CN Lab Manual 2008 Course E TC

7/30/2019 CN Lab Manual 2008 Course E TC

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Table of contents:

Sr.

No.Contents

1Study of Computer Network, Categories of Network, Network Topology and

Basic Hardware Components

2Study of Operating System and Implementation of LAN

3 Study of IP Address Classes and DHCP

4 Study of IP Address Subnetting and CIDR

5 Installation and Configuration of Web Server and FTP

6 Study of DNS, SMTP and POP3

7 Configuration of Router and study of Routing between the LANs

8 Write a program for Encryption and Decryption

9 Write a program for Implementation of Shortest Path Algorithm

10 Study of Wireless LAN

11 Lab Practice on RouterSim Network Visualizer

H.O.D E&TC


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EXPERIMENT NO: 01

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Study of Computer Network, Categories ofNetwork, Network Topology and Basic

Hardware Components


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Computer Network

1.1 Aim: Study of Computer Network, Categories of Network, Network Topology and

Basic Hardware Components.

1.2 Theory:

Computer Network:A computer network, often simply referred to as a network, is a collection of

computers and devices interconnected by communications channels that facilitate

communications and allows sharing of resources and information among interconnected

devices. Put more simply, a computer network is a collection of two or more computers

linked together for the purposes of sharing information, resources, among other things.

Computer networking or Data Communications is the engineering discipline concerned

with computer networks. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline

of electrical engineering, telecommunications, computer science, information technology

and/or computer engineering since it relies heavily upon the theoretical and practical

application of these scientific and engineering disciplines.

Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics such asmedium used to transport the data, communications protocol used, scale, topology,

organizational scope, etc.

A communications protocol defines the formats and rules for exchanging

information via a network. Well-known communications protocols are Ethernet, which is

a family of protocols used in LANs, the Internet Protocol Suite, which is used not only in

the eponymous Internet, but today nearly ubiquitously in any computer network.

1.2.1 Communication media

Computer networks can be classified according to the hardware and associated

software technology that is used to interconnect the individual devices in the network,

such as electrical cable, optical fiber, and radio waves (wireless LAN). In the OSI model,

these are located at levels 1 and 2.

A well-knownfamily of communication media is collectively known as Ethernet.

It is defined by IEEE 802 and utilizes various standards and media that enable

communication between devices. Wireless LAN technology is designed to connect

devices without wiring. These devices use radio waves or infrared signals as a

transmission medium.

1.2.1.1 Wired technologies

Twisted pair wire is the most widely used medium for telecommunication.

Twisted-pair cabling consist of copper wires that are twisted into pairs. Ordinarytelephone wires consist of two insulated copper wires twisted into pairs. Computer

networking cabling (wired Ethernet as defined by IEEE 802.3) consists of 4 pairs of

copper cabling that can be utilized for both voice and data transmission. The use of two

wires twisted together helps to reduce crosstalk and electromagnetic induction. The

transmission speed ranges from 2 million bits per second to 10 billion bits per second.

Twisted pair cabling comes in two forms which are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and

Shielded twisted-pair (STP) which are rated in categories which are manufactured in

different increments for various scenarios.

Coaxial cable is widely used for cable television systems, office buildings, and

other work-sites for local area networks. The cables consist of copper or aluminum wire

wrapped with insulating layer typically of a flexible material with a high dielectricconstant, all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer. The layers of insulation help


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minimize interference and distortion. Transmission speed range from 200 million to more

than 500 million bits per second.

Optical fiber cable consists of one or more filaments of glass fiber wrapped in

protective layers that carries data by means of pulses of light. It transmits light which can

travel over extended distances. Fiber-optic cables are not affected by electromagnetic

radiation. Transmission speed may reach trillions of bits per second. The transmissionspeed of fiber optics is hundreds of times faster than for coaxial cables and thousands of

times faster than a twisted-pair wire. This capacity may be further increased by the use of

colored light, i.e., light of multiple wavelengths. Instead of carrying one message in a

stream of monochromatic light impulses, this technology can carry multiple signals in a

single fiber.

1.2.1.2 Wireless technologies

Terrestrial microwave Terrestrial microwaves use Earth-based transmitter and

receiver. The equipment looks similar to satellite dishes. Terrestrial microwaves use low-

gigahertz range, which limits all communications to line-of-sight. Path between relay

stations spaced approx, 48 km (30 miles) apart. Microwave antennas are usually placedon top of buildings, towers, hills, and mountain peaks.

Communications satellites The satellites use microwave radio as their

telecommunications medium which are not deflected by the Earth's atmosphere. The

satellites are stationed in space, typically 35,400 km (22,200 miles) (for geosynchronous

satellites) above the equator.

Cellular and PCS systems Use several radio communications technologies. The

systems are divided to different geographic areas. Each area has a low-power transmitter

or radio relay antenna device to relay calls from one area to the next area.

Wireless LANs Wireless local area network use a high-frequency radio

technology similar to digital cellular and a low-frequency radio technology. Wireless

LANs use spread spectrum technology to enable communication between multiple

devices in a limited area. An example of open-standards wireless radio-wave technology

is IEEE.

Infrared communication can transmit signals between devices within small

distances of typically no more than 10 meters. In most cases, line-of-sight propagation is

used, which limits the physical positioning of communicating devices.

A global area network (GAN) is a network used for supporting mobile

communications across an arbitrary number of wireless LANs, satellite coverage areas,

etc.

1.2.2 Scale or Categories of Network1.2.2.1 Personal area network

A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication

among computer and different information technological devices close to one person.

Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax

machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may

include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters. A

wired PAN is usually constructed with USB and Firewire connections while technologies

such as Bluetooth and infrared communication typically form a wireless PAN.

1.2.2.2 Local area network

A local area network (LAN) is a network that connects computers and devices in alimited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office building, or


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closely positioned group of buildings. Each computer or device on the network is a node.

Current wired LANs are most likely to be based on Ethernet technology, although new

standards like ITU-T G.hn also provide a way to create a wired LAN using existing home

wires (coaxial cables, phone lines and power lines).

1.2.2.3 Home networkA home network is a residential LAN which is used for communication between

digital devices typically deployed in the home, usually a small number of personal

computers and accessories, such as printers and mobile computing devices. An important

function is the sharing of Internet access, often a broadband service through a cable TV or

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) provider.

1.2.2.4 Campus network

A campus network is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local

area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area. The networking equipment

(switches, routers) and transmission media (optical fiber, copper plant, Cat5 cabling etc.)

are almost entirely owned (by the campus tenant / owner: an enterprise, university,government etc.).

In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to

link a variety of campus buildings including, for example, academic colleges or

departments, the university library, and student residence halls.

1.2.2.5 Backbone network

A Backbone network or network backbone is part of a computer network

infrastructure that interconnects various pieces of network, providing a path for the

exchange of information between different LANs or subnetwork. A backbone can tie

together diverse networks in the same building, in different buildings in a campus

environment, or over wide areas. Normally, the backbone's capacity is greater than that of

the networks connected to it.

A large corporation which has many locations may have a backbone network that

ties all of these locations together, for example, if a server cluster needs to be accessed by

different departments of a company which are located at different geographical locations.

