BY,

KHAN MOHD RAHIL

PART 1

1. INTRODUCTION2. CAUSES3. COSMIC THREATS4. PROPERTIES OF EJECTION5. ITS EFFECT6. AURORA

PART II

1. HISTORY OF CME’s2. RECENT EVENT3. PLAYING DEFENSIVE

CONTENT

WHAT IS CORONAL MASS EJECTION

Coronal mass ejections release huge quantities of matter and electromagnetic radiation into space above the sun's surface.

INTRODUCTION

SUN DURING EJECTING CORONA

CAUSES

Recent scientific research[3][4] has shown that the phenomenon of magnetic reconnection is responsible for CME and solar flares.

MAGNETIC RECONNECTION

It is a sudden release of energy stored in the original oppositely directed magnetic field

COSMIC THREATS TO EARTH

1. CME2.GAMMA RAY BURST3.SUPERNOVA4.BLACK HOLES

CORONAL MASS EJECTION

GAMMA RAY OR HYPER NOVA

SUPERNOVA

BLACK HOLES

BLACK HOLE:

SUPER MASSIVE BLACK HOLE

CENTER OF

OUR GALAXY

PROPERTIES OF MASS EJECTION

A typical coronal mass ejection may have any or all of three distinctive features:

1. May contain small quantities of heavier ELEMENTS such as helium, oxygen and even iron.

2. Coronal mass ejections reach velocities between 20Okm/s to 3200km/s with an average speed of 489km/s, based on NASA .

3. The average mass is 1.6×1012kg. measurements between 1996 and 2003.

EFFECTS

1. CORONAL MASS EJECTION IS REALLY DANGEROUS WHEN IT'S REACHES

STAGE 2

2. CRACKS IN MAGNETIC FIELD HAVE BEEN FOUND DUE TO CERTAIN

CLASHES OF CMEs AND MAGNETIC FIELD

3. ON THIS NOTE IT WAS ALSO FOUND THAT JUPITER HAVE BEEN

SAFEGUARDING THE EARTH

ANOTHER BEAUTIFUL EFFECT OF CMEs

Solar Energetic Particles causing particularly strong aurorae in large regions around Earth's magnetic poles.

THIS HAPPENS WHEN CMEs CLASHES WITH MAGNETIC FIELD

AURORA

HISTORY

1. The first detection of a CME as such was made on 14 December 1971, by R. Tousey (1973) of the Naval Research Laboratory using the seventh Orbiting Solar Observatory (OSO-7)

2. The largest recorded geomagnetic storm, resulting presumably from a CME and

is now referred to as the Carrington Event, or the solar storm of 1859.

3. The geomagnetic storm was observed with the recording magnetograph at Kew Gardens. The same instrument recorded a crochet IN (US), an instantaneous solar storm on the Earth

4. The storm took down parts of the recently created US telegraph network, starting fires and shocking some telegraph operators

Recent events

1. On 1 August 2010, during solar cycle, scientists at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CFA) observed a series of four large CMEs emanating from the Earth-facing hemisphere of the Sun.

2. The initial CME was generated by an eruption on 1 August that was associated with sunspot 1092, which was large enough to be seen without the aid of a solar telescope. The event produced significant aurorae on Earth three days later.

3. On 31 August 2012 a CME connected with Earth's magnetic environment, or magnetosphere, with a glancing blow causing aurora to appear on the night of 3 September. Geomagnetic stormingreached the level 2.

WHAT CAN BE DONE?1. Turn off satellites so there's less of an electrical

problem? Monitor power grids more closely when the CME hits, to reduce the chance of a massive failure

2. We can turn off high voltages on our satellite, so it won't zap itself under the severe conditions when the plasma cloud hits it, then turn it back on when the danger passes. Several satellites do this during major meteor showers, for example. Better to lose a little data than lose a satellite.

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QUESTION ?

REFERENCE• · Bell, Trudy E; Phillips, Tony (6 May 2008). "A Super

Solar Flare". Science@NASA. NASA.gov.

• · Phillips, Tony (27 May 2008). "Cartwheel Coronal Mass Ejection". Science@NASA. NASA.gov.

• · Odenwald, Sten F; Green, James L (28 July 2008). "Bracing the Satellite Infrastructure for a Solar

• Superstorm". Scientific American.

• · Lavraud, Benoit; Masson, Arnaud (21 November 2007). "Cluster captures the impact of CMEs". ESA Science & Technology. ESA.int.

• · Morring Jr., Frank (14 January 2013). "Major Solar Event Could Devastate Power Grid". Aviation Week & Space Technology.