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Co-Optimization of Fuels and Engines (Co-Optima) – Simulation Toolkit Team
This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information
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June 9th, 2016
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Part I: Relevance, Collaborations and Approach
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Overview
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Simulation Toolkit Team Relevance
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Approach: Assemble a highly skilled team of DOE VTO researchers
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Approach: Leverage existing VTO software and expertise spanning the simulation space
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Approach: Build a shared community around computing and data to accelerate research
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Task approach and inter-team collaborations
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Fuel LowGHG
Engine
ASSERT
Fuel
LowGHG Fuel Engine
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Task G.1.1 - Fuel Blending Model for Simulation Inputs
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Task G.1.1 - Fuel Blending Model for Simulation Inputs
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Task G.1.2 - Support Small Volume Fuel Testing
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Task G.1.3 - Support Kinetic Mechanism Development
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Task G.2.1 - Extreme Mechanism Reduction for DISI
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p(λ|dx
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Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency (B2E) Application
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Tracked Milestones
TG+ $.A+ 'E-+981,+9 08:8G9
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Reviewer Responses
M:E+2*#%::#+B#*H?#O'E6:%J+(#S++:N'*#*?%Ek2#ZjI@#&?2?%&=H#'2#%#(?1#2*%&*"##SH?#B+::+1'()#%&?#&?2Q+(2?2#*+#2+E?#+B#:%2*#L?%&k2#DSA#Q&+X?=*2#*H%*#%&?#&?:?9%(*#*+#*H?#$+PAQJE%#Q&+)&%Ek2#)+%:2"#
I"! uM$/iI;v#d&4'$'*%$'*%*/#+B'$*,2*5$,0$%+3*%((*2#/-'-*./*!FG*14."4*",#(-*B'*B'H'$*./&'0$%&'-*./"(#-./0I*JKL!I*4.04*M-'(.&)*NG>I*",+5#&%8,/%(*35''-#5I*&,*+%;'*3#$'*&4%&*&4'*&'"4/,(,0.'3*-'<'(,5'-*B)*AOG*1,$;*&,0'&4'$*%/-*2''-*./&,*/''-'-*.+5$,<'+'/&3P*#SH?#O'E6:%J+(#S++:N'*#*?%E#1%2#0?2')(?0#B&+E#*H?#2*%&*#*+#)+#K?L+(0#*H?#*&%0'J+(%:#+&)%('>%J+(#+B#+6&#&?2?%&=H#Q&+)&%E2"##M::#+B#+6&#*%2N2#&?o6'&?#=:+2?#=+::%K+&%J+(#%=&+22#:%K+&%*+&'?2,#2'E6:%J+(#=%Q%K':'J?2,#%(0#*H?#+*H?&#$+PAQJE%#*?%E2"##S+#K?#26==?22B6:,#1?#H%9?#=&?%*?0#%#=+EE6('*L#+B#2H%&?0#=+EQ6J()#%(0#*&%=N?0#0%*%#&?Q+2'*+&'?2#H+2*?0#KL#F4/<"##SH?#*?%E#&?Q&?2?(*2#%::#*H?#M$/#2'E6:%J+(#?w+&*2#%(0#H%2#E%0?#2')('b=%(*#X+'(*#Q&+)&?22#'(#*H?#b&2*#2'a#E+(*H2#+B#$+PAQJE%"#Z6&*H?&,#S%2N#5"-#UW:?(02*+=NP*+P/c='?(=L#MQQ:'=%J+(V#'2#0?2')(?0#*+#'(*?)&%*?#%::#*H?#DSA#%(0#U?9?(*6%:V#Y('9?&2'*L#Q%&*(?&2#'(#%#=+EE+(#B&%E?1+&N"##SH'2#1'::#Q&+9'0?#*H?#$+PAQJE%#Q&+)&%E#*H?#B+::+1'()T#*&?E?(0+62#JE?#2%9'()2#'(#H6E%(#%(0#$CY#=+2*2_#E+&?#&')+&+62#=+EQ%&'2+(#+B#%QQ&+%=H?2_#%(0##