The equipment which ties these departments together constitutes the network backbone.

Network performance management including network congestion is critical parameters

taken into account when designing a network backbone.

A specific case of a backbone network is the Internet backbone, which is the set of

wide-area network connections and core routers that interconnect all networks connected

to the Internet.

1.2.2.6 Metropolitan area network

A Metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually

spans a city or a large campus.

1.2.2.7 Wide area network

A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that covers a large geographic

area such as a city, country, or spans even intercontinental distances, using a

communications channel that combines many types of media such as telephone lines,

cables, and air waves. A WAN often uses transmission facilities provided by common

carriers, such as telephone companies. WAN technologies generally function at the lower


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three layers of the OSI reference model: the physical layer, the data link layer, and the

network layer. Wide area network is formed by interconnecting Local Area network.

1.2.2.8 Enterprise private network

An enterprise private network is a network built by an enterprise to interconnect

various company sites, e.g., production sites, head offices, remote offices, shops, in orderto share computer resources.

1.2.2.9 Virtual private network

A virtual private network (VPN) is a computer network in which some of the links

between nodes are carried by open connections or virtual circuits in some larger network

(e.g., the Internet) instead of by physical wires. The data link layer protocols of the virtual

network are said to be tunneled through the larger network when this is the case. One

common application is secure communications through the public Internet, but a VPN

need not have explicit security features, such as authentication or content encryption.

VPNs, for example, can be used to separate the traffic of different user communities over

an underlying network with strong security features.

1.2.2.10 Internetwork

An internetwork is the connection of two or more private computer networks via a

common routing technology (OSI Layer 3) using routers. The Internet can be seen as a

special case of an aggregation of many connected internetwork spanning the whole earth.

Another such global aggregation is the telephone network.

1.2.3 Network topology

Network topology is the layout pattern of interconnections of the various elements

(links, nodes, etc.) of a computer or biological network. Network topologies may be

physical or logical. Physical topology refers to the physical design of a network including

the devices, location and cable installation. Logical topology refers to how data is actually

transferred in a network as opposed to its physical design. In general physical topology

relates to a core network whereas logical topology relates to basic network.

Topology can be understood as the shape or structure of a network. This shape

does not necessarily correspond to the actual physical design of the devices on the

computer network. The computers on a home network can be arranged in a circle but it

does not necessarily mean that it represents a ring topology.

1.2.3.1 Topology classification

There are two basic categories of network topologies: Physical topologies Logical topologies

The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called the physical

topology of the network. This refers to the layout of cabling, the locations of nodes, and

the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling. The physical topology of a

network is determined by the capabilities of the network access devices and media, the

level of control or fault tolerance desired, and the cost associated with cabling or

telecommunications circuits.

The logical topology, in contrast, is the way that the signals act on the network

media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next

without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logicaltopology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. For example, the original


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twisted pair Ethernet using repeater hubs was a logical bus topology with a physical star

topology layout. Token Ring is a logical ring topology, but is wired a physical star from

the Media Access Unit.

1.2.3.2 The study of network topology recognizes seven basic topologies:

Point-to-pointBusStarRingMeshTreeHybridDaisy chain

1.2.4 Basic hardware components

Apart from the physical communications media themselves as described above,networks comprise additional basic hardware building blocks interconnecting their

terminals, such as network interface cards (NIC), hubs, bridges, switches, and routers.

1.2.4.1 Network interface cards

A network card, network adapter, or NIC (network interface card) is a piece of

computer hardware designed to allow computers to physically access a networking

medium. It provides a low-level addressing system through the use of MAC addresses.

Each Ethernet network interface has a unique MAC address which is usually

stored in a small memory device on the card, allowing any device to connect to the

network without creating an address conflict. Ethernet MAC addresses are composed of

six octets. Uniqueness is maintained by the IEEE, which manages the Ethernet addressspace by assigning 3-octet prefixes to equipment manufacturers. The list of prefixes is

publicly available. Each manufacturer is then obliged to both use only their assigned

prefix and to uniquely set the 3-octet suffix of every Ethernet interface they produce.

1.2.4.2 Repeaters and hubs

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal, cleans it of unnecessary

noise, regenerates it, and retransmits it at a higher power level, or to the other side of an

obstruction, so that the signal can cover longer distances without degradation. In most

twisted pair Ethernet configurations, repeaters are required for cable that runs longer than

100 meters. A repeater with multiple ports is known as a hub. Repeaters work on the

Physical Layer of the OSI model. Repeaters require a small amount of time to regeneratethe signal.

1.2.4.3 BridgesA network bridge connects multiple network segments at the data link layer (layer

2) of the OSI model. Bridges broadcast to all ports except the port on which the broadcast

was received. However, bridges do not promiscuously copy traffic to all ports, as hubs do,

but learn which MAC addresses are reachable through specific ports. Once the bridge

associates a port and an address, it will send traffic for that address to that port only.

Bridges learn the association of ports and addresses by examining the source

address of frames that it sees on various ports. Once a frame arrives through a port, its

source address is stored and the bridge assumes that MAC address is associated with that


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port. The first time that a previously unknown destination address is seen, the bridge will

forward the frame to all ports other than the one on which the frame arrived.

Bridges come in three basic types:

Local bridges: Directly connect local area networks (LANs) Remote bridges: Can be used to create a wide area network (WAN) link between

LANs. Remote bridges, where the connecting link is slower than the endnetworks, largely have been replaced with routers.

Wireless bridges: Can be used to join LANs or connect remote stations to LANs.1.2.4.4 Switches

A network switch is a device that forwards and filters OSI layer 2 datagrams

(chunks of data communication) between ports (connected cables) based on the MAC

addresses in the packets. A switch is distinct from a hub in that it only forwards the

frames to the ports involved in the communication rather than all ports connected. A

switch breaks the collision domain but represents itself as a broadcast domain. Switches

make forwarding decisions of frames on the basis of MAC addresses. A switch normally

has numerous ports, facilitating a star topology for devices, and cascading additional

switches. Some switches are capable of routing based on Layer 3 addressing or additional

logical levels; these are called multi-layer switches.

1.2.4.5 Routers

A router is an internetworking device that forwards packets between networks by

processing information found in the datagram or packet (Internet protocol information

from Layer 3 of the OSI Model). In many situations, this information is processed in

conjunction with the routing table (also known as forwarding table). Routers use routing

tables to determine what interface to forward packets.

