CM 220: College Composition II

Unit 4 Seminar

Interpreting the Experts and Finding

Your Voice:How to use APA and

Avoid Plagiarism

Dr. Mary Bagley

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Unit 4 Activities• Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide

to Successful Writing, chapters 11-12; Robin Wilson article)

• Tech Lab: Blogs and social networking sites (Facebook)

• Seminar: Review of APA citation and paraphrasing• Invention Lab: Find a credible research article

related to your big idea, write an APA reference page and in-text citation for that source, and paraphrase a key point from the article. Please copy and paste the paragraph you are paraphrasing into your post, also.

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Unit 4 Project

• Project: Complete the “Reflecting on Sources” worksheet in Doc Sharing.

• Create open and closed interview questions for someone related to your “big idea”

• Discuss 3 secondary sources relating to your big idea. One of those should present challenges to your idea (possible objections you will need to consider).

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Finding Credible Sources• Library databases• Online journals• Googlescholar.com• Look for sources with known authors,

reputable publishers, cited sources• Always verify information• Avoid wikipedia.com and other

questionable sources like personal blogs

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Library Tips and Tricks Chat

• Weekly Library Tips & Tricks chat!  On Tuesdays at 8 pm ET, the library offers a live virtual classroom to discuss the library’s resources, new features in the library, research strategies, and hopefully a lot of tips to make your research life much easier.  You can find the link and more information on the calendar on the Research Guides page in the library.   

• The library also now has a “KZoom” search feature on the main home page that will search multiple databases.

• Finally, review the library’s orientation video; refer to the “Tips, Tricks, Handouts, & Help” section on the library’s home page.

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APA Citation and Formatting

Some questions and answers. . .

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What Do APA Rules Cover?

• A. Formatting/layout of document• B. Types of sources you can use• C. Citation style• D. Both A. and C.

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What is Parenthetical Citation?

• A. The citations on the References page• B. Citations in the body of the paper• C. (Smith, 2011, p. 5)• D. Smith, J. (2011, July 5). Reflecting on the

economic downturn. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/economic/2011July5.

• E. Both A and D.• F. Both B. and C.

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What Are Expectations for Reference Page Citations?

• A. Everything cited in the body of the paper should have a corresponding reference page citation.

• B. Everything cited in the body of the paper except for interviews and other personal communication should have a corresponding reference page citation.

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Rules for Formatting: True or False?

• Include a header and page number on every page.

• A title page is not necessary.• The paper can be single or triple-

spaced.• 12 point font size should be used.• The References page starts on a new

page after the body of the paper ends.

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APA FAQ’S AND FORMATTING BASICS

An Overview

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What is APA?• American Psychological Association: Standard for

writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology.

• Most Kaplan courses require it• Guides the layout of the document• Requires parenthetical citations in the body of

the essay• Uses a reference page with full citations for each

source cited in-text • Exception: interviews or other personal

communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text

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APA—6th edition

• New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5th edition

• The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes

• Main changes:1.DOI2.Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1)3.Title page formatting/running header

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Instructions on Formatting

Joni Boone, a Writing Center specialist, has designed a video showing students how to set up documents in APA format.

http://www.screencast.com/users/KUWC/playlists/Citation+Videos/media/9e54d84d-28bc-47bd-a2a7-1c5b0cbb1120

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Document Formatting and Title Page

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Body Page 2

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Citation, plagiarism, & Paraphrase

Using and Citing Sources

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3 Ways to Use Sources

• Quote• Summarize • Paraphrase• LIMIT the use of quotes. Increase the

originality of your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language (paraphrasing)

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Why is it Important to Cite?• Helps to build credibility• Shows your readers you are honest

and that you have done your research!

• Gives reader necessary information to find sources and do further research

• Helps avoid issues with plagiarism.

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How to Cite• Provide in-text citations for all material from

sources, whether summarized, quoted, or paraphrased.

• Show WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS

• List sources alphabetically on the References page and make sure citations match up (author, title, or organization name in in-text citation should be the first part of the entry on the References page).

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In-text Citations

Requires two or three pieces of information:Author’s last nameYearPage or paragraph number (required for direct quotes only)

(Thompson, 2007)(Thompson, 2007, p. 345) OR (Thompson, 2007, ¶ 4)A survey by the Census Bureau indicates that half of

American households have a computer (Thompson, 2007).According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population

have computers” (p. 345).

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In-text Citations with No Author

Many sources do not have a cited author. Websites, for example, often use a CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, USDA).

If no individual author is listed, cite by the CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, 2008) or if no corporate author is listed, by the title of the article or page you are using (“New Technologies in the Workplace,” 2009).

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What is Plagiarism?

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Using Sources Appropriately• Use sources to support and explain your own ideas.• Consider drafting without any sources and then

adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas.

• Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources!

• Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space.

• Interact with and analyze source information—don’t leave quotes “hanging.”

• Do not over-quote!

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To Avoid Plagiarizing. . .

• Cite in-text and on the references page

• Paraphrase if translating into your own words

• Quote if using the source’s exact language

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Paraphrasing

What it is:• Taking source ideas

and translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure

• A paraphrase is usually shorter than the original source; a summary is even shorter.

What it isn’t:• Changing the source’s

meaning and ideas• Simply changing the

order of some words or substituting synonyms

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How Do I Decide What to Cite?

