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Basic and complex SQL joins made easy

By Shelley Doll

July 8, 2002, 7:00am PDT

If youre new to SQL, joins can be a daunting concept. There are many different types of

joins and seemingly little information available that explains and compares them. But afteryou digest a few basic concepts, the practice of joins actually isnt very difficult.

Lets look at the fundamentals that should give you a solid, functional knowledge of how to

use the JOIN statement. We wont consider some more advanced JOIN statement concepts,

such as aliasing, join order, conceptual joins, and join hints. While the descriptions Ill

present in this article relate directly to Microsoft SQL Server, they also apply to anySQL92-

compliant database.

The JOIN concept

JOIN is a query clause that can be used with the SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE data

query statements to simultaneously affect rows from multiple tables. There are several

distinct types of JOIN statements that return different data result sets.

Joined tables must each include at least one field in both tables that contain comparable data.

For example, if you want to join a Customertable and a Transaction table, they both must

contain a common element, such as a CustomerID column, to serve as a key on which the

data can be matched. Tables can be joined on multiple columns so long as the columns have

the potential to supply matching information. Column names across tables don't have to be

the same, although for readability this standard is generally preferred.
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When you do use like column names in multiple tables, you must use fully qualified column

names. This is a dot notation that combines the names of tables and columns. For example,

if I have two tables, Customerand Transaction, and they both contain the column

CustomerID, Id use the dot notation, as in Customer.CustomerID and

Transaction.CustomerID,to let the database know which column from which table Im

referring.

Now that weve examined the basic theory, lets take a look at the various types of joins and

examples of each.

The basic JOIN statement

A basic JOIN statement has the following format:

SELECT Customer.CustomerID, TransID, TransAmt

FROM Customer JOIN Transaction

ON Customer.CustomerID = Transaction.CustomerID;

In practice, you'd never use the example above because the type of join is not specified. Inthis case, SQL Server assumes an INNER JOIN. You can get the equivalent to this query by

using the statement:


FROM Customer, Transaction;

However, the example is useful to point out a few noteworthy concepts:

TransID and TransAmtdo not require fully qualified names because they exist in onlyone of the tables. You can use fully qualified names for readability if you wish.

The Customertable is considered to be the left table because it was called first.Likewise, the Transactiontable is the right table.

You can use more than two tables, in which case each one is naturally joined to thecumulative result in the order they are listed, unless controlled by other functionality

such as join hints or parenthesis.

You may use WHERE and ORDER BY clauses with any JOIN statement to limit thescope of your results. Note that these clauses are applied to the results of your JOIN

statement.

SQL Server does not recognize the semicolon (;), but I use it in the included examplesto denote the end of each statement, as would be expected by most other RDBMSs.

The notorious CROSS JOIN

The CROSS JOIN has earned a bad reputation because its very resource intensive and

returns results of questionable usefulness. When you use the CROSS JOIN, you're given a

result set containing every possible combination of the rows returned from each table. Take

the following example:

SELECT CustomerName, TransDate, TransAmt

FROM Customer CROSS JOIN Transaction;

With the CROSS JOIN, you arent actually free to limit the results, but you can use the

ORDER BY clause to control the way they are returned. If the tables joined in this example

contained only five rows each, you would get 25 rows of results. Every CustomerNamewould be listed as associated with every TransDate and TransAmt.

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I really did try to come up with examples where this function was useful, and they were all

very contrived. However, Im sure someone out there is generating lists of all their products

in all possible colors or something similar, or we wouldnt have this wonderful but dangerous

feature.

The INNER JOIN drops rows

When you perform an INNER JOIN, only rows that match up are returned. Any time a row

from either table doesnt have corresponding values from the other table, it is disregarded.

Because stray rows arent included, you dont have any of the left and right nonsense to

deal with and the order in which you present tables matters only if you have more than two to

compare. Since this is a simple concept, heres a simple example:

SELECT CustomerName, TransDate

FROM Customer INNER JOIN Transaction


If a row in the Transaction table contains a CustomerIDthats not listed in the Customertable, that row will not be returned as part of the result set. Likewise, if the Customertable

has a CustomerID with no corresponding rows in the Transaction table, the row from the

Customertable wont be returned.

The OUTER JOIN can include mismatched rows

OUTER JOINs, sometimes called complex joins, arent actually complicated. They are so -

called because SQL Server performs two functions for each OUTER JOIN.

The first function performed is an INNER JOIN. The second function includes the rows that

the INNER JOIN would have dropped. Which rows are included depends on the type of

OUTER JOIN that is used and the order the tables were presented.

There are three types of an OUTER JOIN: LEFT, RIGHT, and FULL. As youve probably

guessed, the LEFT OUTER JOIN keeps the stray rows from the left table (the one listed

first in your query statement). In the result set, columns from the other table that have no

corresponding data are filled with NULL values. Similarly, the RIGHT OUTER JOIN keeps

stray rows from the right table, filling columns from the left table with NULL values. The

FULL OUTER JOIN keeps all stray rows as part of the result set. Here is your example:

SELECT CustomerName, TransDate, TransAmt

FROM Customer LEFT OUTER JOIN Transaction


Customer names that have no associated transactions will still be displayed. However,

transactions with no corresponding customers will not, because we used a LEFT OUTER

JOIN and the Customertable was listed first.