1.3 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 02

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Study of Operating System andImplementation of LAN


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Operating System and LAN

2.1 Aim: Study of Operating System and Implementation of LAN

2.2 Requirement: Two or more computers with NIC installed, Cat-5 (Straight cable)

with Rj-45 connector, Network or Client operating system software (for example:

Windows 95/98/2000, Windows XP, Windows NT, etc), Hub/ Switch

2.3 Procedure:

2.3.1 Procedure using Static IP address:

1. Prepare cat-5 Straight cable and follow the following procedure2. Install operating system on the PC3. Insert/Plugged a one side of cat-5 Straight-cable at the NIC port / interface to the

computer and other side to the HUB/Switch port

4. Select network neighborhood properties5. Select local area connection properties6. Select Internet protocol (TCP/IP) properties7. Select Static IP address8. Configure the IP address and the Subnet mask9. Repeat the above 5-step for others computer10.Ping the other computer by entering the host name or IP address of other

computer; from one computer to other computer to confirm the connectivity

11.Use the IPCONFIG utility to view configured IP Parameter12.Share a folder, Connect to a shared folder, Stop sharing a folder

2.4. Theory:2.4.1 Operating System:

An operating system (OS) is software, consisting of programs and data, that runs

on computers, manages computer hardware resources, and provides common services for

execution of various application software. The operating system is the most important

type of system software in a computer system. Without an operating system, a user cannot

run an application program on their computer, unless the application program is self

booting.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the

operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer

hardware,although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and

will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost


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any device that contains a computer from cellular phones and video game consoles to

supercomputers and web servers.

Examples of popular modern operating systems are: BSD, Linux, Mac OS X,

Microsoft Windows, and UNIX.

2.4.2 Internet Protocol Suite:The Internet Protocol Suite is the set of communications protocols used for the

Internet and other similar networks. It is commonly also known as TCP/IP named from

two of the most important protocols in it: the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and

the Internet Protocol (IP), which was the first two networking protocols defined in this

standard.

The Internet Protocol Suite consists of four abstraction layers. From the lowest to the

highest layer, these are the Link Layer, the Internet Layer, the Transport Layer, and the

Application Layer. The layers define the operational scope or reach of the protocols in

each layer, reflected loosely in the layer names. Each layer has functionality that solves a

set of problems relevant in its scope.

The Link Layer contains communication technologies for the local network thehost is connected to directly, the link. It provides the basic connectivity functions

interacting with the networking hardware of the computer and the associated management

of interface-to-interface messaging. The Internet Layer provides communication methods

between multiple links of a computer and facilitates the interconnection of networks. As

such, this layer establishes the Internet. It contains primarily the Internet Protocol, which

defines the fundamental addressing namespaces, Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) and

Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) used to identify and locate hosts on the network. Direct

host-to-host communication tasks are handled in the Transport Layer, which provides a

general framework to transmit data between hosts using protocols like the Transmission

Control Protocol and the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). Finally, the highest-level

Application Layer contains all protocols that are defined each specifically for the

functioning of the vast array of data communications services. This layer handles

application-based interaction on a process-to-process level between communicating

Internet hosts.

2.5 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 03

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Study of IP Address Classes and DHCP


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IP Address Classes and DHCP

3.1 Aim: Study of IP Address Classes and DHCP.

3.2 Requirement: Two or more computers with NIC installed, Cat-5 (Straight cable)

with Rj-45 connector, Network or Client operating system software (for example:

Windows 95/98/2000, Windows XP, Windows NT, etc), Hub/ Switch

3.3 Procedure:

3.3.1 Procedure using Dynamic IP address:

1. Install Server Operating System on one PC2. Install and configure DHCP service on same PC3. Install Client Operating System on another PC4. Insert/Plugged a one side of cat-5 cable at the NIC port/interface to the computer

and other side to the HUB/SWITCH port for each computer.

5. Select network neighborhood properties.6. Select local area connection properties.7. Select Internet protocol (TCP/IP) properties.8. Select Dynamic IP address at Client operating PC (obtain IP address

automatically)

3.4 Theory:

3.4.1 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an automatic configuration

protocol used on IP networks. Computers that are connected to non-DHCP equipped IP

networks must be configured before they can communicate with other computers on the

network. DHCP allows a computer to be configured automatically, eliminating the need

for intervention by a network administrator. It also provides a central database for

keeping track of computers that have been connected to the network. This prevents two

computers from accidentally being configured with the same IP address.

In the absence of DHCP, hosts may be manually configured with an IP address.Alternatively IPv6 hosts may use stateless address auto configuration to generate an IP

address. IPv4 hosts may use link-local addressing to achieve limited local connectivity.

In addition to IP addresses, DHCP also provides other configuration information,

particularly the IP addresses of local caching DNS resolves. Hosts that do not use DHCP

for address configuration may still use it to obtain other configuration information.

There are two versions of DHCP, one for IPv4 and one for IPv6. While both

versions bear the same name and perform much the same purpose, the details of the

protocol for IPv4 and IPv6 are sufficiently different that they can be considered separate

protocols

3.4.2 How to Install the DHCP Service:


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Before you can configure the DHCP service, you must install it on the server.

DHCP is not installed by default during a typical installation of Windows Standard Server

2003 or Windows Enterprise Server 2003. You can install DHCP either during the initial

installation of Windows Server 2003 or after the initial installation is completed.

How to Install the DHCP Service on an Existing Server

1. ClickStart, point to Control Panel, and then clickAdd or Remove Programs.2. In the Add or Remove Programs dialog box, click Add/Remove Windows

Components.

3. In the Windows Components Wizard, click Networking Services in theComponents list, and then clickDetails.

4. In the Networking Services dialog box, click to select the Dynamic HostConfiguration Protocol (DHCP) check box, and then clickOK.

5. In the Windows Components Wizard, click Next to start Setup. Insert theWindows Server 2003 CD-ROM into the computer's CD-ROM or DVD-ROM

drive if you are prompted to do so. Setup copies the DHCP server and tool files to

your computer.

6. When Setup is completed, clickFinish.3.4.3 How to Configure the DHCP Service:

After you have installed the DHCP service and started it, you must create a scope,

which is a range of valid IP addresses that are available for lease to the DHCP client

computers on the network. Microsoft recommends that each DHCP server in yourenvironment have at least one scope that does not overlap with any other DHCP server

scope in your environment. In Windows Server 2003, DHCP servers in an Active

Directory-based domain must be authorized to prevent rogue DHCP servers from coming

online. Any Windows Server 2003 DHCP Server that determines it to be unauthorized

will not manage.

How to Create a New Scope

1. ClickStart, point to Programs, point to Administrative Tools, and then clickDHCP.

2. In the console tree, right-click the DHCP server on which you want to create thenew DHCP scope, and then clickNew Scope.

3. In the New Scope Wizard, clickNext, and then type a name and description forthe scope. This can be any name that you want, but it should be descriptive

enough so that you can identify the purpose of the scope on your network (for

example, you can use a name such as "Administration Building Client

Addresses"). ClickNext.

4.

Type the range of addresses that can be leased as part of this scope (for example,use a range of IP addresses from a starting IP address of 192.168.100.1 to an


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ending address of 192.168.100.100). Because these addresses are given to clients,

they must all be valid addresses for your network and not currently in use. If you

want to use a different subnet mask, type the new subnet mask. ClickNext.

5. Type any IP addresses that you want to exclude from the range that you entered.This includes any addresses in the range described in step 4 that may have already

been statically assigned to various computers in your organization. Typically,

domain controllers, Web servers, DHCP servers, Domain Name System (DNS)

servers, and other servers, have statically assigned IP addresses. ClickNext.

6. Type the number of days, hours, and minutes before an IP address lease from thisscope expires. This determines how long a client can hold a leased address

without renewing it. ClickNext, and then clickYes, I want to configure these

options now to extend the wizard to include settings for the most common DHCP

options. ClickNext.

