CMPLDWNovember 2011

Phase 1Phase 1

WECC Composite Load Model (CMPLDW)WECC Composite Load Model (CMPLDW)

Electronic

M

M

M

69-kV115-kV138-kV

Static

AC

12.5-kV13.8-kV

UVLS

UFLS

Composite Load Model StructureComposite Load Model Structure• Composite load model structure is implemented in

General Electric’s PSLF, Siemens PTI PSS®E, Power World Simulator

– Similar model exists in PowerTech’s TSAT

• TSS approved Composite Load Model Structure

CompositeComposite Load Model Data Load Model Data

Electronic

M

Load ModelCompositionData

M

M

115-kV230-kV

Static

Load ComponentModelData

Distribution Equivalent Data

UVLS and UFLS Data

M

ProcessProcess

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Utilities,SRWG

MVWG

WECCStaff

Populate load LID in WECC

base case

Maintain load composition

seasonal defaults for 12 climate zones and 4 feeder

types + industrial loads

Create records with default load

composition

Provide bus-specific load

composition, if desired, to over-

ride defaults

Update load composition

records

Maintain dynamic motor

model data

Create CMPLDW

dynamic model records

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Load Composition DataLoad Composition Data

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• “Long ID” field in PSLF program is used to identify the load climate zone and substation type

• The LID consists of 7 characters. • For commercial, residential, and rural loads, the LID code is a

combination of the Climate Zone and Feeder Type:<3-character climate zone>_<3-character load class>

o A load in downtown Phoenix with high concentration of commercial loads would be identified as "DSW_COM"

o Rural agricultural load in Moses Lake, WA would be identified as "NWI_RAG"

• For industrial loads, the LID code will be one of the Industrial Load IDs,

which starts with “IND_”.

• For power plant auxiliary loads, the LID code will be “PPA_AUX”.

CMPLDW Long ID

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WECC Climate AreasID Climate Zone Representative City

NWC Northwest Coast Seattle, Vancouver BC

NWV Northwest Valley Portland OR

NWI Northwest Inland Boise, Tri-Cities, Spokane

RMN Rocky Mountain North Calgary, Montana, Wyoming

NCC Northern California Coast Bay Area

NCV Northern California Valley Sacramento

NCI Northern California Inland Fresno

SCC Southern California Coast LA, San Diego

SCV Southern California Valley LA, San Diego

SCI Southern California Inland LA, San Diego

DSW Desert Southwest Phoenix, Riverside, Las Vegas

HID High DesertSalt Lake City, Albuquerque, Denver, Reno

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LID Regions

NWI

NWV

NWC`

RMN

HID

DSW

NCC

NCV

SCC SCV

NWC – Northwest coastNWV – Northwest valleyNWI – Northwest inlandRMN – Rocky mountainNCC – N. Calif. coastNCV – N. Calif. valleyHID – High desertSCC – S. Calif. coastSCV – S. Calif. valleyDSW – Desert southwest

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Substation / Feeder Types

ID Feeder Type Residential Commercial Industrial Agricultural

RES Residential 70 to 85% 15 to 30% 0% 0%

COM Commercial 10 to 20% 80 to 90% 0% 0%

MIX Mixed 40 to 60% 40 to 60% 0 to 20% 0%

RAG Rural Agricultural 40% 30% 10% 20%

Percentage is energy, not customer count

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• David Chassin at PNNL led the development of load composition data

• Detailed models of various building types• Residential loads are modeled using ELCAP data

and DOE-2 models• Commercial loads are taken from CEUS

• WECC developed mapping from end-uses to models

Load Composition Model

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Lo

ad (

MW

)

Hour of day

Agricultural

Industrial

Commercial

Residential

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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

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ad (

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Hour of day

ZIP

Motor-D

Motor-C

Motor-B

Motor-A

Electronic

Load Class

Model Components

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WECC Load Composition Model (Light)