In SQL Server, the word OUTER is actually optional. The clauses LEFT JOIN, RIGHT

JOIN, and FULL JOIN are equivalent to LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, and

FULL OUTER JOIN, respectively.

Another addition to your SQL toolbox

Although the JOIN statement is often perceived as a complicated concept, you can now seethat its a powerful timesaving resource thats relatively easy to understand. Use this

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functionality to get related information from multiple tables with a single query and to

skillfully reference normalized data. Once youve mastered JOINs, you can elegantly

maneuver within even the most complex database.

17

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RE: Basic and complex SQL joins made easy

[email protected] Oct 2008

The information provided was extremely informative. However, if someone can provide me

with more examples of JOIN, it will be really helpful.

Regards,

Maajid

[email protected] Preferences

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0 Votes

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Example is NOT a cross join

MikeSQLDBA7th Jul 2002
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The author stated:

A basic JOIN statement has the following format:


FROM Customer JOIN TransactionON Customer.CustomerID = Transaction.CustomerID;

In practice, you?d never use the example above because the type of join is not specified. SQL

Server assumes an INNER JOIN if not specified, unless there is no WHERE clause, as in the

statement above. In this case, the JOIN is treated as a CROSS JOIN (explained later). As it

stands, you can get the equivalent to this query by using the statement:


FROM Customer, Transaction;

I have to disagree:


FROM Customer JOIN Transaction


is NOT a cross join with SQL Server 7, it is in fact an inner join, assuming of course the

CustomerID is the primary key for table Customer and that (CustomerID, TransID) is the

primary key for table Transaction. A cross join would join each row of Customer with each

row of Transaction, regardless of the customer id. That does not occur with the author's first

example. The customer id's are matched between the two tables as expected.

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0 Votes

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I stand corrected

shelleydoll8th Jul 2002

You are correct - The basic JOIN example provided is NOT a CROSS JOIN, because it does

specify fields to be joined on. MS SQL Server will treat this as an INNER JOIN.

I have requested that the text in the article be changed. Thank you for catching this!

Reply Flag Favorite
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0 Votes

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Cross Join _IS_ Cross Join

[email protected] May 2003

The Cross Join specified _IS_ a cross join because of the specification in the join statement.

select * from a CROSS JOIN b on a.key = b.key;

NOTE: the word CROSS before JOIN.

Her example indicated that the assumption would be inner joinFOR THE FIRST EXAMPLE

which is TRUE for most SQL (however one database in particular -Teradata - mayimplement a cross join in the optimizing of the join for large/small table joins) It was the

SECOND EXAMPLE that was a CROSS JOIN because of the use of CROSS before the

word JOIN in the SQL.

Am I reading you wrong?

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0 Votes+-

Cross joins

R. A.8th Jul 2002

You said that

"SELECT Customer.CustomerID, TransID, TransAmt

FROM Customer JOIN TransactionON Customer.CustomerID = Transaction.CustomerID;

"...In this case, the JOIN is treated as a CROSS JOIN (explained later). As it stands, you can

get the equivalent to this query by using the statement:

"SELECT Customer.CustomerID, TransID, TransAmt

FROM Customer, Transaction;"

What am I missing here? The first example doesn't look like a cross join to me, as you are

specifying that for a row to be selected the customer id columns have to match.

Reply
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Another bad article

[email protected] Jul 2002

Not only is the first example rather obviously not a "cross join" but there was no explanation

of the notion that a join almost always results in redundant information. That is, when you

join tables, you are undoing the "normalization" that was done for the purpose of having each

"fact" in the database stored in exactly one place.

In the Customer / Transaction example, joining the tables causes the customer information tobe repeated N times, where N is the number of transaction records forthe customer.

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Another bad remark

Stonie-ASP9th Jul 2002

In the real world the joining of tables is a common task. Sure normalization is being undone.

But what other solution are you suggesting? Surely you must be working with simple data if

you don?t perform joins?

Stonie.

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Read the email discussion


The fact that the example is incorrect has been acknowledged (see 8-JUN-2002 discussion

thread) and the author has requested that the article text be corrected. So enough already.
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Second, what are you saying...don't ever join anything????

...And joins don't "almost always" result "in redundant information" unless you choose to

include redundant data columns in your select statement.

Sheesh!!

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redundant data ? what redundant data ?

[email protected] Sep 2002

The purpose of normalization is, as you say, to not store redundant data. There is however

never been said to the best of my knowledge, that one should not join these tables in purpose

of display, analysis etc..

A resultset does not constitute asstorage (beyond the appropiate caches perhaps..), and no

normalization has been 'undone' as you say.

And there is no guarantee that the result of a join will result in repeating data, depends on

data at hand does it not ? and what about aggregated sql's ? union all constructs ?cube/rollup's ?

What is your data, that allows you to operate in a manner that means you never have to join

anything ? Cant think of any business in real world that has such kind of data ?