7. Type the IP address for the default gateway that should be used by clients thatobtain an IP address from this scope. Click Add to add the default gateway

address in the list, and then clickNext.

8. If you are using DNS servers on your network, type your organization's domainname in the Parent domain box. Type the name of your DNS server, and then

clickResolve to make sure that your DHCP server can contact the DNS server

and determine its address. Click Add to include that server in the list of DNS

servers that are assigned to the DHCP clients. Click Next, and then follow thesame steps if you are using a Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) server,

by adding its name and IP address. ClickNext.

9. Click Yes, I want to activate this scope now to activate the scope and allowclients to obtain leases from it, and then clickNext.

10.ClickFinish.11.In the console tree, click the server name, and then clickAuthorize on the Action

menu.

3.5 Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________

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EXPERIMENT NO: 04

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Study of IP Address Subnetting and CIDR


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IP Address Subnetting and CIDR

4.1 Aim: Study of IP Address Subnetting and CIDR.

4.2 Theory:

4.2.1IP Address Subnetting

4.2.1.1 SubnetworkA subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible subdivision of an IP network. The

practice of dividing a network into subnetworks is called subnetting.

All computers that belong to a subnet are addressed with a common, identical,

most-significant bit-group in their IP address. This results in the logical division of an IP

address into two fields, a network or routing prefix and the rest field. The rest field is a

specific identifier for the computer or the network interface.

The routing prefix is expressed in CIDR notation. It is written as the first address

of a network followed by the bit-length of the prefix, separated by a slash (/) character.

For example, 192.168.1.0/24 is the prefix of the Internet Protocol Version 4 network starting

at the given address, having 24 bits allocated for the network prefix, and the remaining 8

bits reserved for host addressing. The IPv6 address specification 2001:db8::/32 is a largenetwork for 2

96hosts, having a 32-bit routing prefix. In IPv4 the routing prefix is also

specified in the form of the subnet mask, which is expressed in quad-dotted decimal

representation like an address. For example, 255.255.255.0 is the network mask for the

192.168.1.0/24 prefix.

Traffic between subnetworks is interchanged with special gateway computers

called routers; they constitute logical or physical borders between the subnets.

The benefits of subnetting vary with each deployment scenario. In the address

allocation architecture of the Internet using Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) and

in large organizations, it is necessary to allocate address space efficiently. It may also

enhance routing efficiency, or have advantages in network management when

subnetworks are administratively controlled by different entities in a larger organization.

Subnets may be arranged logically in a hierarchical architecture, partitioning an

organization's network address space into a tree-like routing structure.

4.2.1.2 How to Create Subnets?

1. Determined the number of required network IDs: One for each subnet One for each wide area network connection

2. Determined the number of required host IDs per subnet: One for each TCP/IP host One for each router interface3. Based on the above requirements, create the following: One subnet mask for your entire network A unique subnet ID for each physical segment A range of host IDs for each subnet

4.2.2 Classless Inter-Domain Routing

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) is a method for allocating IP addresses

and routing Internet Protocol packets. The Internet Engineering Task Force introduced

CIDR in 1993 to replace the previous addressing architecture of Classful network design

in the Internet. Their goal was to slow the growth of routing tables on routers across the

Internet, and to help slow the rapid exhaustion of IPv4 addresses.


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IP addresses are described as consisting of two groups of bits in the address: the

most significant part is the network address which identifies a whole network or subnet

and the least significant portion is the host identifier, which specifies a particular host

interface on that network. This division is used as the basis of traffic routing between IP

networks and for address allocation policies. Classful network design for IPv4 sized the

network address as one or more 8-bit groups, resulting in the blocks of Class A, B, or Caddresses. Classless Inter-Domain Routing allocates address space to Internet service

providers and end users on any address bit boundary, instead of on 8-bit segments. In

IPv6, however, the interface identifier has a fixed size of 64 bits by convention, and

smaller subnets are never allocated to end users.

CIDR notation is syntax of specifying IP addresses and their associated routing

prefix. It appends to the address a slash character and the decimal number of leading bits

of the routing prefix, e.g., 192.168.0.0/16 for IPv4.

4.3 Calculation/ Assignment:

4.3.1 Calculate the total number of subnet, broadcast ID and Subnet ID (Network address)

of each subnet; subnet mask and CIDR value (for total number of valid host is 126)using Network Address 192.168.1.0.

4.3.2 Calculate the total number of subnet, total number of valid host in each subnet,

broadcast ID and Subnet ID (Network address) of each subnet; subnet mask and CIDR

value (for total number of valid host is 32) using Network Address 192.168.1.0.

4.3.3 Calculate subnet mask, block size, total number of subnet and valid host for each

subnet using network Address 192.168.10.0 for CIDR Value /24, /25, /26, /27, /28, /29,

/30, /31, /32; And write your comment if required !

4.3.4 Calculate total Subnets, Hosts, Valid subnets, Broadcast address for each subnet and

valid host for Network Address: 172.16.0.0 / 18







4.4 Conclusion:

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EXPERIMENT NO: 05

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Installation and Configuration of Web Serverand FTP


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Web Server and FTP

5.1 Aim: Installation and Configuration of Web Server and FTP

5.2 Requirement: Windows XP CD, Web Site Design tool (HTML, XML) or Microsoft

Office (Microsoft Front page), FTP Server Software (Ocean FTP Server, Golden FTP

Server, Titan FTP Server, etc), FTP Client Software, Internet Explorer.

5.3 Procedure:

5.3.1.1 Procedure fro Web Server:1. Install Windows-XP2. Install graphics driver file after installation of Win-XP to improve resolution3. Install Internet Information Service (IIS)4. Install Microsoft office, Microsoft Front page5. Design Web site or Web page in Microsoft Front page6. Save the Site on the location (Like C: drive or E: drive, etc)7. Open Internet Information Service and create virtual directory and load the

web page or web site on the document option and go with the further setting8. Access the site through another PC by typing "http://IP Address/File name or

site name"

5.3.1.2 Installing IIS

1. To install IIS, add optional components, or remove optional components-2. Click Start, click Control Panel, and click Add or Remove Programs.3. Click Add/Remove Windows Components. The Windows Components

Wizard appears.

4. IIS requires that you install certain software on the computer prior toinstallation. Review the IIS Software Checklist below before installing IIS

5. IIS Software Checklist6. Before you install IIS, you need to install the Windows TCP/IP Protocol.

5.3.2.1 Procedure for FTP:

1. Install FTP Server Software on the PC2. Create user account and assign the different permission as per the requirement.3. Install FTP client on another PC from where we want to access the FTP Server

(By default every PC is a FTP Client).

5.3.2.2 Procedure to access FTP Server:

1.

Go to Command Prompt through Run by typing cmd2. Type FTP Server Address (ftp 10.12.2.3)3. Enter Login name and Password4. Start working (Download and upload the files)5. Open Internet Explorer Bar and access by typing FTP:// Server Address

(ftp://10.12.2.3)

6. Enter Login name and Password7. Start working (Download and upload the files)8. Run theNetstatcommand

5.4 Theory:

5.4.1. Web Server


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Web server can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the

computer application) that helps to deliver content that can be accessed through the

Internet. We are configuring the Web Server using the inbuilt service (Internet

Information Service) in the operating system. The most common use of web servers is to

host web sites but there are other uses like data storage or for running enterprise

applications.

