  parts  �  Supraspinatus  

�  Initiator  of  abduction  �  Acts  throughout  abduction  arc  �  As  powerful  as  deltoid  �  Origin  –    Supraspinous  fossa  of  scapular  �  Insertion  –    upper  facet  of  Gt  Tuberosity  �  Nerve  supply  –  Suprascapular  nerve  �  Lies  in  scapular  plane  (30°  to  coronal  plane)  

Page 6: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Cons1tuent  Parts  �  Subscapularis  

�  Main  internal  rotator  �  Largest  and  strongest  cuff  muscle  �  Origin  –  subscapular  fossa  (ant.  surface  of  scapula)  �  Insertion  –  Lesser  tuberosity  �  Nerve  supply    -­‐  Upper  and  Lower  subscapular  nerves  (posterior  cord)  

Page 7: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Cons1tuent  Parts  �  Infraspinatus  and  Teres  Minor  

�  Two  muscles  below  scapular  spine    �  Both  external  rotators  �  Infraspinatus    -­‐  Acts  when  arm  is  neutral  �  Teres  minor  -­‐  More  active  when  arm  abducted  to  90°  

Page 8: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessment  � History  

�  General      �  Age,  handedness,  occupation    

�  Pain  �  Location,  character,  night  pain,  onset    

�  Weakness  �  Traumatic  vs  degenerative,  intrinsic  vs  neuro-­‐musc    

�  Stiffness  �  Secondary  to  cuff  pathology  

�  Functional  Deficit  �  Interference  with  work,  leisure  or  ADLs  

Page 9: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessment  �  Inspection  

�  Proper  exposure  �  Symmetry  �  Deformity  �  Muscle  wasting  (more  obvious  if  infraspinatus  involved)  �  Scars    

Page 10: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessment  � Palpation  

�  Limited  role  in  cuff  assessment  �  Muscle  bulk  �  “Rent  Test”  (Codman)    

�  Palpation  of  supraspinatus  tear  

Page 11: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessing  Supraspinatus  �  12  tests  on  shoulderdoc!  �  Jobe’s  Test  

�  Empty  Can  Test  –  Jobe  and  Moynes1  �  Abduct  90°  ,  scapular  plane,  full  IR  and  resist  

�  Full  Can  Test  –  Kelly2  �   Abduct  90  ,  scapular  plane,  45°  ER  and  resist  

�  FCT  less  provocative  –  Less  weakness  due  to  pain  �  Itoi  –  143  shoulders  in  136  pt3  

�  ECT  –  70%  accurate  �  FCT  –  75%  accurate  

Page 12: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff
Page 13: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessing  Supraspinatus  � Codman’s  sign  (Drop  arm  sign)  

�  Passive  abduction  �  Support  released    �  Deltoid  contracts    -­‐  hunching  of  shoulders  

� Burkhead’s  thumb  up    and  down  test  �  Potentially  useful  in  patients  with  Impingment  signs  

� Apleys’s  scratch  test  � And  others.....  

Page 14: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessing  Subscapularis  � Gerber’s  lift  off  test4  

�  IR,  dorsum  of  hand  over  mid  lumbar  spine  and  raised  �  Evidence    Greis  (1996)5  

�  Subscap  heavily  involved  (70%  max  contraction)  �  Mid  lumbar  1/3  MORE  activity  than  LS  junction  �  Gerber  looked  at  100  pts,    

�  8/9  with  MRCT  +ve  �  12/16  with  isolated  subscap  tears  +ve  �  Conclude  if  full  IR  and  test  not  limited  by  pain  then  reliable  in  diagnosing  subscap  dysfuntion  

�  Internal  Rotation  Lag  Sign  (Hertel  1996)6  �  As  specific,  more  sensitive,  detects  partial  ruptures?  

Page 15: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff
Page 16: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessing  Subscapularis  � Other    variants  

�  Belly  Press  Test  (Napoleon  sign)7  �  Belly  Off  Sign  (Scheibel  2005)8  �  Modified  Belly  Press  Test  (Bartsch  2010)9  

� DeBeer’s  Bear  Hug  Test10  �  Useful  in  patients  with  painful  shoulders  �  Helpful  in  detecting  tears  in  upper  part  of  subscap  �  Can  use  tensiometer  

� Pennock  et  al,  201111  �  No  difference  between  above  test  �  Not  known  whether  different  parts  of  subscap  fire  in  each  test  

Page 17: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff
Page 18: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessing  Infraspinatus  � Drop  sign  (Bigliani  Et  al  1992)12  

�  Full  ER,  arm  by  side,  inability  to  hold  position  

� External  Rotation  Lag  Sign  (Hertel  1996)6  �  As  above  but  arm  in  20°  elevation  in  scapular  plane  �  Hertel’s  “Drop  Sign”  as  above  but  elevated  to  90°  