Most stupid post i've seen here at builder..

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Not a Cross Join


The example states that the returned result set would consist of 25 rows, this is incorrect. The

result set would only contain 5 rows.

As in the example below...
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CREATE TABLE TabA

( Col1 INT,

Col2 VARCHAR(20)

)

GO

CREATE TABLE TabB( Col1 INT,

Col2 VARCHAR(20)

)

GO

INSERT INTO TabA VALUES (1,'TabA-Col1')





INSERT INTO TabB VALUES (1,'TabB-Col1')INSERT INTO TabB VALUES (2,'TabB-Col2')

INSERT INTO TabB VALUES (3,'TabB-Col3')



GO

SELECT TabA.Col1, TabB.Col1,

TabA.Col2, TabB.Col2

FROM TabA JOIN TabB ON TabA.Col1 = TabB.Col1

Returns....

1 1 TabA-Col1 TabB-Col1





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error acknowledged, enough already


The fact that the example is incorrect has been acknowledged (see 8-JUN-2002 discussion

thread) and the author has requested that the article text be corrected. So enough already.
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Technical articles on this site, please!

Skiffrace212th Jul 2002

Builder.com should use it's server space and our connection bandwidth on something better

than "2+2=4"-level "technical articles".

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It's only basic because....

privately_owed12th Jul 2002

...you already know it.

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JOIN might be the thing....

M Hamil16th Jul 2002

Appreciate the article. Could you please give me a little more info for what I am trying to do.

I think that JOIN might be what I need.

From one table (CELLS) I want to select records that meet certain conditions, as shown in the

first WHERE clause. Then from the same table I'd like to select the records that meet the

second WHERE clause condition. I want the output all together. Would this be joining a table

to itself?

SELECT ce.cell_id

FROM cells ce,
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cell_names cn,

extent_typeet,

extent_size es,

cell_extent_copy cec

WHERE ce.cell_id = cn.cell_id and

ce.cell_id = cec.cell_id_nmbr andcn.cell_name_current = 'Y' and

ce.cell_size = es.extent_size_name and

ce.cell_type = et.extent_type_descr;

SELECTce.cell_id

FROM cells ce

WHERE ce.CELL_TYPE is null;

Reply Flag Favorite

0 Votes

+-

OR keyword

shelleydoll17th Jul 2002

Actually, if I understand what you're looking for correctly, it's much more simple a problem

than that. Please tell me if this is incorrect: you're looking for a list of cell ids that eithermatch the first query or the second query.

If that's thecase, you can use the OR keyword in your WHERE clause. Your query should go

something like:

SELECT ce.cell_id

FROM cells ce,

cell_names cn,

extent_type et,

extent_size es,


WHERE (ce.cell_id = cn.cell_id andce.cell_id = cec.cell_id_nmbr and

cn.cell_name_current = 'Y' and

ce.cell_size = es.extent_size_name and

ce.cell_type = et.extent_type_descr)

OR

(ce.CELL_TYPE is null);

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0 Votes
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+-

duplicate NULL rows

M Hamil18th Jul 2002

You are correct, I am looking for a list of cell ids that either match the first query or the

second query. However, when I tried the code in your response, it returned the row with the

NULL value numerous times (my data only has 1 row with a NULL value) while the rest of

the non-null valued rows were returned correctly.

What did seem to work though was this code:

SELECT ce.cell_id

FROM cell_names cn,

extent_type et,extent_size es,



ce.cell_id = cec.cell_id_nmbr and


ce.cell_size = upper(es.extent_size_name) and

ce.cell_type = upper(et.extent_type_descr)

UNION

SELECT ce.cell_id

FROM cells ce,

cell_names cn,extent_type et,

extent_size es,





ce.cell_size = upper(es.extent_size_name) and ce.cell_type is null;

And also the following code provided the correct results:

SELECT distinct (ce.cell_id)FROM cells ce,

cell_names cn,

extent_type et,

extent_size es,


WHERE (ce.cell_id= cn.cell_id and



ce.cell_size = upper(es.extent_size_name) )

and

(ce.cell_type = upper(et.extent_type_descr)

or
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ce.cell_type is null);

I'mnot sure why the 'distinct' had to be put in.

Any idea?

As you've probably noticed, I posted this problem to you also in a SQL Query article youwrote. Because someone else may be interested in this topic but thinking about it along those

thoughts, I will copy this response there as well.

Thank you. MH

Reply Flag Favorite

0 Votes

+-

I agree with Lamont!

fac29th Aug 2002

SWPDEVPR, If you are a database expert then don't read the articles. I find them very

informative as a beginner and to be honest it was the easiest to understand description I've

seen of SQL Server Joins. I think people who are willing to provide the time to write articles

should be applauded and not ridiculed. She acknowledged her error and fixed it!!! If you are

so good, why don't you write some articles for advanced users! (:-))

Frank

Reply Flag Favorite

0 Votes

+-

RE: Basic and complex SQL joins made easy

[email protected] Oct 2008

The information provided was extremely informative. However, if someone can provide me

with more examples of JOIN, it will be really helpful.

Regards,

Maajid

[email protected]

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