Cloned in 2008 from mouse that died 16 years earlier.

Biotechnology – use of technology to control biological processes as a means of meeting societal needs

Transgenic BiotechnologyTransgenic organism – an organism whose genome has incorporated one or more genes from another species

Transgenic Biotechnology

Recombinant DNA – segments of DNA that have been combined into a sequence that does not exist in nature

Transgenic Microbes & Cells

Produced drugs and vaccines (ex. human growth hormone, insulin, etc.)

Transgenic LivestockCan grow faster, be more nutritious, have human organs, and produce human proteins.

Transgenic crops (genetically modified crops)

Can produce higher yields, resist insects, tolerate weed killers, be more nutritious.

Transgenic crops (genetically modified food crops)

In the U.S.:

92 % of soybeans

86 % of cotton

80 % of corn

Watch this video to learn more about Genetically Modified Foods and its history

Read the articles “The Risks on the Table” , “Are Engineered Foods Evil?”, and this article on GMOs

Different cell types contain a complete set of DNA.

Each cell has all of the instructions of all cell types.

Cell types specialize when specific genes are expressed (turned on) and tell cell how to act.

Watch Amoeba Sisters How Cells Become Specialized

Cell types specialize when specific genes are expressed (turned on) and tell cell how to act.

Do cells have the potential to act like another cell if its pattern of gene expression is switched?

Can Produce Genetically Identical Organisms = Clones

Can animals regenerate lost body parts?

Reproductive Cloning of Animals

Goal: Produces an individual that is exactly like the original.

Which “parent” is the baby a clone (exact replicate) of?

Reproductive Cloning of Animals

Dolly Human clone?

Reproductive Cloning of Animals Advantages & Disadvantages?

Therapeutic Cloning Goal: Produces desirable cells

Therapeutic Cloning Embryonic stem cells – in early animal embryo that have not specialized yet. They will specialize during development to give rise to all cell types in the body.

Therapeutic Cloning Embryonic stem cells – in early animal embryo that have not specialized yet. They will specialize during development to give rise to all cell types in the body.

Therapeutic Cloning

Adult stem cells - partly specialized cells found in adult body that constantly divide and produce new cells (i.e. skin cells, cells in bone marrow that produce blood cells, etc.)

Therapeutic Cloning

Which type of stem cell is more “flexible” and has more potential in producing all cell types?

Therapeutic Cloning Advantages & Disadvantages?

( Tia Lai, Los Angeles Times / March 7, 2012 ) http://www.latimes.com/health/la-he-kidney-transplant-stem-cells-20120308,0,7958794,full.story

“Anthony Atala on growing new organs”

“Stem Cells Breakthrough”Three separate teams overcome a biomedical hurdle—creating stem cells without the use of human embryos.

“Replacing Body Parts”Scientists are learning how to grow custom-made body parts so they can be ready when you—and your vital organs—start falling apart.

“Anthony Atala: Printing a Human Kidney”

Read online article “Whose Blood is it Anyway?”

DNA Fingerprinting (Profiling) Analyzes person’s unique collection of DNA segments

Steps in DNA Fingerprinting

1. DNA is amplified

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Steps in DNA Fingerprinting 2. DNA is cut into fragments using restriction enzymes Restriction enzymes – always cut DNA at certain locations

Where does this specific restriction enzyme always cut?

Do you see a difference in segment length & number?

Steps in DNA Fingerprinting 3. DNA fragments are compared

Gel Electrophoresis

What factor causes DNA segments to separate out on a gel?

4. Determine if samples are same DNA or different