5.4.1.1 Internet Information Services (IIS)

It is a software services that support Web site creation, configuration, and

management, along with other Internet functions. Internet Information Services (IIS)

formerly called Internet Information Server is a web server application and set of

feature extension modules created by Microsoft for use with Microsoft Windows. It is the

most used web server after Apache HTTP Server. IIS 7.5 supports HTTP, HTTPS, FTP,

FTPS, SMTP and NNTP. It is an integral part of Windows Server family of products, as

well as certain editions of Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7.

5.4.1.2 Hypertext Transfer Protocol

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a networking protocol for distributed,

collaborative, hypermedia information systems. HTTP is the foundation of data

communication for the World Wide Web.

The standards development of HTTP has been coordinated by the Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),

culminating in the publication of a series of Requests for Comments (RFCs).

5.4.1.3 HTTP Secure

Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) is a combination of the Hypertext

Transfer Protocol (HTTP) with SSL/TLS protocol to provide encrypted communication

and secure identification of a network web server. HTTPS connections are often used for

payment transactions on the World Wide Web and for sensitive transactions in corporate

information systems.

5.4.1.4 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two

computers on the Internet. Both computers must support their respective FTP roles: one

must be an FTP client and the other an FTP server.

5.4.1.5 .FTPSFTPS (also known as FTP Secure and FTP-SSL) is an extension to the commonly

used File Transfer Protocol (FTP) that adds support for the Transport Layer Security

(TLS) and the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) cryptographic protocols.

5.4.1.6 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

IT is a member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols that governs the exchange of

electronic mail between message transfer agents.

5.4.1.7 Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP)

A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols used to distribute network news

messages to NNTP servers and clients (newsreaders) on the Internet. NNTP is designed

so that news articles are stored on a server in a central database, thus enabling a user toselect specific items to read.


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5.4.2 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

A member of the TCP/IP suite of protocols, used to copy files between two

computers on the Internet. Both computers must support their respective FTP roles: one

must be an FTP client and the other an FTP server. Transfers files to and from a computer

running a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server service such as Internet InformationServices. FTP can be used interactively or in batch mode by processing ASCII text files.

5.4.2.1 Ftp Syntax:ftp [-v] [-d] [-i] [-n] [-g] [-s:FileName][-a][-w:WindowSize][-A] [Host] Parameters

-v Suppresses the display of FTP server responses. -d Enables debugging, displaying all commands passed between the FTP

client and FTP server.

-i Disables interactive prompting during multiple file transfers. -n Suppresses the ability to log on automatically when the initial connection

is made. It specifies a text file that contains ftp commands. These

commands run automatically after ftp starts. This parameter allows no

spaces. Use this parameter instead of redirection.

-a Specifies that any local interface can be use -g Disables file name globing. Glob permits -s: FileName d when binding the FTP data connection. -w: WindowSize Specifies the size of the transfer buffer.

5.4.2.2 Netstat:

Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections.

NETSTAT [-a] [-b] [-e] [-n] [-o] [-p proto] [-r] [-s] [-v] [interval]

-a Displays all connections and listening ports. -b Displays the executable involved in creating each connection or listening

port. In some cases well-known executables host multiple independent

components, and in these cases the sequence of components involved in creating

the connection or listening port is displayed. In this case the executable name is in

[] at the bottom, on top is the component it called, and so forth until TCP/IP was

reached. Note that this option can be time-consuming and will fail unless you have

sufficient permissions.

-e Displays Ethernet statistics. This may be combined with the s option. -n Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form. -o Displays the owning process ID associated with each connection. -p Shows connections for the protocol specified by proto; proto may be any

of: TCP, UDP, TCPv6, or UDPv6. If used with the s option to display per-

protocol statistics, proto may be any of: IP, IPv6, ICMP, ICMPv6, TCP, TCPv6,UDP, or UDPv6.


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-r Displays the routing table. -s Displays per-protocol statistics. By default, statistics are shown for IP,

IPv6, ICMP, ICMPv6, TCP, TCPv6, UDP, and UDPv6; the -p option may be used

to specify a subset of the default. -v When used in conjunction with -b, will display sequence of components

involved in creating the connection or listening port for all executables.

Interval Redisplays selected statistics, pausing interval seconds betweeneach display. Press CTRL+C to stop redisplaying statistics. If omitted, Netstat

will print the current configuration information once.

5.5 Conclusion:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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EXPERIMENT NO: 06

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Study of DNS, SMTP and POP3


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DNS, SMTP and POP3

6.1 Aim: Study of DNS, SMTP and POP3

6.2 Requirement: Windows 2003 Server CD, PC with NIC Installed and all other

Network

6.3 Procedure: The procedure for DNS installation and commands for SMTP/POP3 is

given Annexure 1 & 2 -

6.4 Theory:

6.4.1. DNS

The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical naming system built on a

distributed database for computers, services, or any resource connected to the Internet or

a private network. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans

into the numerical identifiers associated with networking equipment for the purpose of

locating and addressing these devices worldwide.

An often-used analogy to explain the Domain Name System is that it serves as the"phone book" for the Internet by translating human-friendly computer hostnames into IP

addresses. For example, the domain name www.example.com translates to the addresses

192.0.32.10 (IPv4) and 2620:0:2d0:200::10 (IPv6).

The Domain Name System makes it possible to assign domain names to groups of

Internet resources and users in a meaningful way, independent of each entity's physical

location. Because of this, World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks and Internet contact

information can remain consistent and constant even if the current Internet routing

arrangements change or the participant uses a mobile device. Internet domain names are

easier to remember than IP addresses such as 208.77.188.166 (IPv4) or

2001:db8:1f70::999:de8:7648:6e8 (IPv6). Users take advantage of this when they recite

meaningful Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and e-mail addresses without having to

know how the computer actually locates them.

The Domain Name System distributes the responsibility of assigning domain

names and mapping those names to IP addresses by designating authoritative name

servers for each domain. Authoritative name servers are assigned to be responsible for

their particular domains, and in turn can assign other authoritative name servers for their

sub-domains. This mechanism has made the DNS distributed and fault tolerant and has

helped avoid the need for a single central register to be continually consulted and

updated.

In general, the Domain Name System also stores other types of information, such

as the list of mail servers that accept email for a given Internet domain. By providing aworldwide, distributed keyword-based redirection service, the Domain Name System is

an essential component of the functionality of the Internet.

Other identifiers such as RFID tags, UPCs, International characters in email

addresses and host names, and a variety of other identifiers could all potentially use DNS.

The Domain Name System also specifies the technical functionality of this

database service. It defines the DNS protocol, a detailed definition of the data structures

and communication exchanges used in DNS, as part of the Internet Protocol Suite.

6.4.2 SMTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail

(e-mail) transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP includes the extendedSMTP (ESMTP) additions, and is the protocol in widespread use today. SMTP is


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specified for outgoing mail transport and uses TCP port 25. The protocol for new

submissions is effectively the same as SMTP, but it uses port 587 instead. SMTP

connections secured by SSL are known by the shorthand SMTPS, though SMTPS is not a

protocol in its own right.