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• Currently load composition is “estimated” for five conditions1. “Normal” 1 in 2 summer2. “Peak” summer3. “Cool” summer4. Shoulder (spring/fall)5. “Normal” winter

• A default data file is produced for the Load Model Data Tool (LMDT)

Load Composition Model (LCM)

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• Several utilities (PSE, SRP, PG&E, BPA) provided historic load shapes, temperatures, and substation information to PNNL for model validation

• David Chassin has calibrated LCM, this work will continue, improvement is very desirable

LCM Load Shape Validation (New)

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• Better understanding of “electrification” by regions, and ultimately by substations

• Validation of building models• Right now commercial data is extrapolated from

California CEUS, and residential data is used from ELCAP

• Validation of load shapes at substation level:• Use customer mix data and models to produce

load shapes• Validate the load shapes using SCADA data (5-

min and 1–hour are available from utilities)

Future work

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• PNNL will develop the “next generation” LCM that will combine the ease of interface of light model with the computational capabilities of the full model, including the capabilities of validating the load shapes

• Need to discuss on how to integrate with BCCS

Future work

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Motor Data

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Commercial Compressor MotorCommercial Compressor Motor

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Commercial Fan and Pump MotorsCommercial Fan and Pump Motors

Commercial Fan and Pump MotorsCommercial Fan and Pump Motors

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• Industrial compressors:• Trip and lock-out - half at 75%, half at 65%, 3 to 5 cycles

• Industrial fans and pumps• Trip and lock-out - half at 75%, half at 65%, 3 to 5 cycles • Commercial compressorso Trip and lock-out: 20% of motors, trip < 60% 2 cycleso Trip and reclose: remaining, trip < 50% 2 cycles , reclose > 60% for 0.2

sec• Fans and pumps

o Trip and lock-out: 20% of motors, trip < 60% 2 cycleso Trip and reclose: remaining, trip < 50% 2 cycles , reclose > 60% for 0.2

sec

Protection

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Protection

Industrial LoadsIndustrial Loads

Industrial Load LIDsIndustrial Load LIDs

ID Feeder Type

IND_PCH Petro-Chemical Plant

IND_PMK Paper Mill – Kraft process

IND_PMT Paper Mill – Thermo-mechanical process

IND_ASM Aluminum Smelter

IND_SML Steel Mill

IND_MIN Mining operation

IND_SCD Semiconductor Plant

IND_SRF Server Farm

IND_OTH Industrial – Other

Industrial Load ModelsIndustrial Load Models

10 MW

115-kV

WRONG! Industrial load is netted with embedded generation

100 MW

115-kV

WRONG! Industrial load and embedded generation are connected to high voltage bus

G 90 MW

100 MW

115-kV

RIGHT! Industrial load and embedded generation are connected to low voltage bus

G 90 MW

13.8-kV

Tools for Load Model Data Tools for Load Model Data ManagementManagement

WECC WECC CompositeComposite Load Model Load Modelcmpldw 43085 "CANYON " 115.00 "1 " : #1 mva=63.18 "Bss" 0 "Rfdr" 0.032 "Xfdr" 0.04 "Fb" 0.749/ "Xxf" 0.08 "TfixHS" 1 "TfixLS" 1 "LTC" 1 "Tmin" 0.9 "Tmax" 1.1 "step" 0.00625 / "Vmin" 1.025 "Vmax" 1.04 "Tdel" 30 "Ttap" 5 "Rcomp" 0 "Xcomp" 0 /

"Fma" 0.234 "Fmb" 0.157 "Fmc" 0.032 "Fmd" 0.103 "Fel" 0.136 / "PFel" 1 "Vd1" 0.75 "Vd2" 0.65 "Frcel" 0.35 / "Pfs" -0.99274 "P1e" 2 "P1c" 0.307692 "P2e" 1 "P2c" 0.692308 "Pfreq" 0 / "Q1e" 2 "Q1c" -0.5 "Q2e" 1 "Q2c" 1.5 "Qfreq" -1 /

