CNS Stimulants

CNS STIMULANTS

JENNA WASHULESKI

AUDIENCE You may be suffering from an addiction, or

maybe you are an occasional user. You could be a family member or friend of an addict, or

you could just be a curious individual. No matter who you are, you are welcome to view this power point on CNS Stimulants,

health related symptoms, street slang terms, withdrawal symptoms, and more.

Addiction is a serious issue. Become aware of what CNS Stimulants are and how they effect our bodies in

this 20 minute presentation. Enjoy.

WHAT ARE CNS STIMULANTSCentral Nervous System Stimulants increase alertness, euphoria, and cause the user to feel more energized

• Also known as an “Upper”• Reason for Dependence and Misuse

Stimulants are classified in two categories• Schedule I

• “Designer” Amphetamines• Schedule II

• Amphetamine, Cocaine, Methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Hanson, Glen R., Peter, Venturelli J., and Fleckenstein, Annette E. "Chapter 10: Stimulants." Drugs and Society. 11th ed. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2012. 285-321. Print..

CNS STIMULATES

Can be

• Prescribed by a doctor• Over-the-counter (OTC)• In small doses such as in chocolate and coffee

Abuse can occur to individuals who use stimulants for legitimate reasons or for illicit reasons.


AMPHETAMINESVideo on Amphetamines (End video at 1:36)Amphetamines are a sympathomimetic drug

• Similar to neurotransmitters like dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

Amphetamines increase the production of neurotransmitters (like dopamine) and prevent it from being recycled which creates a longer high feeling

BlueBelly. "How Stimulant Drugs Work." How Stimulant Drugs Work. BlueBelly, 09 June 2009. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5vSyfLJ8uM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5vSyfLJ8uM

APPROVED USES OF AMPHETAMINES

In 1932, inhalers were used to treat nasal congestion

• The first therapeutic use of amphetamine

Originally sold for obesity, alcoholism bed-wetting, depression, schizophrenia, morphine and codeine addiction, heart block,

head injuries, seasickness, persistent hiccups, and caffeine mania.

“In 1967, some 31 million prescriptions were written for anorexiants (diet pills) alone.”


APPROVED USES OF AMPHETAMINES (CONTINUED)

In 1970, the Food And Drug Administration restricted legal use of amphetamines to three

medical conditions

1. Narcolepsy

2. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

3. Short term weight reduction programs


TYPES OF AMPHETAMINES

Methcathinone (“Cat”)• Properties similar to methamphetamine and cocaine

Methylenedioxy-n-methylamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy)• Stimulant and Hallucinogen

Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)

Designer drugs are a product of amphetamine and methamphetamine that have prominent psychedelic effects in addition to their CNS stimulatory action.Some designer drugs are…


TYPES OF AMPHETAMINES (CONTINUED)

MethamphetamineAdderallAdderall XRDexedrineDetroamphetamine

• Used for ADHD and narcolepsy

Levoamphetamine• A psychostimulant

used to increase alertness

DextrostatMethylphenidate (Ritalin)ConcertaVyvanseProcentraFocalinStratteraLisdexamfetamine

• Used for ADHD

"Lists of Amphetamines." Amphetamines.com. N.p., 2014. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.

COMMON SLANG TERMS FOR AMPHETAMINES

Speed Crystal Meth Bennies Dexies

Uppers Pep pills Ice Whiz Diet pills

Jolly beans Copilots Hearts Footballs White

crosses

Crank Chalk Glass

"Amphetamine Facts." Amphetamines. Australian Drug Foundation, 27 Jan. 2013. Web. 10 Apr. 2014.

WHAT DO AMPHETAMINES LOOK LIKE?

Powder• Can vary in color, most common in white to

brown

Tablets And Capsules• Varies in color

Crystal• Most potent form of amphetamine• Large sheet like crystals or crystalline

powder


METHOD OF ADMINISTRATIONOral

Insufflation (Snorting)

Injection

Rectal

"Amphetamine." Drugs Forum RSS. SIN Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.

AMPHETAMINE EFFECTSIncreases

Energy Insomnia EuphoriaDecreases appetite• Weight loss

Increases concentration

Increases Motivation Irritability Dry mouth Alertness Anxiety and

panic

HeadacheIncreased heart rate and blood

pressure

Increased body temperature and sweating

Increased breathing rate Mood swings

Depression

Behavioral stereotypy•Meaningless repetition of single activity

"Amphetamine." Drugs Forum RSS. SIN Foundation, 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2014.

METHYLPHENIDATE (RITALIN)“A Special Amphetamine”Mild stimulantSchedule II drugBlocks the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline into their receptive neurons Treats narcolepsy and ADHDIntended to be used orally

• Can be abused by snorting or when used as a performance enhancer


OTHER STIMULANT PRODUCTSCaffeine Caffeine-like drugs (Xanthines)

• Stay-Awake Products• Picker-Uppers

Herbal stimulants• Contain ephedrine, ephedra, or guarana

OTC Sympathomimetics• Cold, allergic, and diet aid medications

Performance Enhancers • Drugs taken to increase physical or mental performance to achieve a

more positive result (Adderall for tests in school)MethamphetamineCocaineCrack cocaine

Daughtery, R., & O'Bryan, T. (2014). Prime for life. (8.0 ed.). Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Prevention Research Institute.