While electronic mail servers and other mail transfer agents use SMTP to send

and receive mail messages, user-level client mail applications typically only use SMTPfor sending messages to a mail server for relaying. For receiving messages, client

applications usually use either the Post Office Protocol (POP) or the Internet Message

Access Protocol (IMAP) or a proprietary system (such as Microsoft Exchange or Lotus

Notes/Domino) to access their mail box accounts on a mail server.

6.4.3 POP3

In computing, the Post Office Protocol (POP) is an application-layer Internet

standard protocol used by local e-mail clients to retrieve e-mail from a remote server over

a TCP/IP connection. POP and IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) are the two

most prevalent Internet standard protocols for e-mail retrieval. Virtually all modern e-

mail clients and servers support both. The POP protocol has been developed throughseveral versions, with version 3 (POP3) being the current standard. Like IMAP, POP3 is

supported by most web mail services such as Hotmail, Gmail and Yahoo! Mail.

Internet message access protocol (IMAP) is one of the two most prevalent Internet

standard protocols for e-mail retrieval, the other being the Post Office Protocol (POP).

Virtually all modern e-mail clients and mail servers support both protocols as a means of

transferring e-mail messages from a server.

6.5 Conclusion:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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EXPERIMENT NO: 07

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Configuration of Router and study of Routingbetween the LANs


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Router Configuration and Routing between the LAN

7.1 Aim: Configuration of Router and study of Routing between the LAN

7.2 Requirement: PC with OS installed (Windows XP), Console and Cross over Cable,

Router, Two LAN, etc

7.3 Procedure:

1. Attach Console Cable from Com1 port of Computer to Console port ofrouter

2. Switch on the router3. Open the Hyper Terminal4. Configure the Hyper Terminal with following Port Setting

a. Bits per second : 9600b. Data bits : 8c. Parity : Noned. Stop bit : 1e. Flow control : None

5. Wait for booting process of the router6. Configure the Router with the command-line interface from the hyper

terminal

7. Attach Computer A to Ethernet Port8. Attach Computer B to Fast Ethernet Port9. Verify the connectivity between the LAN using ping command (ping from

Computer A to B or vice versa)

7.4 Theory:

7.4.1 Router

A router is a device that forwards data packets between telecommunications

networks, creating an overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data

lines from different networks. When data comes in on one of the lines, the router reads

the address information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using

information in its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network

on its journey or drops the packet. A data packet is typically forwarded from one router to

another through networks that constitute the internetwork until it gets to its destination

node.

Four Router function in your network can be listed as follows:

Packet Switching Packet Filtering Internetwork communication Path detection/ Selection

7.4.2 Routing/ routing table

In computer networking a routing table, or Routing Information Base (RIB), is a

data table stored in a router or a networked computer that lists the routes to particular

network destinations, and in some cases, metrics (distances) associated with those routes.

The routing table contains information about the topology of the network immediately

around it. The construction of routing tables is the primary goal of routing protocols.

Static routes are entries made in a routing table by non-automatic means and which are

fixed rather than being the result of some network topology 'discovery' procedure.


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7.4.2.1 Contents of routing tables

The routing table consists of at least three information fields:

1. the network id: i.e. the destination network id2. cost: i.e. the cost or metric of the path through which the packet is to be sent3. next hop: The next hop, or gateway, is the address of the next station to which the

packet is to be sent on the way to its final destination

Depending on the application and implementation, it can also contain additional values

that refine path selection:

1. quality of service associated with the route. For example, the U flag indicates thatan IP route is up.

2. links to filtering criteria/access lists associated with the route3. interface: such as eth0 for the first Ethernet card, eth1 for the second Ethernet

card, etc.

7.4.3 Cisco IOS Modes of Operation

The Cisco IOS software provides access to several different command modes.

Each command mode provides a different group of related commands.

For security purposes, the Cisco IOS software provides two levels of access to

commands: user and privileged. The unprivileged user mode is called user EXEC mode.

The privileged mode is called privileged EXEC mode and requires a password. The

commands available in user EXEC mode are a subset of the commands available in

privileged EXEC mode.

7.4.3.1 User EXEC Mode:

Logging in to the router places you in user EXEC command mode (unless the

system is configured to take you immediately to privileged EXEC mode). Typically, login

will require a username and a password. You may try three times to enter a password

before the connection attempt is refused.

The user EXEC mode prompt consists of the hostname of the device followed by

an angle bracket (>), as shown in the following example:

Router>

7.4.3.2 Privileged EXEC Mode:

Because many privileged EXEC mode commands set operating parameters,

privileged-level access should be password protected to prevent unauthorized use. The

privileged EXEC command set includes those commands contained in user EXEC mode.

Privileged EXEC mode also provides access to configuration modes through the

configure command, and includes advanced testing commands, such as debug.

The privileged EXEC mode prompt consists of the hostname of the device

followed by a pound sign (#), as shown in the following example:

Router#


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Privileged commands include the following:

Configure Changes the software configuration.

Debug Display process and hardware event messages.

Setup Enter configuration information at the prompts.

Enter the command disable to exit from the privileged EXEC mode and return touser EXEC mode.

7.4.3.3 Global Configuration Mode

The term "global" is used to indicate characteristics or features that affect the

system as a whole. Global configuration mode is used to configure your system globally,

or to enter specific configuration modes to configure specific elements such as interfaces

or protocols. Use the configure terminal command in privileged EXEC mode to enter

global configuration mode.

To access global configuration mode, use the following command in privilegedEXEC mode:

Router# configure terminal

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#

7.4.3.4 Interface Configuration Mode

One example of a specific configuration mode you enter from global

configuration mode is interface configuration mode.

Many features are enabled on a per-interface basis. Interface configuration

commands modify the operation of an interface such as an Ethernet, FDDI, or serial port.

Interface configuration commands always follow an interface command in global

configuration mode, which defines the interface type.

To access and list the interface configuration commands, use the following

command:

Router(config)# interface serial 0

Router(config-if)#

Configuration mode has a set of submodes that you use for modifying interface

settings, routing protocol settings, line settings, and so forth. Use caution with

configuration mode because all changes you enter take effect immediately.

7.5 Conclusion:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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EXPERIMENT NO: 08

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Write a program for Encryption and Decryption


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Encryption and Decryption

8.1 Aim: To write a program for Encryption and Decryption

8.2 Requirement: Computer loaded with Matlab or C

8.3 Theory:8.3.1 RSA Algorithm:

In cryptography, RSA (which stands for Rivest, Shamir and Adleman who first

publicly described it) is an algorithm for public-key cryptography. It is the first algorithm

known to be suitable for signing as well as encryption, and was one of the first great

advances in public key cryptography. RSA is widely used in electronic commerce

protocols, and is believed to be sufficiently secure given sufficiently long keys and the

use of up-to-date implementations.

8.3.2 Operation: The RSA algorithm involves three steps: key generation, encryption

and decryption.