;"! uM$/ix7v#dQ4'*5,$R,(.,*,2*1,$;*34,#(-*B'*%-S#3&'-*3,*+,$'*0%3,(./'*35$%)3*%/-*",+B#38,/*%$'*B'./0*+,-'('-*.2*,/'*4,5'3*&,*.+5%"&*5'&$,('#+*",/3#+58,/*,2*&4'*NA*T''&=P*#SH?#O'E6:%J+(#S++:N'*#*?%E#2?:?=*?0#*H?#M09%(=?0#O]#?()'(?#?aQ?&'E?(*2#1'*H#)%2+:'(?#%(0#K'+P0?&'9?0#K:?(02*+=N2#B+&#S%2N#5"-#UW:?(02*+=NP*+P/c='?(=L#MQQ:'=%J+(V"##SH'2#=%2?#1%2#0?:'K?&%*?:L#=H+2?(#*+#?aQ%(0#%(0#9%:'0%*?#+6'E6:%J+(2#62'()#%#=H%::?()'(),#K6*#9?&L#&?:?9%(*#(?%&P*?&E#%QQ:'=%J+("#A6&#&?2?%&=H#Q:%(#&?m?=*2#%#:%&)?#'(=&?%2?#'(#*H?#DSA#Q+&y+:'+#*+#'(=:60?#)%2+:'(?#2Q&%L#=+EK62J+(#E+0?:'()"#
-" #uZSi;@v#dU."$,DVKQ*.3*%/*.+5,$&%/&*B$'%;&4$,#04*&,*'75'$.+'/&%(*2#'(*<,(#+'3W",3&=P*#SH?#$+PAQJE%#Q&+)&%E#&?=+)('>?2#*H?#?(+&E+62#Q+*?(J%:#*+#%==?:?&%*?#(?1#B6?:2#&?2?%&=H#KL#0?9?:+Q'()#2E%::#9+:6E?,#H')H#*H&+6)HQ6*#N'(?J=#E?%26&?E?(*2"##O'E6:%J+(#'2#?22?(J%:#*+#'(=&?%2?#*H?#2?(2'J9'*L#%(0#%==6&%=L#+B#(?1#0?9'=?2#:'N?#E'=&+PZ]S#%(0#*+#?a*&%=*#N'(?J=#0%*%#B&+E#*H?#]qS#%(0#4$R"##O'E6:%J+(#S++:N'*#*%2N2#5"I";#%(0#5"I"-#0'&?=*:L#26QQ+&*2#*H?2?#?w+&*2"#
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Part II: Accomplishments & Future Work
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S%2N#5"I";##l##O'E6:%J+(#26QQ+&*#B+E%::#9+:6E?#B6?:#*?2*?&2#
S%2N#5"I"-##l##O'E6:%J+(#26QQ+&*#B+&#E?=H%('2E#0?9?:+QE?(*#%(0#=%(+('=%:#B6?:#?aQ?&'E?(*2#
$:9Q"^(3("O;P:,)+;"M,FE,+"0E2G-:S1,9"S%2N#5";"I##l##/a*&?E?#E?=H%('2E#&?06=J+(2#B+&#%09%(=?0#
2Q%&N#')('J+(#?()'(?2#U!]O]V#
$:9Q"^(4("L-+,;981)Q_81_MU)E+,)."`L3Ma"OAA-E):S1,"$&?%*?#%(0#9%:'0%*?#%#=+EQ&?H?(2'9?#1+&Nm+1#*+#2'E6:%*?#*H?#'EQ%=*#+B#%#(?1#B6?:#=+EQ+2'J+(#+(#?()'(?#Q?&B+&E%(=?#
Fuel LowGHG
Engine Fuel
ASSERTLowGHG Fuel Engine
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$&?%*?0#%(#%6*+E%*?0#B6?:#26&&+)%*?#+QJE'>?&#*+#Q&+06=?#E+&?#&?%:'2J=#=H?E'2*&L#E+0?:2#B+&#(?1#K:?(02*+=N2#
4?%0L#B+'E6:%J+(#
Z6?:#2Q?=2#B&+E##$+PAQJE%#S?%E2##
Fuel LowGHG
M.]#
O?(2'J9'*L#
!'2J::%J+(#$6&9?#
`p$#&%J+#C]AFM#
Accomplishment: Task G.1.1 - Blending Model for Simulation Surrogate Optimizer
3%"
SH?#26&&+)%*?#+QJE'>?&#+w?&2#%#:%&)?#JE?#2%9'()2#+9?&#*H?#dH%(0P*6(?0e#%QQ&+%=H#Q&?9'+62:L#62?0#KL#*H?#Z6?:#C&+Q?&J?2#*?%E"#
•! /c='?(*:L#=+EQ6*?2#:%&)?#E?=H%('2E2#Uz;iii#2Q?='?2V#
•! /%=H#=%:=6:%J+(#IiPI7a#B%2*?&#*H%(#=+EE?&='%:#2+:9?&2#
•! M9%':%K:?#(+1#+(#Q?&?)&'(?#B+&#%::#####$+PAQJE%#*?%E2#
•! S%&)?*2#=%Q*6&?0#E+&?#%==6&%*?:L#*H%(#H%(0P*6(?0#E?*H+02#
#G8G6+"f16Q<"•! M00#4$R#?aQ?&'E?(*%:#0%*%#
•! M00#0'2*&'K6J+(#+B#=%&K+(#K+(0#*LQ?2#•! YQ0%*?#M.]pO?(2'J9'*L#=+&&?:%J+(2#1'*H#
9'&*6%:#4AF#[#RAF#*?2*2#
Accomplishment: Task G.1.1 - Blending Model for Simulation Surrogate Optimizer
3!"
