Cluster Housing in a Cultural Park on the Coeur d’ Alene Reservation

Schitsu’umsh- “The discovered people”

Name given from neighboring tribes (Spokane, Kalispell, Kootenai, and Salish)Semi-nomadic lifestylesRelied on natural resources for survivalStaple foods: camas, water potato, game, and berries

(CDA

Tribe) (CDA

Tribe)

(CDA

Tribe)

(CDA

Tribe)

Schitsu’umsh Aboriginal Territory

N-S From Lake Pond Oreille to Clearwater RiverE-W From Missoula, Montana to Cheney, WashingtonMajority of families lived along rivers and lakeshores

(CDA

Tribe)

(CDA

Tribe)

(CDA

Tribe)

Five Fundamental Teachings from Amotqn, Coyote, Chief Child of the Yellow Root, and Crane1- Landscape is spiritually endowed2- Landscape is inhabited by multitude of Peoples who share a common kinship3- The ethic of sharing as the structural relationship of the Peoples4- “Gifts” to be shared freely; be respected and not abused5- Sustain and enhance the welfare of Schitsu’umsh family

(Frey, 2001)

(CDA

Tribe) (CDA

Tribe)

Schitsu’umsh

Modernization

Influence from Spokane-Coeur d’ Alene Metro Area

Rapid growth Urban sprawlDevelopers building in rural areas Non-Governmental Organizations

Development Impact on Schitsu’umsh Lands

Expansion of US Highway 95Coeur d’ Alene Casino developmentBlack Rock developmentRoute of the Coeur d’ Alenes trail

(CDA

Tribe)

Cluster vs. Conventional Housing Development

Preserves rural characterProtects open spaceCreates land for farming, habitat, environmental preservationMinimized infrastructure costsPedestrian friendlyStormwater retention and groundwater recharge

ClusterConventional

“Rural Sprawl”Consumes open spacePrivatizes all land Lands too small for farming, habitat, environmental preservationCostly infrastructureAuto dependantIncreased stormwater runoff

(Prairie Crossing) (Vermont Forum)

(Calthorpe) (Calthorpe)

“It brings back good feelings in the heart to come back to where we belong”

Felix Aripa

(CDA

Tribe)

(CDA

Tribe)

The Site

Sixteen-to-One BayPurchased by Tribe in 2001Formerly owned by Charles MagnusOnly tribally owned lakefront property350 Acres

The Look

Baldy PeakHarrison

Site Inventory

Ownership

Soils

Vegetation

Erosion Hazard

Wetlands

(CDA

Tribe)

Ownership

WorleyCasino

Black Rock State of Idaho Land

BLM Land

Recreational amenities from casinoJoint effort opportunity with public land ownersPossibility of obtaining small adjacent property

Soils

Vegetation

Erosion Hazard

Wetlands

Tribally owned riparian buffers

Design Guidelines

(USFS)

(USFS)

(USFS)

Land Use Intensity1/1000 ratio

HousingLocate buildings at transitionsBuildings respond to gradeMinimize or prohibit cut-and-fill

Wastewater and StormwaterUse alternative septic systemsGroundwater recharge areas

Establishing a Cultural ParkNational Parks Service strategyDevelop interpretationComplete archaeological and botanical study

Finding FundsCommunity Character ActLand and Water Conservation FundTEA-21

“ From now on we’re going to take care of this new property”

Felix Aripa

Location of Housing

Solution

Camping for Educational Programs

Riparian Zone

Vista Vista

Solution

8 units; 1 acre3 garden apartments2500sq.ft./unit

SolutionWastewater and Stormwater Management

WastewaterUnderground aeration tanksGrey water for irrigation, toilets, dishwashers

StormwaterSpace between buildings for roof runoffLoop at center and end of drive for GW recharge

Solution

Activities and ProgramsCommunity trail system with interpretive signageSummer education programsCorrectional education programsPublic education programsFishingCanoeingScientific study

Schitsu’umsh- The Discovered PeopleSqiqwts- Water potatoYalstk- SummerChatq’ele- LakeHndarep- Canoe landingCh’ich’et- Shortcut

State of Idaho Land

BLM Land

Special Thanks

Barbara Anderson

Schitsu’umsh Tribal Elders: Felix AripaIrene LowelyLavinia Alexander

Schitsu’umsh GIS Office: John HartmanFrank RobertsBernie JacksonPerry KittJames Twoteeth

Schitsu’umsh Language Center:Kim Matheson

Schitsu’umsh Natural Resources Council Members

BooksAlanen, Arnold R., and Melnick, Robert Z.; Preserving Cultural Landscapes

in AmericaBaltimore, Maryland; John Hopkins University Press; 2000

Arendt, Randall; Growing Greener: Putting Conservation into Local Plans & Ordinances

Washington D.C.; Island Press; 1999 Rural by Design: Maintaining Small Town CharacterChicago, Illinois; American Planning Association; 1994