Page 19: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff
Page 20: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Assessing  Teres  Minor  (or  MRCT)  � Hornbower’s  Sign  

�  Inability  to  ER  the  elevated  arm  

� The  Dropping  Sign  (Walch)13  �  0°  abduction,  90°  elbow  flex,  45°  ER  �  Falls  to  0°  ER  when  released  

� Both  indicative  of  massive  cuff  tear  

Page 21: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff
Page 22: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Demonstra1on    

Page 23: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

Summary  � Careful  History  and  Exam  vital  �  Systematic    Approach  � Develop    a  system  � Remember  the  neck  � Consider  core  stability  assessment  

 �  It’s  what  makes  it  more  interesting  than  the  hip  or  the  knee.  

Page 24: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff
Page 25: Clinical assessment of the rotator cuff

References      

1.   Delineation  of  diagnostic  criteria  and  a  rehabilitation  program  for  rotator  cuff  injuries  Jobe  FW,  Moynes  DR.  Am  J  Sports  Med.  1982;10:336  -­‐9  2.   The  Manual  Muscle  Examination  for  Rotator  Cuff  Strength,  An  Electromyographic  Investigation  Bryan  T.  Kelly,  MD,  Warren  R.  Kadrmas,  MD,  

Kevin  P.  Speer,  MD  Am  J  Sports  Med  September  1996  vol.  24  no.  5  581-­‐588    3.   Which  is  More  Useful,  the  “Full  Can  Test”  or  the  “Empty  Can  Test,”  in  Detecting  the  Torn  Supraspinatus  Tendon?  Eiji  Itoi,  MD*,  Tadato  Kido,  MD,  

Akihisa  Sano,  MD,  Masakazu  Urayama,  MD  Kozo  Sato,  MD  Am  J  Sports  Med  January  1999  vol.  27  no.  1  65-­‐68    4.   Isolated  rupture  of  the  tendon  of  the  subscapularis  muscle.  Clinical  features  in  16  cases.  Gerber  C,  Krushell  RJ.  J  Bone  Joint  Surg  Br.  1991  May;73(3):

389-­‐94.  

5.   Validation  of  the  lift-­‐off  test  and  analysis  of  subscapularis  activity  during  maximal  internal  rotation.  Greis  PE,  Kuhn  JE,  Schultheis  J,  Hintermeister  R,  Hawkins  R.  Am  J  Sports  Med.  1996  Sep-­‐Oct;24(5):589-­‐93  

6.   Lag  signs  in  the  diagnosis  of  rotator  cuff  rupture.  Hertel  R,  Ballmer  FT,  Lambert  SM,  Gerber  Ch.  J  Shoulder  Elbow  Surg.  1996;  5(4):307-­‐313  

7.   Isolated  rupture  of  the  subscapularis  tendon.  Gerber  C,  Hersche  O,  Farron  A.  J  Bone  Joint  Surg  Am.  1996  Jul;78(7):1015-­‐23.  8.   The  belly-­‐off  sign:  a  new  clinical  diagnostic  sign  for  subscapularis  lesions.  Scheibel  M,  Magosch  P,  Pritsch  M,  Lichtenberg  S,  Habermeyer  P.  

Arthroscopy.  2005  Oct;21(10):1229-­‐35  9.   Diagnostic  values  ofclinical  tests  for    

subscapularis  lesions.  Bartsch  M,  Greiner  S,  Haas  NP,  Scheibel  M.    Knee  Surg  Sports  Traumatol  Arthrosc  2010;18:1712–1717  

10.   The  bear-­‐hug  test:  a  new  and  sensitive  test  for  diagnosing  a  subscapularis  tear.  Barth  JR1,  Burkhart  SS,  De  Beer  JF.  Arthroscopy.  2006  Oct;22(10):1076-­‐84.  

11.   The  Influence  of  Arm  and  Shoulder  Position  on  the  Bear-­‐Hug,  Belly-­‐Press,  and  Lift-­‐Off  Tests:  An  Electromyographic  Study  Pennock  AT,  Pennington  WW,  Torry  MR,  Decker  MJ,  Vaishnav  SB,  Provencher  MT,  Millett  PJ,  Hackett  TR.  Am  J  Sports  Med  November  2011  vol.  39  no.  11  2338-­‐2346  

12.  Operative  treatment  of  massive  rotator  cuff  tears:  long  term  results.  Bigliani  LU,  Cordasco  FA,  McIlveen  SJ  ,  Musso  ES.  JBoneJoint  SurgAm  1992;74:  1505–1515.    

13.   Walch  G,  Boulahia  A,  Calderone  S  and  Robinson  AH.  The  ‘dropping’  and  ‘hornblower’s’  signs  in  evaluation  of  rotator-­‐cuff  tears.  J  Bone  Joint  Surg  1998,  80B:624-­‐628.    

   


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