•! i!#')('J+(#0?:%L#U1'*H#$%(*?&%V#=%:=6:%J+(2#Q?&B+&E?0#B+�'w?&?(*#C4Z2#%(0#/-i#=+EQ+2'J+(2#
•! O?(2'J9'*L#+B#')('J+(#0?:%L#JE?#*+#=+EQ+2'J+(#B+&#C4Z#%(0#/-i#K:?(02#
•! SH'2#B+&E2#Q%&*#+B#*H?#+9?&%::#&?:%J+(#K?*1??(#Q?&B+&E%(=?#%(0#K:?(0#=+EQ+2'J+(#
•! Z+&#/-i#=H%()?2#'(#'2+P+=*%(?#B&%=J+(#H%9?#E6=H#E+&?#'EQ%=*##–! $+6:0#'EQ%=*#0+E'(%(*#
*?&E#∂IMEP
∂f=
∂IMEP
∂RON︸ ︷︷ ︸CFD
Virt.CFR︷ ︸︸ ︷dRON
dτ
dτ
df︸︷︷︸0D
+∂IMEP
∂ . . .
Accomplishment: Task G.1.1 - Blending Model for Simulation Sensitivity of ignition delay time to fuel composition
dτ
df︸ ︸+
33"
•! O?(2'J9'*L#2*60L#*+#=H%()'()#C4Z#=+EQ+2'J+(#U{AFV#–! !?*%':?0#E?=H%('2E#
U<<F<#26QQ:'?0V#
–! I#%*E,#xiiPtiiN,#=+(2*%(*#C#&?%=*+&#
–! D%&'?*L#+B#JE?2#6Q#*+#i"IE2##
–! OQ?='?2#2+&*?0#KL#2?(2'J9'*L#*+#AF#K%2?0#+(#C4Z#=+EQ+2'J+(#
•! `')H?2*#2?(2'J9'*L#%*#:+1?&#*?EQ?&%*6&?2#B+%E?#JE?#U?%&:'?&#'(#')('J+(#Q&+=?22V#
X''-3*&,*B'*$'5'%&'-*1.&4*+,$'*",+5(."%&'-*2#'(3I*./*",/S#/"8,/*1.&4*<.$&#%(*FV?*+,-'(3*&,*+%5*;./'8"3W
",+5,3.8,/*&,*5$,5'$8'3*
Accomplishment: Task G.1.1 - Blending Model for Simulation Identification of flow reactor targets to improve accuracy
34"
Accomplishment: Task G.1.1 - Blending Model for Simulation Blending model for biofuel thermophysical properties
A'&%.('-*&$'%&+'/&*,2*&4'$+,-)/%+."3*%/-*&$%/35,$&*5$,5'$8'3*2,$*+#(8",+5,/'/&*2#'(3T#
•! 4?%:Pm6'0#E'a*6&?#Q&+Q?&J?2#+K*%'(?0#62'()#/a*?(0?0#$+&&?2Q+(0'()#O*%*?2#E+0?:#
•! R6:J=+EQ+(?(*#B+&E6:%J+(#62'()#=6K'=#UC4pO4.V#+&#WG4#?o6%J+(2#+B#2*%*?#
•! 5?(?&%:'>?0#*+#*&?%*#1'0?#&%()?#+B#K'+B6?:#K:?(02*+=N2#UZ6?:pAa'0'>?&pC&+06=*2V#
/-i#
$&'J=%:#C+'(*T#C=#n#3I"7#K%&#S=#n#7;\#.#
C&+9'0?2#S%K6:%*?0#](Q6*#B+&#C&+X?=*#$+0?2#U?")",#$AFD/45/VT#•! S?EQ?&%*6&?#•! D'2=+2'*L#•! O6&B%=?#S?(2'+(#•! /(*H%:QL#+B#D%Q+&'>%J+(#•! D%Q+&#C&?226&?#•! SH?&E%:#$+(06=J9'*L#•! !?(2'*L#•! OQ?='b=#`?%*#
?")",#D%&'%J+(#'(#:'o6'0P)%2#0?(2'*L#%(0#9'2=+2'*L#B+&#/-i#%2#B6(=J+(#+B#Q&?226&?#%(0#*?EQ?&%*6&?#2H+1(#+(#&')H*#