• Is this information that most people would know?• Is this information that would be known by those outside of a

particular field?• Is the information readily available in general reference sources

like encyclopedias?• If the answer to all three is “Yes,” then the material is common

knowledge and you don’t need a citation (unless, of course, you want to use a direct quote!).

• For more details, go to http://library.csusm.edu/plagiarism/howtoavoid/how_avoid_common.htm

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Which of These Needs a Citation?

• There are 5,283 hospice programs in the United States.

• The critic Stephen Greenblatt argues that the religious conflicts of his period, especially those that occurred during his youth, had an effect on Shakespeare's work.

• The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Centigrade.

• The teen pregnancy rate declined by two percent between 1999 and 2000.

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Tips for Effective Paraphrasing• Decide where you need to include source information in

your writing. • Locate the source that best helps you to defend, develop or

clarify your ideas• Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This

helps you to avoid cutting and pasting. • Read the source until you understand it and can explain it

to others without having the source open. • Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source

information where you need it, in your own words.• Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any

accidental cutting and pasting to your own words.• Cite the source.

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Kaplan Writing Center Resource

• Diane Martinez led a helpful workshop on paraphrasing called “Picking Plums or Integrating Sources into Your Own Writing.”

• You can access the archive at http://khe2.adobeconnect.com/p91753489/

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PLAGIARISM WORKSHOP, 1

ORIGINAL:“One of the most damaging consequences of media’s images of

women and men is that these images encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps.

What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to regard healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. Yet this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.”

Wood, Julia T. Our Body, Our Image: How the Media Hurts Our Sense of Self. New York: Longman, 1998.

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Plagiarism Workshop, 2

Is this plagiarism of that source?STUDENT VERSION ONE: A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and

men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men.

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Plagiarism Workshop, 3

Is this plagiarism of that source?STUDENT VERSION TWO

A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. It’s totally understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had bigger muscles, and never had pimples or cramps. What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men (Wood)

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Plagiarism Workshop, 4

Is this plagiarism?STUDENT VERSION THREE:

A damaging consequence of media’s images of women and men is that these images encourage us to think of normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems. As Julia T. Wood points out, “It’s understandable to wish we weighed a little more or less, had better developed muscles, and never had pimples or cramps“ (300). What is neither reasonable nor healthy, however, is to think of healthy, functional bodies as abnormal and unacceptable. But this is “precisely the negative self-image cultivated by media portrayals of women and men” (Wood 300).

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Plagiarism Workshop, 5

Is this plagiarism?STUDENT VERSION FOUR:  A casual glance at any fashion magazine makes the point—

we need to weigh less, have clearer skin, larger breasts if we are women, and more hair if we are men. As Julia T. Wood points out, media images “encourage us to perceive normal bodies and normal physical functions as problems” (1998, p. 300). This media-generated perception--that our perfectly normal bodies must be altered to be acceptable--is changing how we perceive our own bodies and negatively impacting our society (Wood, 1998).

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Practice Paraphrasing How would you paraphrase this source?“So That Nobody Has to go to School if They Don’t Want To,” by

Roger SipherA decline in standardized test scores is but the most recent

indicator that American education is in trouble.One reason for the crisis is that present mandatory-attendance

laws force many to attend school who have no wish to be there. Such children have little desire to learn and are so antagonistic to school that neither they nor more highly motivated students receive the quality education that is the birthright of every American.

The solution to this problem is simple: Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend.

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The References Page How to create. . .

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References page formatting

• Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters.

• Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner.

• Alphabetize by author’s last name.• Double-space throughout.• Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry

flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces).

• Match with in-text citations.• Italicize titles of books and periodicals.

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References Page

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Common Source Types

BooksJournal articlesMagazine articlesNewspaper articlesWeb sitesInterviewsSpeeches

Remember, each source has a specific formatting style!

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Book with one author

Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology

of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Author. (Publication year). Title. City of

publication: publishing company.

IN TEXT CITATION: (Maslow, 1974).

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Journal Article

Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs.

Journal of Social Issues, 21(10), 1-28.

Author. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal

name, volume #(issue #), page number(s).

IN TEXT CITATION: (Miller, 1969).

For quote: (Miller, 1969, p. 27).

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APA 6th Edition and DOI• Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of

retrieval date and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online

• DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3).

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Magazine Article

McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms

and intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-63.

Author’s name. (year/month of publication). Article

title. Magazine Name, volume #, page

number(s).

IN TEXT CITATION: (McCurdy, 1983).

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Newspaper Article

James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured

and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1,

A14.

Author’s name. (Publication date). Article title.

Newspaper name, page # and section.

IN TEXT CITATION: (James, 1993).

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Internet Source-author known

Smith, K. & Jones, M. (2003). Building a better rifle. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from http://www.buildingrifles.com.

Please note that APA has changed its rule about including a RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change (updated material, for example), a Retrieval date is required; otherwise, no retrieval date is included.

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Internet Source—Corporate Author

U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003). Guidelines for growing certified organic foods (USDA Publication No. 02-3456). Retrieved from http://www.deptofag.gov/organics

IN TEXT CITATION: (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2003).

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Internet Sources

• Keep in mind that internet source citation styles can vary dramatically depending upon what information you have available. You want to include as much information as possible, make sure the link works, and ensure that the link on the references page takes the reader directly to the relevant page.

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