"MtpA" 3 "MtpB" 3 "MtpC" 3 "MtpD" 1 / "LfmA" 0.75 "RsA" 0.04 "LsA" 1.8 "LpA" 0.12 "LppA" 0.104 / "TpoA" 0.095 "TppoA" 0.0021 "HA" 0.05 "etrqA" 0 / "Vtr1A" 0.7 "Ttr1A" 0.05 "Ftr1A" 0.2 "Vrc1A" 1 "Trc1A" 9999 / "Vtr2A" 0.55 "Ttr2A" 0.03 "Ftr2A" 0.75 "Vrc2A" 0.65 "Trc2A" 0.1 / "LfmB" 0.75 "RsB" 0.03 "LsB" 1.8 "LpB" 0.19 "LppB" 0.14 / "TpoB" 0.2 "TppoB" 0.0026 "HB" 0.5 "etrqB" 2 / "Vtr1B" 0.65 "Ttr1B" 0.05 "Ftr1B" 0.1 "Vrc1B" 1 "Trc1B" 9999 / "Vtr2B" 0.6 "Ttr2B" 0.03 "Ftr2B" 0.1 "Vrc2B" 1 "Trc2B" 99999 / "LfmC" 0.75 "RsC" 0.03 "LsC" 1.8 "LpC" 0.19 "LppC" 0.14 / "TpoC" 0.2 "TppoC" 0.0026 "HC" 0.15 "etrqc" 2 / "Vtr1C" 0.65 "Ttr1C" 0.05 "Ftr1C" 0.1 "Vrc1C" 1 "Trc1C" 9999 / "Vtr2C" 0.6 "Ttr2C" 0.03 "Ftr2C" 0.1 "Vrc2C" 1 "Trc2C" 99999 / "LfmD" 1 "CompPF" 0.98 / "Vstall" 0.54 "Rstall" 0.1 "Xstall" 0.1 "Tstall" 0.03 "Frst" 0.14 "Vrst" 0.95 "Trst" 0.3 / "fuvr" 0.1 "vtr1" 0.6 "ttr1" 0.02 "vtr2" 0.9 "ttr2" 5 / "Vc1off" 0.5 "Vc2off" 0.6 "Vc1on" 0.4 "Vc2on" 0.5 / "Tth" 15 "Th1t" 0.7 "Th2t" 1.9 "tv" 0.025

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• Powerflow case (done by SRWG)• Climate zone and load type are identified in “Long_ID” column of “load”

table in PSLF• E.g. DSW_RES = Desert Southwest, predominantly residential loads

• EPCL Programs (done by WECC Staff) • Default data sets for each climate zone and feeder type• Ability to over-ride defaults with specific information• Creates composite load model records for PSLF

• PTI PSS®E Users• Convert from PSLF models• IPLAN tolls may be available ?

• Load models will be distributed by WECC staff with study cases• LMDT 3A is posted on WECC web-site, including user’s manual

LMDT 3ALMDT 3A

Current StateCurrent State

ConclusionsConclusions• WECC Composite load model is implemented in

GE PSLF, Siemens PTI PSS®E, Power World, Power Tech TSAT

• Tools are developed for load model data management

• Default sets are developed:

– 12 climate zones in WECC,

– four types of feeders

– Summer, winter and shoulder conditions

ConclusionsConclusions

• TSS and PCC approved the implementation plant

• SRWG is populating LIDs for 2012 Heavy Summer case• Instructions are developed• Two webinars are conducted

• WECC members will conduct the system impact studies using 2012 Heavy Summer and 2012 Light Summer operating cases

Phase 2 – Phase 2 – Not Only Load ModelNot Only Load Model

FIDVRFIDVR• Composite load model is capable of reproducing

the FIDVR phenomenon

• Composite load model can be tuned with reasonable data sets to match the historic events

