Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries

Clupeids

Sardines

Herrings

Anchovies

GadoidsHaddock

Hake

Pollock

Cod, Cod, Cod, and Cod

Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries

Clupeids

Sardines

Herrings

Anchovies

GadoidsHaddock

Hake

Pollock

Cod, Cod, Cod, and Cod

Clupeid and Gadoid Fisheries

Clupeids

Sardines

Herrings

Anchovies

GadoidsHaddock

Hake

Pollock

Cod, Cod, Cod, and Cod

rate of change = ⎟⎠⎞

⎜⎝⎛ −

K

N1rN

Clupeids and Gadoids are r-selected

sardines whales

Japanese Pilchard

Sardinops melanostictus

~ 20 cm length

Geographical distribution of the four subpopulations of Japanese pilchards and annual catch by region from 1972 to 1976. Numbers in circles are catch in thousands of tonnes.

Commercial catch of Japanese pilchards

Kuroshio Current

A. 1964-1971 Poor Nutrient SupplyC. 1971-1975 Excellent Nutrient SupplyB. 1975 -1977 Adequate Nutrient Supply

Commercial catch of Japanese pilchards

Survival of young Japanese pilchards from eggs to post-larvae at an age of ten weeks.

Atlantic Herring

Clupea harengus

~ 25 cm length

Migration routes of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring.

Commercial catch, recruitment of 3-year old fish, and spawning biomass of Norwegian spring spawning herring.

Percentage contribution of year classes of Norwegian spring spawn herring to the adult stock from 1954 through 1962. The very good year class of 1950 began first appearing in significant numbers in 1954 and dominated the adult stock throughout this period.

Migration routes of the Norwegian spring-spawning herring during the period 1963-1966.

Growth curves of Norewgian spring-spawning herring during various periods of time.

(A) Catch of North Sea herring and (B) spawning stock biomass of the autumn spawning herring. The dashed line in panel B is the target spawning stock of 1.3 Mt recommended by the ICES.

Pacific Herring

Clupea pallasii

~ 25 cm length

The location of the nine major populations of British Columbia herring.

Clupea pallasii

Drum seining was developed mainly for small vessels fishing for salmon in river estuaries, bays and creeks on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska. These seiners have usually the bridge and accommodation placed forward. Echo-sounder and sonar are used to locate schools of target species. Drum and a seine skiff are used during the fishing operations. The drum is mounted on the stern of the vessel. Vessels fitted with drums range from 19 to 22 m in length.

Time series of British Columbia herring catch

Atlantic Cod

Gadus morhua

~ 100 cm length

Commercial cod landings in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean

Commercial catches of cod in the North Sea

Harvest of sexually immature fish

Over capitalization

Habitat destruction

Recruitment overfishing

Closure of fishery

Japanese pilchards

Norwegian spring-spawning herring

Canadian Pacific herring

Canadian Atlantic cod

N. Sea cod

N. Sea herring

A Couple of Success Stories:Thank Cod!

Iceland

Background

Expanding EEZs

Cod Wars!

Diversification

AlaskaBackground

Pollock

Lessons Learned?

Iceland

Background

Location

Recent History

Iceland

Recent History

A Poor Colony Until WWII

Independence from Denmark

Application of Technology to Fishing

Marine Resources as Step to the Future

Iceland

Expansion of Icelandic EEZ

1832: “EEZs” set at 3 miles

1950: Iceland claims 4 miles

1958: Iceland claims 12 miles

1972: Iceland claims 50 miles

1975: Iceland claims 200 miles

Iceland

Cod Wars!

1958: Great Britain - 37 Royal Navy Ships

Iceland - 7 Coast Guard Ships

1972: Iceland vs. Britain and Germany

Trawl-cutting, Ramming, Shots

1975: More of the same

“The English are our best enemies”

“You’ll go to a 200-mile EEZ soon, and we Icelanders will advise you on how to do it.”

Iceland

Diversification

Expanding EEZ not done simply for the cod

Exploitation of the resource a step to the

future

Development of geothermal resources

Development of biotechnology

Development of a very high standard of living

Alaska Pollock

Theragro chalcagramma

~ 80 cm length

Alaska Pollock

Timeline:

1970s - 1980s - Mostly Foreign Fleets

1976 - US 200-mile EEZ established

1978 - Gulf of Alaska Groundfish Management Plan

1988 - US Fishing and Processing Capacity

Adequate to Phase Out Foreign Fleets

Cod and the 200-Mile EEZ

Canada - Cod as the only resource, fishing seen as the employer of (first and) last resort

Iceland - Cod as a primary resource, fishing seen as of vital national importance in a larger context

Alaska - Learned the lessons of both?

Here’s Something to Worry About

Clupeids and Gadoids are

r-selected species.

What happens when we exploit

K-selected populations?

Some Resources

Fisheries Mismanagement: The Case of the North Atlantic Cod

Rognvaldur Hannesson, 1996

Cod: A Biography of the Fish that Changed the World

Mark Kurlansky, 1997

Some Resources

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/fishwatch/

http://www.atsea.org/images/Overview

SustainableFisheries.pdf

http://www.fao.org/