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Plan UK5-6 Underhill StreetLondon NW1 7HS, UKTel: +44 (0) 20 7482 9777

Fax: +44 (0) 20 7482 9778Email: [email protected]

Registered charity No. 276035

ISBN 978-0-9550479-5-4

Institute of Development Studiesat the University of Sussex,Brighton, BN1 9RE, [email protected]: +44 (0)1273 606261,F: +44 (0)1273 621202/691647.

H a n d b o o k o n C o m m u n i t y -

L e d T o t a l S a n i t a t i o n

K a m a l K a r wi t h R o b e r t C h a m b e r s

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Handbook onCommunity-Led

Total Sanitation

Kamal Kar with Robert Chambers

Prepared with the support of

Plan International (UK) March 2008

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The Genesis, Sp

The CLTS appro

Bangladesh and

Resource Centre

and his subsequ

to the discovery

enables local co

collectively inte

the entire neigh

When triggered

policy and a han

urgent collective

has evolved. In i

encourages loca

neighbourhood.

and shames peo

leaving decision

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SELECTING A

This is a crucial

Communities res

to make change

but come round

changed. In gen

This is sometime

Natural Leaders

men, youth, res

midwives, religi

Besides leadersh

affect the prosp

from the explosmatchbox”. To h

contributed to th

Triggering has b

However, you m

some success st

and their Natura

This list may help

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However, hundr

countries witho

in villages wher

improvement. E

in virgin villages

Facilitating cBackground an

Triggering is ba

among commun

open defecationbasic assumptio

learned that the

is purely to help

has disgusting c

then up to com

and to take acti

w

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22 Triggering

Background and basics for igniting CLTS

Certain sections of the community will have reasons to

want to change the status quo. For example:

•Families who do own toilets discover that they are

just as prone to faecal-oral contamination due to the

actions of those who don’t.

•Landless people are often criticised and abused for

defecating in other people’s land.

•Women and young girls suffer the most from the lack

of privacy in open defecation, often having to do it

only before dawn or after dark

•Religious leaders realise the meaninglessness of

wearing clean clothes as they are dirtied by flies that

have been on human excreta.

The strong feelings of these different sections of the

community are powerful drives to action to change a

village to become ODF. They can be encouraged to form

their own pressure groups to encourage others to change.

Tip

The key is the attitude and approach of

the facilitator. It is also the skillfulness of the

facilitator to clearly explain that this exercise is

not an outsiders attempt to stop open defeca-

tion but for the insiders to analyse and take

their own decisions. The decision to continue

with open defecation and ingesting each other’s

shit by the insiders is also fine with the facilitators,

but the name of the village would be added tothe report about their new learning, if the insiders

agree.

Feel free to innovate and try out new methods

apart from those described below.

Though the sequence of methods is not important,

starting with a transect walk often works well.

ABOVE AND LEFT Woman

facilitator from Social Fund

for Development (SFD)

Sana’a, triggering CLTSwith village women in

Ibb Governorate in Yemen.

RIGHT Participation of

women facilitators in each

CLTS triggering team is

essential in Yemen, Pakistan

and other Muslim countries.

If conducive environment is

ensured and triggering

meetings are arranged

indoors or in places where

no men could see them,

women participate

spontaneously, express

their views and initiate

collective actions

against OD.

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28 Triggering

Mapping of defecation areas trans

walk

Facilitate the community to make a simple map o

ground showing households, resources, defecatio

water points and problems, to stimulate discussio

them to choose a suitable large open area for th

mapping gets all community members involved i

practical and visual analysis of the community sa

situation.

In the mapping exercise, all households should b

to locate their dwellings on the map, for example

marking the ground, or locating a leaf or stone, a

show whether they have a latrine or not. The are

open defecation can be shown with a coloured p

and lines drawn to connect them to the househo

visit them. The map can be used to highlight ma

things. Draw attention to how far some people h

walk to defecate and at what times of day. Are th

safety issues? Ask people to trace the flow of shi

places of open defecation to ponds and other wa

bodies, resulting in their contamination.