• MVWG at this point is not comfortable recommending using CMPLDW for FIDVR studies for compliance purposes• There is a concern that the FIDVR modeling can result in over-

investment or unnecessary operational restrictions

FIDVR Modeling – Air-ConditionersFIDVR Modeling – Air-Conditioners

• SCE, BPA, EPRI tested a number of units, understand how an ac unit behaves when subjected to disturbances

• EMTP-level models are developed

• AHRI input through the DOE project was very valuable

• The stall phenomenon is point-on-wave dependent

• Need better understanding of what voltages are seen by air-conditioners in a distribution network during a fault

• Therefore, PSCAD studies are planned under the DOE project

• Disturbance collection by SCE and CNP are very valuable

FIDVR Modeling – Load ProtectionFIDVR Modeling – Load Protection

• John Kueck prepared a report for WECC on motor protection

• Very informative, but show the complexity of the issue

• Planned activities include:

• Surveys and meetings with electrical contractors to better understand the protection practices

• Develop the “best practices” by balancing the grid requirements with the equipment protection needs

• Industry outreach on “best practices”

• Testing contactors at BPA lab

• Incorporate load protection information in the Load Composition Model

FIDVR Modeling – Load CompositionFIDVR Modeling – Load Composition

• PNNL will work with WECC on the development of the next version of the Load Composition Model that retains key features of the complex model and has simplicity of the “light” model.

• WECC LMTF will contact building operators – retailers, groceries, office, malls, restaurants and data centers – to get better information on (a) load shapes and load composition, (b) typical electrical end-uses and their size, and (c) protection and process controls used in the electrical equipment

• PNNL will work with WECC utilities on validating the load shapes using historic data for various regions within the West

FIDVR Modeling – Unbalanced FaultsFIDVR Modeling – Unbalanced Faults

• Issue

– NERC TPL Standards require studying of delayed clearing faults as 1-phase faults

– Existing positive sequence programs do not represent the AC stall in a single phase or the AC stall spreading

• PSCAD studies are expected to provide an insight in AC behavior during unbalanced faults, modeling recommendations will follow

FIDVR Modeling – Power Plant Ride ThroughFIDVR Modeling – Power Plant Ride ThroughCurrent State

•PSLF program has “lhvrt” and “lhfrt” models to represent generator ride-through protection.

•PSLF has “gp1” model of a typical protection package of a synchronous generator

Next Steps

•Utilities can work with power plant operators to evaluate their plant ride-through capabilities to populate “lhvrt” records.

•WECC MVWG will perform review of “gp1” model in GE PSLF

•Utilities can conduct meeting with power plant operators to determine a set of “typical” protection data

•Power plants, HVDC, and SVS can trip or experience an unexpected power reduction because of many reasons – e.g. station service problems during a fault, FIDVR or power swing. It is not practical to have mathematical models for these conditions, and the best approach is to perform sensitivity analysis for Category D type events

FIDVR Modeling – Reactive LimitsFIDVR Modeling – Reactive LimitsNext Steps

•Review the excitation system models and to reduce the set of active models

•Develop and implement new Over-Excitation Limiter (OEL) models in GE PSLF

•Develop and implement Under-Excitation Limiter (UEL) models in GE PSLF

•Review whether reactive power limits are adequately represented in the generic wind turbine models

FIDVR Modeling – Shunt CapacitorsFIDVR Modeling – Shunt CapacitorsCurrent State

•GE PSLF program has “msc1” model for switching mechanically switched capacitors. The model has two definite-time on and off settings.

Next Steps

•Develop epcls to convert “svd” data to “shunt” records in PSLF

•WECC utilities need to provide data for “msc1” model.

•GE PSLF program needs to expand the model to mechanically-switched shunt reactors

FIDVR Modeling – Line RelayingFIDVR Modeling – Line Relaying

Current State

•GE PSLF program currently has several models for various types of line protection, including a “default” model “zlinw”

Next Steps

•???

ConclusionConclusion

• Phase 2 may take several years to complete

• Planners are encouraged to do sensitivity studies with air-conditioner stalling enabled to test the robustness of proposed grid reinforcements