3&"
$&?%*?0#%#0?*%':?0#*H?&E%:#E+0?:#*+#o6%(JBL#*H?#*?EQ?&%*6&?#0'w?&?(=?#K?*1??(#*H?#*H?&E+=+6Q:?#%(0#*H?#1%::#=+(0'J+(2#
Accomplishment: Task G.1.2 - Small Volume Fuel Testers Thermal model for µµFIT improves measurement accuracy
ignition extinction
SH?#E'=&+P:'*?&#Z6?:#])('J+(#S?2*?&#UµZ]SV#62?2#%(#6(2*?%0L#m%E?#'(#%#EEP2=%:?#=H%((?:#*+#E?%26&?#B6?:#=H?E'2*&L#?w?=*2#
µZ]S#Q&+*+*LQ?#+Q?&%J()#%*#<OY#KL#O=H+?):#6(0?&#*H?#$+PAQJE%#Z6?:#C&+Q?&J?2#*?%E#UQ&+Q%(?#2H+1(V#
!?*%':?0#E+0?:'()#6(=+9?&?0T#
•! *H?&E+=+6Q:?#H+:0?&#%w?=*2#*H?#E?%26&?0#*?EQ?&%*6&?#'(#*H?#*6K?#
•! *H?&E+=+6Q:?#*&%(2:%J+(#2Q??0#+&')'(%::L#*++#B%2*#
•! z-i.#E?%26&?E?(*#?&&+&#=+&&?=*?0#'(#:?22#*H%(#%#1??N#
mm from burner
TC [K]
cold to hothot to cold
3R"
M==6&%*?#1%::#*?EQ?&%*6&?#E?%26&?E?(*2#%&?#=&'J=%:#*+#?(%K:?#*H?#?a*&%=J+(#+B#N'(?J=#'(B+&E%J+(#µZ]S#B&+E#62'()#2'E6:%J+(#
Future Work: Task G.1.2 - Small Volume Fuel Testers Use simulations to extend µµFIT applicability
G%::#*?EQ?&%*6&?#E?%26&?E?(*#'(#%=J+(#
Z6*6&?#G+&NT#
•! o6%(JBL#*H?#E+0?:#2?(2'J9'*L#%(0#6(=?&*%'(*L#&?2+:9'()#*H?#1%::#*?EQ?&%*6&?#Q&+b:?#
•! &?0?2')(#U1'*H#<OYV#*H?#?a*?&(%:#H?%J()#Q&+b:?#*+#'(=&?%2?#*H?#E?%26&?E?(*#2?(2'J9'*L#B+&#:+1#*?EQ?&%*6&?#H?%*#&?:?%2?#
•! 0?*?&E'(?#*H?#m+1#%(0#H?%J()#=+(0'J+(2#(??0?0#*+#+Q?&%*?#µZ]S#%*#Q&?226&?2#)&?%*?&#*H%(#-i#K%&#
thermocouple bead
translation stage
$`^#b:*?&#
3>"
^#$6&&?(*#$Z4#?()'(?#26&B%=?#E?2H#Q&+9'0?0#KL#!&"#W?(#####G+:N#UOF<V#%(0#C&+B"#8"j"#$H?(#UY$WV#^#$Z4#?()'(?#0%*%#Q&+9'0?0#KL#!&"#D'#4%QQ#%*#<WF<#
•! W+&?#n#\";@7#=E,#2*&+N?#n#II"3-#=E,#=+((?=J()#&+0#n#;7"3#=E,#21?Q*#9+:6E?#n#@I-";7#==,#$4#n#x#
•! S]D$# # n# 73"7i# $,# C]D$# # n# I"I37# K%&,# =L:'(0?&# X%=N?*#*?EQ?&%*6&?#n#\Ii#$,#?()'(?#2Q??0#n#tii#4CR#
•! -!#$:+2?0#=L=:?#4MFO#E+*+&'()#2'E6:%J+(2#B&+E#]D$#*+#/DA#%&?#Q?&B+&E?0#%(0#2H+1(#*+#E%*=H#1?::#1'*H#?aQ?&'E?(*2#
Base grid size = 2 mm Min. grid size = 0.5 mm
