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Closing the Participation Gap - User Generated Content in E-Learning
Karsten D. WolfDidactical Design of Interactive Learning Environments
Online Educa 2007Berlin, 30.11.2007
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What is the participation gap?
attribution: wasta on flickr
//bwr
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
1,731,000 569,000
474,000 367,000
353,000 288,000
283,000 251,000
222,000 221,000
19.04.2007Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
native speakers of language Wikipedia article
Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
articles ratio
Suomi 109,454 48
German 569,000 176
native speakers of language Wikipedia article
Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
articles ratio
Suomi 109,454 48
German 569,000 176
native speakers of language Wikipedia article
Wikipediaarticle
1
Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
+17% +13%
+19% +17%
+18% +27%
+25% +15%
+27% +14%
ca. 6 months later (1.10.2007)
Suomi +22%
Slides: www.slideshare.net/kadewe
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
statistics*
really old: October 2005 = 2 Internet years ≈ 14 years ago
50% of all edits done by 0.7% of users (615 people)
72% of text written by 1.8% of users (1,500 people)
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
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actual data
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rough estimation
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very few people
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very few people
do very much
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cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
20% of people are doing 80% of the work
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
I am doing all the work and everyone else is lazy!
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
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equal participation
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# of
edi
ts
authors ranked by # of edits
as of February 2007
Datasource: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_Wikipedians_by_number_of_edits
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
# of
edi
ts
authors ranked by # of edits
Wikipediholism#1 159,825#10 79,162#30 53,500#50 46,529#100 36,608#500 17,305#1,000 11,101#2,500 5,300
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
# of
edi
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authors ranked by # of edits
Wikipediholism#1 159,825#10 79,162#30 53,500#50 46,529#100 36,608#500 17,305#1,000 11,101#2,500 5,300
10 edits a dayfor 3 years
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
# of
edi
ts
authors ranked by # of edits
as of February 2007
Long Tail of Authors
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Wikipedia: consuming vs. producing?
20k requests per second1,728,000,000 requests/day
200,000 edits a day8,640 requests/edit
(0.01%)
67,000 editors active in November 2006approximately <0.01% of user base editors
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
German youths
25% Creators
Datasource JIM 2007 Press release
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Why participate?
© Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Why engage for free in OSS?
• The economist‘s view: It‘s just signaling for self-promotion (Lerner & Tirole, 2002)
• Empirical studies contradict: it is intrinsic motivation!
• Hertel, Guido, Sven Nieder and Stefanie Herrmann (2003)
• Lakhani, Karim R. and Robert G. Wolf (2003)
© Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Understanding Open Content Authors Motivation
• Altruism – for the love of other people
• Reputation – showing off one‘s own capability = self-promotion
• Interest, Fun and Flow – doing it for the Joy of it
• Learning – learning by authoring public entities
• Collaboration – tackling something not feasible for oneself
• Job – getting a paycheck
• Saving – no need to buy textbooks and giving back some time
• Political Statement – e.g. anti capitalist point of view, anti copyrights pov…
• Assignment – getting a grade and a diploma
• Convenience – it is easier to find notes in public repositories than on my HD
© Karsten D. Wolf 2007
What kind of content makes good candidate for OCP?
• both basic and advanced level of content, doesn‘t matter
• both Super Special Interest and Mass Audience
• Opportunity costs of making it open is low for most scientific SSI and school market
• Reputation gain is great for Mass Audience
© Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Content size, team size & collaboration
• Smaller snippets are easier
• Wikipedia = collective
• Blogs = individual
• The bigger, the more authors = more difficult (e.g. WikiBooks)
• Solution: snippets!
• Problem: Thousands of snippets do not make great textbooks
© Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Commented Collections
• DRY = Don‘t Repeat Yourself
• DRY(AO) = Don‘t Repeat Yourself and Others!
• Good bye Open Content Books
• Hello Commented Collections of Open Snippets
• Makes sense from the Personal Learning Environment viewpoint, too!
Why participation in education?
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
buildpublicentities
Seymour PapertFather of Logo
Constructionist
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
culture of participation
recreation to become a form of re-creation (remix, tinkering, sharing) based on productive inquiry situated in communities of co-creation
learning about ➙ learning to behttp://mitworld.mit.edu/video/419/
John Seely BrownXerox Parc
Cognitive Apprenticeship
Structure and effects of participation?
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Research project settings
• Learning environment EverLearn (http://www.everlearn.info)
• about 4000 active users (= having completed a course)
• logs from fall 2004 to summer 2007
• about 1,85 million logged actions of users
• non-reactive observational data (level 5, Fritsche & Linneweber 2006):the users are not aware of the observation and they don‘t know, that their data is used for research
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Consumptive usage
• read pages
• navigate the course
• download files
• …
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Productive usage
• Edit pages
• Upload files
• Discuss
• Chat
• …
Usage by time: consumption vs. production
Usage by time: consumption vs. production
Usage by time: consumption vs. production
Correlation between production and problem solving
Chat Messages
Discussion entries
Created content in
words
Problemsolving Score
.03(.425)
.28*(.048)
.43**(.005)
n=36 (Wolf/Prasser 2006)
Gender: productive vs. consumptive usage
Cons. Prod. Total P/T
M 677,2 106,7 783,9 13,6%
F 924,2 130,6 1054,9 12,4%
n = 1688
Wikipedialinear
MeanMedian
exponential
50% edit morethan median!
0.001% edit morethan median!
Wikipedialinear
MeanMedian
exponential
50% edit morethan median!
0.001% edit morethan median!
production is harder than
consumption
participation isless equal distributed
How to close the gap?
technical: make it easy
social: make it a smallaccountable community
motivational: build up interest and develop meaningful taks
cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Get more info [email protected]://www.karsten-d-wolf.dehttp://blog.didactalab.dehttp://teachlab.didactalab.de