8.3.2.1Key generationRSA involves a public key and a private key. The public key can be known to

everyone and is used for encrypting messages. Messages encrypted with the public key

can only be decrypted using the private key. The keys for the RSA algorithm are

generated the following way:

1. Choose two distinct prime numbersp and q. For security purposes, the integers p and q should be chosen at random,

and should be of similar bit-length. Prime integers can be efficiently found

using a primarily test.

2. Compute n =pq. n is used as the modulus for both the public and private keys

3. Compute (n) = (p-1) (q-1), where is Euler's totient function.4. Choose an integer e such that 1 < e < (n) and gcd (e, (n)) = 1, i.e. e and

(n) are coprime.

e is released as the public key exponent. e having a short bit-length and small Hamming weight results in more

efficient encryption - most commonly 0x10001 = 65537. However, small

values ofe (such as 3) have been shown to be less secure in some settings.

5. Determine d= e1 mod (n); i.e. dis the multiplicative inverse ofe mod (n). This is more clearly stated as solve for d given (d*e)mod (n) = 1 This is often computed using the extended Euclidean algorithm. dis kept as the private key exponent.


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The public key consists of the modulus n and the public (or encryption) exponent

e. The private key consists of the private (or decryption) exponent dwhich must be kept

secret.

8.3.2.2 Encryption

Alice transmits her public key (n, e) to Bob and keeps the private key secret. Bobthen wishes to send message M to Alice.

He first turns M into an integer m, such that 0 < m < n by using an agreed-upon

reversible protocol known as a padding scheme. He then computes the cipher text ccorresponding to-

c = me (mod n).This can be done quickly using the method of exponentiation by squaring. Bob

then transmits c to Alice.

8.3.2.3 Decryption

Alice can recover m from c by using her private key exponent dvia computing

m = cd(mod n).

Given m, she can recover the original message M by reversing the paddingscheme.

8.4 Conclusion:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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Program:

/* C program for the Implementation of RSA Algorithm */

#include< stdio.h>

#include< conio.h>

int phi,M,n,e,d,C,FLAG;

int check()

{

int i;

for(i=3;e%i==0 && phi%i==0;i+2)

{

FLAG = 1;

return;

}

FLAG = 0;}

void encrypt()

{

int i;

C = 1;

for(i=0;i< e;i++)

C=C*M%n;

C = C%n;

printf("\n\tEncrypted keyword : %d",C);

}

void decrypt()

{

int i;

M = 1;

for(i=0;i< d;i++)

M=M*C%n;

M = M%n;

printf("\n\tDecrypted keyword : %d",M);

}

void main()

{

int p,q,s;

clrscr();

printf("Enter Two Relatively Prime Numbers\t: ");

scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);

n = p*q;

phi=(p-1)*(q-1);

printf("\n\tF(n)\t= %d",phi);

do{


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printf("\n\nEnter e\t: ");

scanf("%d",&e);

check();

}while(FLAG==1);

d = 1;

do{

s = (d*e)%phi;

d++;

}while(s!=1);

d = d-1;

printf("\n\tPublic Key\t: {%d,%d}",e,n);

printf("\n\tPrivate Key\t: {%d,%d}",d,n);

printf("\n\nEnter The Plain Text\t: ");

scanf("%d",&M);

encrypt();

printf("\n\nEnter the Cipher text\t: ");scanf("%d",&C);

decrypt();

getch();

}

Output:

Enter Two Relatively Prime Numbers : 7 17

F(n) = 96

Enter e : 5

Public Key : {5,119}

Private Key : {77,119}

Enter The Plain Text : 19

Encrypted keyword : 66

Enter the Cipher text : 66

Decrypted keyword : 19 */


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EXPERIMENT NO: 09

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Write a program for Implementation of ShortestPath Algorithm


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Shortest Path

9.1 Aim: To write a C program for implementation of Shortest Path Routing

Algorithm

9.2 Requirement: Computer loaded with C

9.3 Algorithm:

1. Start2. Get the total no. of nodes from the User3. Get the adjacent nodes for each main node and get the weights for each arc4. Get the starting and ending node from the User5. Set the permanent label of starting node equal to zero.6. Set the permanent label of other remaining nodes as infinity (i.e. some

maximum value)

7. Calculate the temporary labels of adjacent nodes as follows: Minimum [oldvalue (permanent label of source node + weight of arc)]

8. Select the adjacent node having minimum temporary label and make its labelas permanent

9. Check whether the selected node is the end node? If YES, then length of shortest path is equal to permanent label of selected

node

If NO, consider the selected node as new source node and repeat stepsfrom 7 to 9

10.Stop9.4 Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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Program:

#include

#include

#include

typedef struct stack{

int val;

struct stack *next;

}st;

int P[20],T[20],cost[20][20],L[20],last;

int dijkstra(int ,int ,int );

void path(int ,int ,int ,int *,int *,int );

st *push(st *,int );

st *pop(st *);

void main()

{

int v,temp1,temp2,n,i,j,x = 22,y = 11,a,z,min,done[20],sequence[20],l = 0;

while(1)

{

clrscr();

printf("\t\t\tDIJKSTRA's SHORTEST PATH ALGORITHM");

printf("\n\nEnter the no. of nodes in graph :: ");

scanf("%d",&n);

if(n


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for(j = 1;j j)

{

gotoxy(x,y);

if(cost[j][i] == 9999)

printf("-1");

else

printf("%d",cost[j][i]);

cost[i][j] = cost[j][i];

}else

{

gotoxy(x,y);

scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);

if(cost[i][j] == -1)

cost[i][j] = 9999;

}

x = x + 4;

}

x = 25;

y = y + 3;

}

while(1)

{

clrscr();

printf("\t\t\tDIJKSTRA's SHORTEST PATH ALGORITHM");

printf("\n\n\n\n\nEnter the 2 nodes between which path"

" is to be found :: ");

scanf("%d %d",&a,&z);

if(a < 1 || z > n)

{ printf("\nPLEASE ENTER THE NODES WHICH"

" ARE PRESENT IN GRAPH !!!");

getch();

}

else

break;

}

if(a == z)

{

printf("\nLength of shortest path is 0");

getch();exit(0);


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}

else if(a > z)

{

a = a + z;

z = a - z;

a = a - z;}

for(i = 1;i


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path(n,j,z,done,sequence,l);

}

}

getch();

}

int dijkstra(int n,int v,int z)

{

int i,j,min = 9999,v1,temp1,temp2;

for(i = 1;i val = no;temp -> next = top;

top = temp;

return top;

}

st *pop(st *top)

{

top = top -> next;

return top;

}

Output Screen:


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DIJKSTRA's SHORTEST PATH ALGORITHM

Enter the no. of nodes in graph: 5

Fill the following adjacency matrix. Enter -1 if no direct edge exists:

A B C D E

A 0 1 4 3 1

B 1 0 2 1 3

C 4 2 0 3 1

D 3 1 3 0 1

E 1 3 1 1 0

Enter the 2 nodes between which path are to be found: 2 5

Length of shortest path is 2


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EXPERIMENT NO: 10

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Study of Wireless LAN


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Wireless LAN

10.1 Aim: Study of Wireless LAN.

10.2 Requirement: PC/ Laptop with Wireless Interface Card/ Controller (NETGEAR

WG311), Linksys: Wireless-G Access Point, Ethernet Cross-over Cable, etc.

