CO2 – ECBM: Insights from USA and International CBM Pilots

Scott H. StevensAdvanced Resources International, Inc. (ARI)

CoalSeq ConferenceHouston, Texas

March 14, 2002

Sstevens@adv-res.com

“Coal-Seq” R&D Objectives

• Evaluate San Juan Basin Field Demonstrations of CO2/N2 Injection into Deep Coal Seams

• Develop Understanding of CO2 Sequestration (and ECBM) Reservoir Mechanics

• Develop Screening Model to Evaluate Potential Coal Seam Sequestration (and ECBM) Projects

• Assess Potential USA Coal Seam Sequestration

• Disseminate Results to Industry

The Message

• The experience of commercial CBM pilots is quite relevant to scientific ECBM pilots

• The CBM industry is highly successful in macro. But individual pilots in new areas are usually challenging for technicians and management

• Need more wells, time, $ to get broadly applicable answers from pilots than initially thought

Outline

1. Background

2. Geologic/Reservoir Screening

3. Insights from CBM Pilot Testing

4. ECBM Potential: USA

Acknowledgments

• U.S. Department of Energy, Federal Energy Technology Center

• International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas R&D Programme

Funding

Industry Data Providers

• Burlington Resources• ChevronTexaco• Metanel

1. Background:

• CO2-EOR

• CBM Industry

Permian Basin CO2 – EOR Projects#

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Coalbed Methane Has Become a Major Component (7.2%) of U.S. Gas Production

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ECBM Pilot ECBM Study

2. Geologic and

Reservoir Screening Criteria

- CBM E&P Experience

- Waterfloods & EOR Projects

Production vs. Reservoir/CompletionUnpredictability of CBM Production Requires Large Well Count, Patience

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Geologic and ReservoirScreening Criteria for ECBM

3. Insights from CBM Pilots

- Uinta

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Kans as Cit y

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Grand Rapids

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Independence

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Winston-S alem

Oklahoma Cit y

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Salt Lake City

St. Pete rsburg

Cor pus ChristiFo rt Lauderdal e

Col orado Springs

Lex ing ton-Fayette

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Miami

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Hollywood

Kans as Cit y

Berna rdino

Sterling Heights

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Hun ti ngton Cha rl eston

High P oint

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Greenv i ll e

Pine Bluf f

Wi lm ington

Tusc al oosa

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Ch arl eston

Las C r uces

San Angel o

Cape C or al Boca R at on

Carol C ity

Great F alls

Co on R api ds

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Ir on dequoi t

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Port Ar t hur

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Midw e st C it y

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Bossi er Ci ty

Lake C har les

Brookl yn Par k

N iagar a F al ls

Silv er S pri ng

Sunri se ManorSpri ng Val le y

Sandy Spr ings

Wi ch ita Fall s

South Augusta

Grand P r air ie

Daytona Beach

Cora l Spr ing s

Pompano B each

Cou ncil Bl uf f s

Port S t . Lucie

Pembr oke P i nes

Roche ster Hi ll s

Coll ege St ati on

West Pal m B each

St. Cl air S h or es

West Val ley C it y

Whea t on-G le nmont

Nort h C harl est o n

Arl ingt on H ei ghts

N ort h Li tt le Rock

Tayl orsv i lle- Ben ni on

Troy

Sk oki e

Cic er o

Ponti ac

Red for d

Whe at on

West land

Oak Par k

O ak Lawn

Royal O akRo sevill eSo uthf ield

Sch aumbur g

Nape rvi lle

Clea r water

Plant atio n

Des Pl aines

We st mi nst er

Mount P r ospect

Farmin gt on Hi lls

De arbor n H eight s

Town ' n' C ou ntr y

C leveland Hei gh ts

West B l oomf ie ld Towns hi p

200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 Miles

25°

25° 25°

25°

30° 30°

35° 35°

40° 40°

45° 45°

50° 50°120° 115°

110°

110°

105°

105°

100°

100°

95°

95°

90°

90°

85°

85°

80°

80° 75°

Uscoa l_p.shpAnthracite

Ligni te

Low Voli tile BituminousMedium and High Voliti le BituminousSub-Bi tuminous

Depth to ferron coa l.shp1000-20002000-30003000-40004000-50005000-60006000-70007000-80008000-9000

Y ci ties > 1,000,000

S 500,000-1,000,000

S 100 ,000-500,000

# 50,000-100,000# <50000

USA Coal Basins Colored by Rank – ECBM PotentialHIGHESTPotential SJB Type

MODERATEPotential

Warrior Type

LOW Potential

Ferron Coal Thickness

• Ferron coals extend in narrow 10-mi wide band along 80-mi long trend.

• Mostly 10-30 ft thick, comprising 5-7 seams.

• Small pods reach >60-ft thick in far south, where mining occurs.

• CBM development so far concentrated in north.

Ferron Coal Depth

• Most CBM completions range from 1,500-2,500 ft deep.