Benton, Lisa M.; The Presidio: From Army Post to National ParkNortheastern University Press; 1998

Cranz, Galen; The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America;

Cambridge, Massachusetts; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 1982Daly, Herman E.; Beyond Growth: The Economics of Sustainable Development;

Boston, Massachusetts; Beacon Press Books; 1996Fishman, Robert; Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia;

New York, New York; Basic Books, Inc.; 1987Frey, Rodney; Landscape Traveled by Coyote and Crane

Seattle, Washington; University of Washington Press; 2001Hart, John; San Francisco’s Wilderness Next Door;

San Rafael, California; Presidio Press; 1979Hoffman, Joseph B.; Relative Value of Water & Land in Outdoor Recreation Activity Areas;

Moscow, Idaho; Idaho Water Resources Research Institute, University of Idaho; 1979Lyle, John Tillman; Design for Human Ecosystems: Landscape, Landuse, and Natural Resources;

Harriett Lyle; Washington D.C.: Island Press, 1999.McHarg, Ian; Design With Nature;

Garden City, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1992.Okerlund, David F.; Ponderosa State Park General Development Plan

Boise, Idaho; Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation; 1994O’Looney, John; Beyond Maps: GIS and Decision Making in Local Governments;

Redlands, California; Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 2000.Palmer, Gary B., Nicademus, Lawrence, and Felsman, Lavinia;

Khi’ Khwe Hntmikhw’lumkhw: “This is My Land”;Las Vegas, Nevada; Department of Anthropology and Ethnic

Studies;University of Nevada Las Vegas, 1987

Payne, Richard D., Ph.D.; Recreation Home Developments in Idaho: Five Case Studies;

Boise, Idaho; Center for Research, Grants and Contracts, Boise State University;1977Pinchot, Gifford; Breaking New Ground

New York, New York; Harcourt, Brace and Company, Inc.; 1947Scott, Allen J.; The Cultural Economy of Cities

London, England; SAGE Publications Ltd; 2000

Resources

Simmonds, John Ormsbee; Landscape Architecture;Third Edition; New York, New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, 1998.

South, Tom; Heyburn State Park General Development Plan;Boise, Idaho; South Landscape Architecture and

Land Planning; 1990Stapp, Darby C. and Burney, Michael S.; Tribal Cultural Resource Management: The Full Circle of Stewardship;

Walnut Creek, California; Altamira Press; 2002Van Der Ryn, Sim and Cowan, Stuart; Ecological Design;

Washington D.C.: Island Press, 1996.Whyte, William H.; The Last Landscape;

William H. Whyte; Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1968.Publications/PeriodicalsCurless, Erica; “Residents Rage Against Growth”, “County to Hear Residents Views”;

Idaho Spokesman Review; Coeur d’ Alene, Idaho; Mar 16, 2003Mega, Mathew; Lukermann, Barbara; and Sykes, Robert; “Residential Cluster

Development: Overview of Key Issues”; University of Minnesota Extension Service; 1998

Rosenwinkel, Hans; “Heavy Metal”University of Idaho; 2002Smith, Hubble; “Las Vegas Residents will See More Houses on Smaller Lot Sizes,Consultant Says”; Las Vegas Review-Journal; October 27, 2002

Stowell, Sean; “Pros and Cons of Environmental Legislations: A look at LegislationAffecting the Profession”; Landscape Architect; October 2002

CD-ROMForest Service, USDA; Built Environment Image Guide: For the Natural Forests and Grasslands;

Washington D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture, 2001.Web Siteswww.biomicrobics.com- Producers of wastewater treatment systemswww.cdatribe.org- Official site of Coeur d’ Alene Tribewww.comp.lancs.ac.uk/sociology/Fieldwork- “Ethnography: What is Ethnography?”www.conservationfutures.org- Spokane county conservation organization websitewww.icls.harvard.edu- Institute for Cultural Landscape Studies

Ingerson, Alice E.; “What are Cultural Landscapes” and“Reinventing Research and Practice: Converging Viewsfrom E cology, Planning, and History”;Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts; The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University; 2003

www.metrocouncil.org- Calthorpe Associates; “The St. Croix Valley Development Design Study”; January 2000

www.npca.org- National Parks Conservation Association“Ethnography”, “Cultural Landscapes”, “Interpretation”,and “Funding and Staffing”

www.nps.gov/lwcf- National Parks Service Land and Water Conservation Fund www2.parkscanada.gc.ca- Parks Canada Website

“Cultural Landscapes”, “Guidelines for the Identificationof Aboriginal Cultural Landscapes”, “Associative Cultural Landscapes”, and “Canadian Approach”

www.prairiecrossing.com- Home page for Prairie Crossing development in Grayslake, ILwww.vtsprawl.org- Homepage for The Vermont Forum on Sprawl

Burlington, Vermont