10.3 Procedure:

10.3.1 Peer to Peer WLAN

Plug-in the Wireless Interface card to the each computer/ Laptop Install the Wireless PCI Adapter software Install NETGEAR WG311 Software Configure the NETGEAR WG311v3 Smart Wizard

1. Profile: any name2. Network Name(SSID): any name3. Access Type:

a. Access Point(Infrastructure)b. Computer to computer

4. Securitya. Disableb. WPA2-PSK[AES]c. WEP

5. Save Profile6. Apply

Configure the TCP/IP Properties setting with the Wireless Adapter of eachcomputer and Laptop

Verify the connection by command ping or by sharing the file from onelocation/ computer and accessing from all other location/ computer

Note: Assign same SSID and Profile name to the entire computer for easy

setting and keep security disable.

10.3.2 Bridge WLAN

Plug-in the Wireless Interface card to the each computer/ Laptop Install the Wireless PCI Adapter software Installation of bridge/ Access Point

1. Install Wireless-G Access Pointa. Connect cross cable from computer to Wireless-G Access

Point

b. Install the driver of the Wireless-G Access Point2. Configure Wireless-G Access Point

a. Network Setupb. Basic Wireless Setup (SSID) and MAC id of each computerc. Password, etc

Configure the TCP/IP Properties setting with the Wireless Adapter of eachcomputer and Laptop

Search the Wireless Connection (i.e. SSID) from each computer andLaptop

1. Connect to the SSID connection2.

Enter the password(passphrase) provided by the administrator forlogin


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Verify the connection by command ping or by sharing the file from onelocation/ computer and accessing from all other location/ computer

10.4. Theory: Wireless LAN

A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some

wireless distribution method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usuallyproviding a connection through an access point to the wider internet. This gives users the

mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the

network. Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the

Wi-Fi brand name.

Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is not connected by

cables of any kind. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and

enterprise (business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a

building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Wireless

telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using a

transmission system called radio waves. This implementation takes place at the physical

level (layer) of the network structure.

10.4.1 Architecture

StationsAll components that can connect into a wireless medium in a network are referred

to as stations. All stations are equipped with wireless network interface controllers

(WNIC). Wireless stations fall into one of two categories: access points, and clients.

Access points (APs), normally routers, are base stations for the wireless network. They

transmit and receive radio frequencies for wireless enabled devices to communicate with.

Wireless clients can be mobile devices such as laptops, personal digital assistants, IP

phones and other smart phones, or fixed devices such as desktops and workstations thatare equipped with a wireless network interface.

Basic service setThe basic service set (BSS) is a set of all stations that can communicate with each

other. There are two types of BSS: Independent BSS (also referred to as IBSS), and

infrastructure BSS. Every BSS has an identification (ID) called the BSSID, which is the

MAC address of the access point servicing the BSS. An independent BSS (IBSS) is an

ad-hoc network that contains no access points, which means they can not connect to any

other basic service set. An infrastructure can communicate with other stations not in the

same basic service set by communicating through access points.

Extended service setAn extended service set (ESS) is a set of connected BSSs. Access points in an

ESS are connected by a distribution system. Each ESS has an ID called the SSID which is

a 32-byte (maximum) character string.

Distribution systemA distribution system (DS) connects access points in an extended service set. The

concept of a DS can be used to increase network coverage through roaming between

cells. DS can be wired or wireless. Current wireless distribution systems are mostly based

on WDS or MESH protocols, though other systems are in use.

10.4.2 Types of wireless LAN:

Peer-to-Peer or ad-hoc wireless LAN


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An ad-hoc network is a network where stations communicate only peer to peer

(P2P). There is no base and no one gives permission to talk. This is accomplished using

the Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS).

A peer-to-peer (P2P) network allows wireless devices to directly communicate

with each other. Wireless devices within range of each other can discover and

communicate directly without involving central access points. This method is typicallyused by two computers so that they can connect to each other to form a network.

BridgeA bridge can be used to connect networks, typically of different types. A wireless

Ethernet bridge allows the connection of devices on a wired Ethernet network to a

wireless network. The bridge acts as the connection point to the Wireless LAN.

Wireless distribution systemA Wireless Distribution System enables the wireless interconnection of access

points in an IEEE 802.11 network. It allows a wireless network to be expanded using

multiple access points without the need for a wired backbone to link them, as is

traditionally required. The notable advantage of WDS over other solutions is that it

preserves the MAC addresses of client packets across links between access points.

10.4.3 Types of wireless connection:

10.4.3.1Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) interconnect devices within a

relatively small area that is generally within a person's reach. For example, both

Bluetooth radio and invisible Infrared light provides a WPAN for interconnecting a

headset to a laptop.

10.4.3.2 A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices over a short

distance using a wireless distribution method, usually providing a connection through an

access point for Internet access. The use of spread-spectrum or OFDM technologies mayallow users to move around within a local coverage area, and still remain connected to the

network. Products using the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards are marketed under the Wi-Fi

brand name. Fixed wireless technology implements point-to-point links between

computers or networks at two distant locations, often using dedicated microwave or

modulated laser light beams over line of sight paths. It is often used in cities to connect

networks in two or more buildings without installing a wired link.

10.4.3.3 A wireless mesh network is a wireless network made up of radio nodes

organized in a mesh topology. Each node forwards messages on behalf of the other nodes.

Mesh networks can "self heal", automatically re-routing around a node that has lost

power.

10.4.3.4 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks are a type of wireless network that

connects several wireless LANs. WiMAX is a type of Wireless MAN and it is IEEE

802.16 standard.

10.4.3.5 Wireless wide area networks are wireless networks that typically cover large

areas, such as between neighboring towns and cities, or city and suburb. These networks

can be used to connect branch offices of business or as a public internet access system.

The wireless connections between access points are usually point to point microwave

links using parabolic dishes on the 2.4 GHz band, rather than omnidirectional antennas

used with smaller networks. A typical system contains base station gateways, accesspoints and wireless bridging relays. Other configurations are mesh systems where each


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access point acts as a relay also. When combined with renewable energy systems such as

photo-voltaic solar panels or wind systems they can be stand alone systems

10.5 Conclusion:

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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EXPERIMENT NO: 11

TITLE OF EXPERIMENT : Lab Practice on RouterSim Network

Visualizer


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Simulation of Router Configuration

11.1 Aim: Lab Practice on RouterSim Network Visualizer

11.2 Requirement: PC with OS installed (Windows XP), CCNA Network Visualizer 6.0

11.3 Assignment:

11.3.1 LAB Practice A

Configure the following Scenario:

Assign Host name and IP Address to each Host Assign Host name to Router Assign IP Address to each Port of Router Verify the Connectivity of each by command ping


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11.3.2 LAB Practice B


Assign Host name and IP Address to each Host Assign Host name to Router Assign IP Address to each Port of Router Use same network ID for each LAN and also for serial connection between

Router

Verify the Connectivity between the LANs


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11.3.3 LAB Practice C



Router



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11.3.4 LAB Practice D



Router


11.4 Conclusion:________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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