• Deep wells in N (4,000 ft) performed poorly

• Depth increases rapidly to the west, due to rapidly rising topography plus shallow dip.

Uinta Basin CBMPhillips/Texaco

Drunkards Wash Project

• The premier CBM field in the Uinta basin. Currently produces 211 MMcfd from 346 wells (610 Mcfd/w avg).

• Completed depth averages 1,800 ft.

• No relationship between depth and gas productivity

• Fault-flexuring may be enhancing production.

• Completed coal thickness averages 25 feet, fairly thin compared with other CBM basins.

• No relationship between coal thickness and gas productivity.

• Thickest areas have low gas productivity/foot coal (thin seams may be more fractured/cleated).

Sep 87: Texaco drills two CBM test wells (Telonis 20-172 and USA 34-211), production tested for 15 months but slow dewatering

Feb 91: River Gas drills corehole for gas content

Jun 91: One-well production pilot

Jul 92: Expanded to 3-well production pilot

Late 92: Expanded to 13-well pilot

Apr 93: Decision point: initial success

Jul 93: Expanded to 31 wells

Jun 94: 70 wells

Aug 94: Decision point: success assured

Oct 2000: Phillips buys River Gas

Uinta Basin – Drunkards WashPhillips/River Gas/Texaco/Dominion Resources

Development History

Uinta Basin – Drunkards Wash

CBM Testing Requires Patience and Long-Term Testing (1-2 yrs)

• A “critical mass” of 10-20 wells needed to dewater and depressure a large area.

• Initial 3 wells (blue triangles, top map) produce poorly but improve over time (red triangles, bottom).

• High variability in well productivity can’t be explained by geology.

Poor Fair Good Excellent

Pre-Drilling Data Control

• Stratigraphic Control X

• Gas Content Control X

• Permeability Data X

Pre-Drilling Infrastructure

• Services X

• Gas Pipeline X

Uinta Basin – Drunkards Wash

Cumulative Costs

Cu

mu

lati

ve C

ost

s ($

1,00

0)

Jan-

91

Nov

-91

Sep

-92

Jun-

93

Apr

-94

Time and $ Required to Demonstrate CBM Reserves

• Excellent ECBM potential given coal continuity and stratigraphicconcentration, moderately high permeability, moderately high high gas content, high gas saturation.

• ECBM Potential:

- 5 Tcf technically recoverable CBM (ARI)

- 50% enhancement factor

- 2.5 Tcf ECBM potential

• Sequestration Potential:

- 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio

- 7.5 Tcf CO2 sequestration potential

- 400 million t CO2

Uinta Basin (Ferron Only)

Structure (ft above sea level)2000 - 25002500 - 30003000 - 35003500 - 40004000 - 45004500 - 5000

5000 - 55005500 - 60006000 - 65006500 - 70007000 - 75007500 - 8000

# Data point

River

AnticlineSyncline

LEGEND

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Las Animas

Colfax

Huerfano

10 0 10 20 Miles

N

EW

S

36°40' 36°40'

37°00' 37°00'

37°20' 37°20'

37°40' 37°40'

105°00'

105°00'

104°40'

104°40'

104°20'

104°20'

Scale1:750,000

CONM

• ARI’s Topical Report for GRI in 1991 provided the first rigorous geologic assessment.

• Simple, asymmetric syncline with gentler east flank.

• Thrusted western margin with splays/folds into basin.

• Subtle flexures thought to enhance fracturing and perm.

Raton Basin Structural Geology

Raton Basin Cross Section

Source: Stevens et al., 1991

Vertical exaggeration = 10.4 x

Best CBM production on gentle E flank, across the syncline from H20 recharge in W.

Ce n

oz o

icM

eso

zoic

Eocene

Paleocene

Cretaceous

Huerfano FM

Cuchara FM

Raton FM

Vermejo FM

Trinidad SS

Pierre SH

Smokey Hill MarlFt Hayes LMS

Nio

brar

aBe

nton Carlile SH

Greenhorn LMSGraneros SH

Dakota SSPurgatoire FM

Raton Basin

Stratigraphy - Targets

• Vermejo Fm coals are thicker, vertically more concentrated, and the principal target.

• Raton Fm coals are thinner and less continuous. Some wells completed in Raton but less productive.

Coal rank (v.r.)1.51.41.31.21.1

1.00.90.80.70.6

# Data pointRiver

LEGEND

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Las Animas

Colfax

Huerfano

36°40' 36°40'

37°00' 37°00'

37°20' 37°20'

37°40' 37°40'

105°00'

105°00'

104°40'

104°40'

104°20'

104°20'

Scale1:750,000

10 0 10 20 Miles

N

EW

S

CONM

• Rank generally concordant with depth, increasing towards basin center.

• Anomalously high rank in center along Purgatoire R. (Ro=1.5%)

• Evergreen area highest rank (Ro=1.3%, followed by Barrett.

• El Paso area is lowest rank (Ro=0.8%). Might be hurting gas content and EUR.