Accomplishment: Task G.1.2 - Small Volume Fuel Testers Virtual CFR Engine* based on CFD to estimate RON and MON
#G8G6+"f16Q"•! Z6::#=L=:?#4MFO#%(0#</O#+B#$Z4#?()'(?#'(=+&Q+&%J()#
)%2#?a=H%()?#Q&+=?22?2,#%*#b&?0#=+(0'J+(2#•! .(+=N# =%Q*6&'()# 1'*H# $AFD/45/# 62'()# %0%QJ9?#
E?2H#&?b(?E?(*#•! JE68G:-" ZK*W'K*" 9E2G-:S1," 8+989" H16" F:91-E,+_
+8N:,1-" X-+,;9/" P:-E;:S1," :F:E,98" +DA+6E2+,8:-";:8:"H612"C#Z"+,FE,+9":,;";+P+-1A2+,8"1H",1P+-"8N+16+S):-" )166+-:S1,9" 81" 6:AE;-." ;+8+62E,+"1)8:,+",G2X+69""
•! F?1# $Z4# ?()'(?# %*# MF<# *+# Q&+9'0?# ?aQ?&'E?(*%:#0%*%#'(#B6*6&?###
3["
AKX?=J9?#'2#*+#2*60L#:XE-E8."1H"9G661F:8+"2+)N:,E92"81"):A8G6+"9+,9ESPE8."81"9G661F:8+"HG+-")12A19ES1,9"'(#%#E6:JPQHL2'=2#?(9'&+(E?(*#
Future Work: Task G.1.2 - Small Volume Fuel Testers Ignition Quality Tester experiments and simulations
"
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–! ]2+P+=*%(?#K%2?:'(?#?2*%K:'2H?0,#K'(%&L#%(0#&?B?&?(=?#K:?(02#K?'()#2'E6:%*?0#(+1#
–! A(:'(?#E?=H%('2E#&?06=J+(#U!45V#'(=:60?0#*+#?2*%K:'2H#%QQ&+Q&'%*?#:?9?:#+B#&?06=J+(#'(#E?=H%('2E#B+&#=%Q*6&'()#&?%:'2J=#')('J+(#Q&+=?22#
Z6*6&?#G+&NT#
–! $%Q*6&'()#2?(2'J9'J?2#*+#N'(?J=2#0?Q?(0?(*#Q&+Q?&J?2#&?o6'&?2#2'E6:%J+(2#*H%*#=%(#Q&+Q%)%*?#N'(?J=2#2?(2'J9'*L#*H&+6)H#$Z!#=%:=6:%J+(,#'(=:60'()#*6&K6:?(=?Pm%E?#'(*?&%=J+(#
3]"
!?9?:+Q?0#(?1#*++:2#B+&#H')H#*H&+6)HQ6*#E+0?:'()#+B#*H?#=+(2*%(*#Q&?226&?#m+1#&?%=*+&#?aQ?&'E?(*2#UF4/<V#[#4$R#?aQ?&'E?(*2#UMF<V#
Accomplishment: Task G.1.3 - Kinetic Mechanism Support Created two new Zero-RK tools to analyze experiments
•! O'EQ:?#g?&+P4.#'(*?&B%=?#=&?%*?0#+(#Q?&?)&'(?#*+#=+6Q:?#1'*H#?a'2J()#F4/<#QL*H+(#*++:2#
•! z;iia#2Q??06Q#+9?&#$%(*?&%#B+&#*H?#*%&)?*#SH&62*#I#E?=H%('2E#
•! W%*=H#Q&+=?22'()#+B#4$R#2'E6:%J+(2##H%2#H')H#*H&+6)HQ6*#B+&#%6*+E%*?0#+QJE'>%J+(#+B#(?1#B6?:#26&&+)%*?2#
•! F?1#g?&+P4.#*++:#%9+'02#:%&)?#H6E%(#2?*6Q#=+2*#U%(0#?&&+&2V#
3?"