CAFFEINE

The worlds most frequently used and potentially the most popular drug. • Most commonly

consumed are methylxanthines (also known as Xanthines)

“Almost 80% of the world’s population consumes caffeine daily.”

“30% of Americans consume 600mg or more per day.”


XANTHINEConsumed in beverages and foods

• Coffee beans• Tea plants• Kola nuts• Mate leaves• Guarana paste• Yoco bark

OTC Medication• NoDoz• Excedrin• Vivarin

• Herbal “natural products”

• Energy Drinks• Chocolate• Cocoa• Soft Drinks (Mountain

Dew, Pepsi, Coca-Cola, etc.)


PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF XANTHINECNS Effects

• 100-200 mg/day - Alertness, arousal, and reduces tiredness• 300+ mg/day – Insomnia, increased tension, anxiety, and muscle twitches• 500+ mg/day – panic sensations, chills, nausea, and clumsiness• Extreme doses/day – May result in seizures, respiratory failure, and even death

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Effects • 500+ mg leads to increased heart activity• Can help with asthma-related respiratory problems

Caffeine Intoxication• Caffeinism: frequent high does of caffeine

Caffeine Dependence• Not likely to be an issue. Individual may experience headaches when not consuming

caffeine, but it shouldn’t interfere with daily activity.


MDMA (ECSTASY)In late 1970s and early 1980s MDMA was used for psychotherapySchedule I DrugIllegally manufacturedCauses user to feel sensory enhancement, psychedelic effects, hallucinations, and extreme euphoriaOften used at raves, clubs, and bars

Video on what MDMA does to your brain

“MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly)” NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zI7LOhpLvLA

MDMA (ECSTASY) STREET SLANG NAMES

Molly E X XTC

Adam Hug Beans Clarity

Lover’s Speed Love Drug

Taking more than one pill at once is called

“Bumping”


MDMA (ECSTASY)Form

• Pill, tablet, or capsule• Varies in colors• Often have cartoon-like images on them

Takes 15 minutes to enter bloodstream and reach brainTakes 45 minutes to feel “high”Last for 3 to 6 hours


MDMA (ECSTASY) NEGATIVE EFFECTS

Anxiousness Sweating and chillsDizziness Muscle tensionNauseaBlurred VisionIncreased heart rate Increased blood pressureIntense clenching of the teeth

Sadness and depression• Can last for several days

to a week Memory difficulties

• Can become permanent

Dehydration that leads to hyperthermia

• Lead to heart and kidney problems

• Could lead to deathHigh levels in blood stream can lead to seizures


METHAMPHETAMINE“More than 12 Million Americans have abused methamphetamine and 1.5 million of these uses are

addicted to this potent stimulant.”

“In 2009 approximately 500,000 people were using this potent

stimulant monthly.”


METHAMPHETAMINE STREET SLANG NAMES

Meth Speed Chalk Tina

Ice Crystal Crank Glass

Fire Go fast

“Methamphetamine (Meth)." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.

METHAMPHETAMINE Chemically similar to amphetamines

Increase mood and happiness

Increase energy and alertness


METHAMPHETAMINEIs a synthetic drug • Made with over-the-counter, toxic ingredients• Drain cleaner, battery acid, antifreeze, and more

Illegally man-made in… • Small laboratories • “Superlabs” • Big illegal laboratories

that make large quantities of meth


METHAMPHETAMINEForms• Powder• Pill• Rock called crystal• Shiny, white or clear

Method of Administration• Snorted• Smoked• Oral Ingestion • Sometimes mixed with alcohol or marijuana


Consumption of Methamphetamine can lead to overdose and death.

STAY AWAY FROM METH!

COCAINE

Derived from the leaves of

the Erthroxlon coca plant

Then produced into coca

paste (80% cocaine)

Paste is processed at laboratories

to form powder

Before Cocaine is sold on the streets, it is often mixed with other substances like powdered sugar, arsenic, methamphetamine, etc.• Purity can be

from 10% to 85%

“Cocaine has been used as a stimulant for thousands of years.”

Schedule II Drug

"Cocaine." NIDA for Teens. National Institute on Drug Abuse, 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 12 Apr. 2014.

STREET SLANG FOR COCAINE

Blow Snow Flake C

Coke Toot White lady Nuggets

Tornado Rock(s) Fat Bags

Nose Candy


FORMS OF COCAINELittle Pellets also known as rocks

• Must be crushed before use

Flakes or Powder

Speedball: cocaine typically mixed with heroin and smoked


METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION

OrallyInhaled (snorted

)

Injected Smoked

Sometimes powder cocaine is rubbed

onto tissues such as gums.

