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Fossil Fuels

Coal Industry

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Formation of Coal

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Formation of Coal

The formation of coal begins in a waterloggedenvironment (swamps and bogs) where plant

debris accumulated.

In such an environment, the accumulation of plant

debris exceeds the rate of bacterial decay of the

debris.

The bacterial decay rate is reduced because the

available oxygen in organic-rich water iscompletely used up by the decaying process.

Anaerobic (without oxygen) decay is much slower

than aerobic decay.

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Formation of Coal

The stages of this trend proceed from plantdebris through peat, lignite, sub-bituminouscoal, bituminous coal, to anthracite coal.

Takes millions of years to convert peat to

anthracite caol.

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Ranks of Coal

Lignite Subbituminous Bituminous Anthracite

Time of Formation

% C

7000 BTU/lb 9,000 BTU/lb 12,000 BTU/lb 15,000 BTU/lb

Formation Conditions

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Lignite

Lignite is a relatively young coal depositthat was not subjected to extreme heat orpressure.

Lowest rank of coal with the lowest energycontent.

Lignite is crumbly and has high moisturecontent.

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Subbituminous

Sub bituminous coal typically contains35-45 percent carbon, compared to 25-35percent for lignite.

Thus is has a higher heating value thanlignite.

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Bituminous Coal

Bituminous coal contains 45-86 percentcarbon, and has two to three times theheating value of lignite.

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Anthracite

Anthracite contains 86-97 percent carbon and its

heating value is slightly higher than bituminous

coal.

Low amount of Sulfur makes this a clean duringcoal.

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Coal Grade

Grade is measure of the amount of

contaminants (ash, sulfur and trace

elements) found in the coal.

Common sources of ash include wind blowndust, and volcanic ash.

A low grade coal has a high ash content

(>7%).

Some of the ash contains trace elements

which are toxic and/or radioactive.

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Coal Grade

The presence of sulfur also lowers the grade ofthe coal.

Sulfur can end up contributing to smog and acid rain

upon combustion

Coal that was formed from swamps covered by

sea (salt) water contain high amount of sulfur.

Common in Eastern U.S. Coals formed during the

Pennsylvanian Period

Low sulfur coal was formed from freshwater

swamps.

Common in Western U.S formed during the

Paleocene Epoch.

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Major Players

Central Coalfields Limited

Adani group

Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited

Coal India Limited

Gujarat Mineral Development Corporation Limit

Mahanadi Coalfields Limited

Neyveli Lignite Corporation

North Eastern Coalfields

Northern Coalfields Limited

Singareni Collieries Company

Usha Martin

South Eastern Coalfields Limited

Tata Steel

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Coal Mining

Mining methods are oftendictated by the type andlocation of the coal deposit.

Coal is mined either byunderground tunneling(Underground Mining) or byremoving or "stripping" thecovering rocks (Surface or Strip

Mining).

When the deposit is more than100 feet below the surface theunderground method is used.

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Coal Mining Methods

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Customers:

The Indian coal industryis the worlds third

largest

Around 70% of the total production is used for

electricity generation

And the remaining by the steel, cement and other

heavy industries.

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Coalgate Issue

Coal minister: Sripraksh Jaiswal

Amount is Approximately 1067303 crore

rupees

Persons involved

Jagathrakshan (minister of state and

information)

Subodh Kant Sahai (Tourism minister)

Naveen Jindal(Congress MP)

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