](=&?%2?#*H?#%==6&%=L#+B#*H?#H')HP*H&+6)HQ6*,#=H?E'=%:#N'(?J=2#*++:2#*+#*?2*#*H?#$+PAQJE%#=?(*&%:#B6?:#HLQ+*H?2'2,#%(0#&%Q'0:L#?9%:6%*?#*H?#2?(2'J9'*L#+B#*H?#E?&'*#B6(=J+(#=+?c='?(*2"#
Future Work: Task G.1.3 - Kinetic Mechanism Support Create Zero-RK multizone models of experiments
•! !?9?:+Q#%#E6:J>+(?#E+0?:#B+	'&*6%:#4AF#%(0#RAF#?aQ?&'E?(*2#
•! S?2*#9'&*6%:#4AF#%(0#RAF#E+0?:2#'(#*H?#26&&+)%*?#+QJE'>%J+(#:++Q#
•! M==?:?&%*?#*H?#4$R#E+0?:#+B#5+:02K+&+6)H#U$FZ#;iI;V#*+#=%Q*6&?#=&?9'=?#?w?=*2#1'*H#g?&+P4.#
q6%2'P!'E?(2'+(%:#R6:J>+(?#
4%"
Accomplishment: Task G.1.3 - Kinetic Mechanism Development Thrust 1 mechanism reduction
Z:,F+"1H"1A+6:S1,<"!! C&?226&?T#IPIii#%*E#!! /o6'9%:?(=?#&%J+T#i"7P;"i#!! ]('J%:#*?EQ?&%*6&?T#xii#l#I\ii#.#
g"!]"S2+9"6+;G)S1,"
T+8:E-+;"'+)N:,E92"`H612"dd*da"I-t\#2Q?='?2,#7t@-#&?%=J+(2#
"0Q+-+8:-"'+)N:,E92""g3%%"9A+)E+9/"g!%%%"6+:)S1,9"
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1.5
k2 = 3.98× 1014 exp(−40/RT )[CO]1[H2O]0.5[O2]0.25
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Accomplishment: Task G.2.1 - Extreme Mechanism Reduction Optimized reduced mechanisms with <5 species
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Accomplishment: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application High-fidelity DISI engine geometry creation
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Accomplishment: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application DISI Engine Simulations
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Accomplishment: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application Effect of Fuel properties on engine performance (setup)
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variable description baselin
e min max
T(f,crit) fuel critical temperature
540 k 530 k
550 k
Density fuel density 1.00 0.95 1.05
HOV fuel heat of vaporization
1.0 0.9 1.1
VP fuel vapor pressure 1.0 0.9 1.1
Viscosity fuel viscosity 1.0 0.7 1.3
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Accomplishment: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application Effect of Fuel properties on engine performance
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Future Work: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application Effect of Fuel properties on DISI engine performance
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Future Work: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application Linking engine simulations to efficiency
ASSERT
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Future Work: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application Single cylinder engine modeling with KIVA-hpFE
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Future Work: Task G.3 - Blendstock-to-Efficiency Application Multi-cylinder engine performance modeling
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Future Work: New FY17 Task Create tool to search for optimized scenarios w/Co-Optima data
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Summary of FY16 Accomplishments
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Technical Backup Slides
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Approach/Strategy: Six Integrated Teams
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Task G.2.1 – Details on extreme mechanism reduction
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p(λ|dx
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x
)Posterior
Likelihood Prior
Evidence
![Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines - Energy.gov...are relevant to the Co-Optima program’s goals. 1. [ACE012] “there are a number of programs all funded in ACE which could be better](https://static.documents.pub/doc/80x56/602e898bf421ed66b31ab115/co-optimization-of-fuels-engines-are-relevant-to-the-co-optima-programas.jpg)