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Dave Copas Wrightington
19th August 2014
Aims � Basics � History � Examination
� Inspection � Palpation � Cuff Assessment
� Demonstration � Summary
Role of the Cuff � Shoulder Complex comprises 30 muscles � RC muscles predominantly STABILISERS � Do contribute to movement � 3 muscles coalesce to form rotator cuff � 4th separated by rotator interval
Cons1tuent parts � Supraspinatus
� Initiator of abduction � Acts throughout abduction arc � As powerful as deltoid � Origin – Supraspinous fossa of scapular � Insertion – upper facet of Gt Tuberosity � Nerve supply – Suprascapular nerve � Lies in scapular plane (30° to coronal plane)
Cons1tuent Parts � Subscapularis
� Main internal rotator � Largest and strongest cuff muscle � Origin – subscapular fossa (ant. surface of scapula) � Insertion – Lesser tuberosity � Nerve supply -‐ Upper and Lower subscapular nerves (posterior cord)
Cons1tuent Parts � Infraspinatus and Teres Minor
� Two muscles below scapular spine � Both external rotators � Infraspinatus -‐ Acts when arm is neutral � Teres minor -‐ More active when arm abducted to 90°
Assessment � History
� General � Age, handedness, occupation
� Pain � Location, character, night pain, onset
� Weakness � Traumatic vs degenerative, intrinsic vs neuro-‐musc
� Stiffness � Secondary to cuff pathology
� Functional Deficit � Interference with work, leisure or ADLs
Assessment � Inspection
� Proper exposure � Symmetry � Deformity � Muscle wasting (more obvious if infraspinatus involved) � Scars
Assessment � Palpation
� Limited role in cuff assessment � Muscle bulk � “Rent Test” (Codman)
� Palpation of supraspinatus tear
Assessing Supraspinatus � 12 tests on shoulderdoc! � Jobe’s Test
� Empty Can Test – Jobe and Moynes1 � Abduct 90° , scapular plane, full IR and resist
� Full Can Test – Kelly2 � Abduct 90 , scapular plane, 45° ER and resist
� FCT less provocative – Less weakness due to pain � Itoi – 143 shoulders in 136 pt3
� ECT – 70% accurate � FCT – 75% accurate
Assessing Supraspinatus � Codman’s sign (Drop arm sign)
� Passive abduction � Support released � Deltoid contracts -‐ hunching of shoulders
� Burkhead’s thumb up and down test � Potentially useful in patients with Impingment signs
� Apleys’s scratch test � And others.....
Assessing Subscapularis � Gerber’s lift off test4
� IR, dorsum of hand over mid lumbar spine and raised � Evidence Greis (1996)5
� Subscap heavily involved (70% max contraction) � Mid lumbar 1/3 MORE activity than LS junction � Gerber looked at 100 pts,
� 8/9 with MRCT +ve � 12/16 with isolated subscap tears +ve � Conclude if full IR and test not limited by pain then reliable in diagnosing subscap dysfuntion
� Internal Rotation Lag Sign (Hertel 1996)6 � As specific, more sensitive, detects partial ruptures?
Assessing Subscapularis � Other variants
� Belly Press Test (Napoleon sign)7 � Belly Off Sign (Scheibel 2005)8 � Modified Belly Press Test (Bartsch 2010)9
� DeBeer’s Bear Hug Test10 � Useful in patients with painful shoulders � Helpful in detecting tears in upper part of subscap � Can use tensiometer
� Pennock et al, 201111 � No difference between above test � Not known whether different parts of subscap fire in each test
Assessing Infraspinatus � Drop sign (Bigliani Et al 1992)12
� Full ER, arm by side, inability to hold position
� External Rotation Lag Sign (Hertel 1996)6 � As above but arm in 20° elevation in scapular plane � Hertel’s “Drop Sign” as above but elevated to 90°
Assessing Teres Minor (or MRCT) � Hornbower’s Sign
� Inability to ER the elevated arm
� The Dropping Sign (Walch)13 � 0° abduction, 90° elbow flex, 45° ER � Falls to 0° ER when released
� Both indicative of massive cuff tear
Demonstra1on
Summary � Careful History and Exam vital � Systematic Approach � Develop a system � Remember the neck � Consider core stability assessment
� It’s what makes it more interesting than the hip or the knee.
References
1. Delineation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries Jobe FW, Moynes DR. Am J Sports Med. 1982;10:336 -‐9 2. The Manual Muscle Examination for Rotator Cuff Strength, An Electromyographic Investigation Bryan T. Kelly, MD, Warren R. Kadrmas, MD,
Kevin P. Speer, MD Am J Sports Med September 1996 vol. 24 no. 5 581-‐588 3. Which is More Useful, the “Full Can Test” or the “Empty Can Test,” in Detecting the Torn Supraspinatus Tendon? Eiji Itoi, MD*, Tadato Kido, MD,
Akihisa Sano, MD, Masakazu Urayama, MD Kozo Sato, MD Am J Sports Med January 1999 vol. 27 no. 1 65-‐68 4. Isolated rupture of the tendon of the subscapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases. Gerber C, Krushell RJ. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1991 May;73(3):
389-‐94.
5. Validation of the lift-‐off test and analysis of subscapularis activity during maximal internal rotation. Greis PE, Kuhn JE, Schultheis J, Hintermeister R, Hawkins R. Am J Sports Med. 1996 Sep-‐Oct;24(5):589-‐93
6. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. Hertel R, Ballmer FT, Lambert SM, Gerber Ch. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996; 5(4):307-‐313
7. Isolated rupture of the subscapularis tendon. Gerber C, Hersche O, Farron A. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996 Jul;78(7):1015-‐23. 8. The belly-‐off sign: a new clinical diagnostic sign for subscapularis lesions. Scheibel M, Magosch P, Pritsch M, Lichtenberg S, Habermeyer P.
Arthroscopy. 2005 Oct;21(10):1229-‐35 9. Diagnostic values ofclinical tests for
subscapularis lesions. Bartsch M, Greiner S, Haas NP, Scheibel M. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2010;18:1712–1717
10. The bear-‐hug test: a new and sensitive test for diagnosing a subscapularis tear. Barth JR1, Burkhart SS, De Beer JF. Arthroscopy. 2006 Oct;22(10):1076-‐84.
11. The Influence of Arm and Shoulder Position on the Bear-‐Hug, Belly-‐Press, and Lift-‐Off Tests: An Electromyographic Study Pennock AT, Pennington WW, Torry MR, Decker MJ, Vaishnav SB, Provencher MT, Millett PJ, Hackett TR. Am J Sports Med November 2011 vol. 39 no. 11 2338-‐2346
12. Operative treatment of massive rotator cuff tears: long term results. Bigliani LU, Cordasco FA, McIlveen SJ , Musso ES. JBoneJoint SurgAm 1992;74: 1505–1515.
13. Walch G, Boulahia A, Calderone S and Robinson AH. The ‘dropping’ and ‘hornblower’s’ signs in evaluation of rotator-‐cuff tears. J Bone Joint Surg 1998, 80B:624-‐628.