Raton BasinCoal Rank

Current CBM Activity (2001)

Operator Wells CBM Production(MMcfd)

Evergreen 491 75El Paso/Devon 178 17Barrett 13 4Shenandoah 50 2JM Huber 15 0.1

Total 747 98

Raton Basin Evergreen Resources

Spanish Peak Unit

• Quite shallow depths (800 to 1,600 ft)

• But lower reservoir P means less reserves/well (1.4 vs 2.5 for Uinta)

• No depth control on gas productivity

• East flank of basin (previous attempts mostly W)

• Vermejo Fm only is usually completed.

• Overlying Raton Fm usually not completed

• Quite thin completed coal, only 10-20 ft

• Gas productivity more linked to thickness than Uinta

• Requires 2 to 3 fracs per well

• Good ECBM potential, although perhaps less than Uinta Basin. Coals are thinner, less continuous but higher rank. Developments to date are shallower, with lower per-well gas recovery but similar costs.

• ECBM Potential:

- 3 Tcf technically recoverable CBM (ARI)

- 50% enhancement factor

- 1.5 Tcf ECBM potential

• Sequestration Potential:

- 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio

- 4.5 Tcf CO2 sequestration potential

- 240 million t CO2

Raton Basin

Powder River Basin

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:

Johnson

Sheridan

Campbell

10 0 10 20 Miles

N

EW

S

WyomingMontana

Western Extent of Powder River Basin

' Producing Gas

: Loc ation/OtherHuber JM Corporation

' Producing Gas

: Loc ation/OtherPenna co Ene rgy Inc .

: Loc ation/Other

' Producing Gas

Phillips Petrole um Co./Yates Petroleum Co.

' Producing Gas

: Loc ation/OtherBarrett R esourc es Co.

' Producing Gas

: Loc ation/OtherDevon Energy Produc tion C o.

Redstone R esourc es Inc .

' Producing Gas

: Loc ation/OtherCMS Oil & Gas Com pany

' Producing Gas

: Loc ation/OtherLanc e Oil & Gas Company

' Producing Gas

: Loc ation/OtherOther Wells

Loc ation/Other:Producing Gas'

KEY

PipelinesExistingFutureNew

43°30'43°30'

44°00'44°00'

44°30'44°30'

45°00'45°00'

107°00'

107°00'

106°30'

106°30'

106°00'

106°00'

105°30'

105°30'

• Most active gas play in USA, >400 MMcfd from 3,000 wells.• Thick, low-rank coals, low gas content. CO2 sorption untested.• Exceptionally high permeability could counter CO2 swelling• Major coal mining operations along basin margins• Good potential for ECBM: could CO2 solve H20 production issues?

• Good ECBM potential? Coals are shallower with lower gas content, but exceptionally thick and continuous. High perm should counter coal swelling effects.

• ECBM Potential:

- 10 Tcf technically recoverable CBM (ARI)

- 50% enhancement factor

- 5 Tcf ECBM potential

• Sequestration Potential:

- 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio

- 15 Tcf CO2 sequestration potential

- 800 million t CO2

Powder River Basin

Tech Rec ECBM ECBMCBM Factor Potential

Basin (Tcf) (Tcf CH4) (Gt CO2)1 San Juan 34.9 50% 17.4 2.82 Uinta 9.0 50% 4.5 0.73 Raton 7.3 50% 3.6 0.64 Powder River 20.0 50% 10.0 1.65 Warrior 5.8 50% 2.9 0.56 N. & C. Appalachian 12.5 50% 6.2 1.07 Mid-Continent 3.8 50% 1.9 0.38 GGRB 11.0 25% 2.8 0.49 Illinois 5.0 25% 1.3 0.2

10 W. Washington State 1.0 25% 0.3 0.011 Piceance 8.5 25% 2.1 0.312 Texas Lignite 5.0 25% 1.3 0.213 Black Mesa 3.0 25% 0.8 0.1

Total 126.6 54.9 8.8

USA Potential• 127 Tcf of economically recoverable CBM resources, out of >700 Tcf GIP• Assume 50% enhancement over pressure depletion recovery• 3:1 CO2/CH4 ratio• ECBM could sequester 165 Tcf or 8.8 Gt of CO2

• Equiv to 13 years of current USA emissions from power generation• CO2 sequestration potential (no ECBM) estim. 656 Tcf or 35 Gt (EIA study)

Conclusions

• Pilot tests need to be large enough and long enough duration to address “randomness” of CBM reservoir and performance (9 to 30 wells; 12-48 months)

• USA: Uinta, Raton, and Powder River Basins look favorable but await pilots. Appalachia, Illinois, other basins closer to anthro CO2 sources but may be more challenging (low-mod perm, gas saturation issues)

• USA ECBM has potential could be 55 Tcf, with 9 Gt of CO2 sequestration potential. >35 Gt capacity available if CO2 injected for disposal rather than ECBM.