Freebasing: conversion of

cocaine into its alkaline form for

smoking


PHARMACOLOGICALEFFECTS OF COCAINEEnhanced activity of dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and serotonin transmittersBlocks the reuptake and inactivation of these elements following their release from neuronsCNS Effects

• Creates increased strength, energy, and performance• Increases euphoria, self-confidence, well-being, and sociability

Cardiovascular System Effects• Increases the levels of adrenaline, increases heart rate, raises blood

pressure Local Anesthetic Effects

• Reduces bleeding• Topical numbing effects


EFFECTS OF COCAINEIncreased happiness and excitementTalk, move, and think quicklyAlertness, wakefulness, restlessnessHeart beats fasterNervousness and anxiety Mood swingsAggressivenessParanoiaTwitching and shaking of the bodyIncreased Blood Pressure

Could lead to heart attack or stroke

Suppressed appetitePossible weight loss


EFFECTS OF COCAINEIf Individuals inject cocaine with dirty/shared needles, they are at higher risk for HIV/AIDS and hepatitisRepeated snorting of cocaine can result in nosebleeds, constant runny nose, hoarseness, and sense of smell

• Cocaine user developed a hole in their nose over a period of time. Oral consumption may lead to bowel problems and reduce blood flow in the intestines Overdose

• DeathWhen the “high” wears off

• “Crash” feeling• Fatigue • Sadness• Cravings to do more cocaine• Feeling of sickness, stomach pain, headaches


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gZzc6yXXFbU

COCAINE ABSTINENCE PHASESPhase 1: “Crash”• 28-48 hours since last binge• Depression, anorexia, suicidal thoughts, fatigue, no

craving, insomnia, and exhaustion

Phase 2: Withdrawal• 1-10 weeks since last binge• Mood swings, sleep returns, some craving, little anxiety,

intense craving, and obsessed with drug seeking

Phase 3: Extinction• Indefinite since last binge• Normal pleasure, mood swings, cues trigger craving


CRACK COCAINE

Already processed cocaine and making it pure again is crack cocaine

• Could contain as much as 90% pure cocaineInexpensiveTypically smoked in a glass water pipe

• A rush or high happens within 8 to 10 seconds• The high can last about 3 to 5 minutes• “Crash” occurs for 10 to 40 minutes

• Extreme state of depression

Cocaine Hydrochloride Baking soda Water

Paste which dries into hard

rock pieces


WITHDRAWALS FROM CNS STIMULANTS

Hunger Anxiety Irritability Aggression

Radical mood swings

Depression Paranoia Extreme fatigue

Long but restless sleep

NightmaresSevere

distress and panic


CSN STIMULANTS AND PREGNANCY

Amphetamines – If a pregnant mother are taking prescription medicine, she should talk to her doctor about further taking medication.

Caffeine - Pregnant mothers should have less than 200 mg/day. Mothers who chose to drink caffeine are at higher risk of miscarriage and stillbirth. There can be slight reduction in weight of baby at birth.

MDMA (Ecstasy) - There has not been enough research in this area.

Methamphetamine – Low birth weight, Cleft palates, Premature birth, Mental and physical birth defects, Increased risk of miscarriage

Cocaine “Cocaine Babies” - Low birth weight, Premature birth, Small head, Increased irritability, Cognitive defects, Problems with motor skills and language development, Problems gathering info, short attention span. There is a high rate of mother’s abandoning their babies after birth.

Crack Cocaine “Crack Babies” – Similar defects to Cocaine Babies

Research done on CNS Stimulants and pregnancy is not fully understood and is not always clear because either there aren’t enough studies, or the current studies do not have well defined or properly matched pregnancy populations. Studies can also be contaminated there are poor nutrition, living conditions, and lifestyles, and other drug use such as alcohol was present during pregnancy. These symptoms are what may happen…

Chait, Jennifer. "What Are the Effects of Crystal Meth on Pregnancy?"LoveToKnow. Love To Know Corp., 24 Mar. 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Pappas, Stephanie. "Ecstasy in Pregnancy Is Bad for Baby, Study Finds."LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 08 Mar. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

"Caffeine during Pregnancy." BabyCenter. BabyCenter, L.L.C., Apr. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.


Daughtery, R., & O'Bryan, T. (2014). Prime for life. (8.0 ed.). Lexington, Kentucky, USA: Prevention Research Institute.


TREATMENT FOR DEPENDENCE ON CNS STIMULANTS

Inpatient and outpatient programs

AODA Counseling

Psychological counseling

Motivation

Goals

Recovery Story, 15 Reasons to Overcome Addiction

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wq_mzVQrk1k

IN THE APPROPRIATE BOX, WRITE DOWN THE PROS AND CONS BASED ON YOUR LOW RISK CHOICES TOWARDS CNS STIMULANTS. THEN WRITE DOWN THE PROS AND CONS OF CONTINUED HIGH RISK CHOICES.

Low Risk Choices High Risk Choices

PROS

CONS

In the video from the previous slide, Jessica listed 15 reasons to stay sober. What reasons can you think of? This chart will help you decide.

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CONCLUSIONIf you or someone you know has an addiction, take action today!

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CNS Stimulants

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