ABOVE An exclusive mapping

exercise with the children

is in progress in Shebadino

village near Awassa in SSNP

Region in Ethiopia. This

triggered CLTS that was

primarily led by children

and very powerful Child

Natural Leaders emerged

from the exercise.

LEFT In a well facilitated

CLTS triggering process,

many people work on the

map together and indicate

their households, areas of

open defecation and

calculate amount of shit

produced by the respective

households. Mapping in

progress in a village in Ibb

Governorate in Yemen.

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The triggering p

decide to act tog

reservations or

Community dyn

Sensitive extern

Facilitators and o

Timely interven

Triggering that

and nothing has

should be avoid

an organisation

A

Bol

mu

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S

Since the innova

been gained fas

countries. This h

author who from

workshops of re

This hands-on tr

advisers, senior

organisations, a

This has been pnational and int

active in suppor

spread within co

see www.livelih

Many of those t

to people within

and Pakistan, th

organisations in

have been very

number of these

ini

U

ce

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74 Scaling Up and Going Beyond CLTS

ABOVE AND RIGHT Clean and

nice village roads. ODF

communities of a village in

Lumajang district in East

Java province of Indonesia

and village of a Kampung

Spu province in Cambodia

cleaned and decorated

the central village road

immediately after ODF

status. Such reflection

and outcome of overall

cleanliness is seen

in many ODF villages

irrespective of countries

or cultures.

A

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86 APPENDIX G

Kenya: Plan Kenya, UNICEF

Mali: WaterAid

Nigeria: WaterAid

Sierra Leone: UNICEF, Ministry of Health, Education,

Water Supply Energy and Power and Plan Sierra Leone

Tanzania: Plan Tanzania,

Uganda: Plan Uganda, Kibale District Administration

supported by Irish Aid

Zambia: UNICEF, Choma district, DWASHE, Partner

NGO of WaterAid Zambia,

AsiaBangladesh: SDU-CARE, Bangladesh, Dishari, Plan,

WaterAid and their NGO partners like, VERC, NGO

Forum for Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation, Dhaka

Ahsania Mission, World Vision, WSP-South Asia

Cambodia: Ministry of Rural Development, Royal

Government of Cambodia implementing CLTS in six

provinces, UNICEF, Plan, Cambodia, Swiss Red Cross.

India: Government of India (State Governments of

Maharashtra, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, only Urban

CLTS in Kalyani Municipality under Kolkata Urban

Services for the Poor (KUSP) in West Bengal), WSP-

South Asia.

Indonesia: Government of Indonesia, WSLIC II

(AusAid), Project Concern International, WSP-East Asia

and Pacific Region, Jakarta, Gates Foundation supported

TSSM project in East Java Province.

East Timor: Plan and WaterAid Australia have recently

started implementing CLTS.

Nepal: WaterAid, Plan Nepal, UNICEF, NEWAH, and

Nepal Red Cross.

Pakistan: IRSP, Rural Support Programme Network,

(RSPN Pakistan Khushal Pakistan Fund (KPF)) WSP,

SABAWON International.

Latin AmericaBolivia: UNICEF, WSP, Plan Bolivia.

Middle EastYemen: Yemeni Social Fund for Development (SFD-

Yemen).

Innovations and locof latrine models cons

Asia, Afric

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88 Innovations and local adaptations

ABOVE AND BELOW Young Natural Leader who innovated dry

pit latrine immediately after triggering of CLTS in his villages

around Siem Reap in Cambodia became very popular in thearea.

ABOVE Notice the water container and soap in front of newly

constructed latrines in villages of Kampung Spu province

of Cambodia

ABOVE Use of wooden planks

in latrines built for the first

time after triggering;

Maharashtra, India.

ABOVE Raised platform of a toilet to avoid seasonal f

in Indonesia.

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92 Your Notes!

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94 Your Notes!

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