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Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

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Coal Gasification Coal Gasification Robert Nagai Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science AP Environmental Science Period 3 Period 3
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Page 1: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Coal GasificationCoal Gasification

Robert NagaiRobert Nagai

AP Environmental ScienceAP Environmental Science

Period 3Period 3

Page 2: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Uses of Coal GasificationUses of Coal Gasification Clean way to convert coal (or any carbon based Clean way to convert coal (or any carbon based

material) into energymaterial) into energy Electricity ProductionElectricity Production Lighting, Heating, and Cooking FuelsLighting, Heating, and Cooking Fuels Energy-Efficient Fuel Cell TechnologyEnergy-Efficient Fuel Cell Technology Ammonia and Hydrogen ProductionAmmonia and Hydrogen Production Transportation Fuel (gasoline, diesel, methanol, Transportation Fuel (gasoline, diesel, methanol,

liquefied natural gas)liquefied natural gas) Road Tar, Creosote (wood preservative), phenol Road Tar, Creosote (wood preservative), phenol

(plastics), cresols (disinfectants), dyes, and (plastics), cresols (disinfectants), dyes, and medicinesmedicines

Page 3: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

EfficiencyEfficiency

Combined cycleCombined cycle Coal gases are fired into a gas turbine and creates Coal gases are fired into a gas turbine and creates

electricityelectricity Steam is produced from the gasification process Steam is produced from the gasification process

and the heat made by the gas turbineand the heat made by the gas turbine Gross power generation is 50% efficiencyGross power generation is 50% efficiency Net generation is 40% efficientNet generation is 40% efficient With improvements in high pressure solid fuel cell With improvements in high pressure solid fuel cell

technology, efficiency is expected to rise to 60%technology, efficiency is expected to rise to 60%

Page 4: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Cost of Coal GasificationCost of Coal Gasification

Costs vary widely depending on plant Costs vary widely depending on plant design and type as well as quality of coaldesign and type as well as quality of coal

Capital costs: $13-17.2/GigaJoule (GJ)*Capital costs: $13-17.2/GigaJoule (GJ)* Synthesis Gas (Syngas) production: Synthesis Gas (Syngas) production:

$15.6-19.3/GJ*$15.6-19.3/GJ*

*based on data from US based plants in 2005*based on data from US based plants in 2005

Page 5: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification Extraction Gasification Extraction and Usageand Usage

Coal (or other bio mass) is broken down Coal (or other bio mass) is broken down into its basic chemical constituents by:into its basic chemical constituents by: Exposure to steamExposure to steam Controlled amounts of oxygenControlled amounts of oxygen High temperature and pressureHigh temperature and pressure

ProcessProcess yields carbon monoxide, yields carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other fuel gaseshydrogen, and other fuel gases

Page 6: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification Extraction Gasification Extraction and Usageand Usage

Page 7: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification Extraction Gasification Extraction and Usage (continued)and Usage (continued)

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) gasifies Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) gasifies un-mined coal deposits while still undergroundun-mined coal deposits while still underground

UCG technology was first proposed by Sir UCG technology was first proposed by Sir William Siemens in 1868 and developed William Siemens in 1868 and developed extensively by the USSR under Lenin and extensively by the USSR under Lenin and StalinStalin

The US conducted UCG research form 1974 to The US conducted UCG research form 1974 to 1989, but abandoned development due to a 1989, but abandoned development due to a drop in oil pricesdrop in oil prices

China, Australia, and South Africa continue to China, Australia, and South Africa continue to develop UCG technologydevelop UCG technology

Page 8: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification Extraction Gasification Extraction and Usage (continued)and Usage (continued)

China has the largest China has the largest UCG program with more UCG program with more than 16 plants built since than 16 plants built since 19911991

Page 9: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification Gasification Consumption/UsageConsumption/Usage

The United States started using modern The United States started using modern gasification in 1984gasification in 1984

20 plants are in operation in the US as of 2002 20 plants are in operation in the US as of 2002 with 10 more scheduled to be builtwith 10 more scheduled to be built

Worldwide, there are 117 plants in operation Worldwide, there are 117 plants in operation with 35 additional plants in developmentwith 35 additional plants in development

36% of these plants generate fuels, 19% 36% of these plants generate fuels, 19% generate electricity, and 42% generate generate electricity, and 42% generate chemical feedstock.chemical feedstock.

These plants account for 24,000 megawatts of These plants account for 24,000 megawatts of electricity with an annual growth rate of 10%electricity with an annual growth rate of 10%

Page 10: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification AdvantagesGasification Advantages

Gasification yields a wide variety of Gasification yields a wide variety of useful products beyond electricity such useful products beyond electricity such as sulfur and ammoniaas sulfur and ammonia

The process is 17% more efficient than The process is 17% more efficient than conventional coal burning plantsconventional coal burning plants

Converting coal into a gaseous state Converting coal into a gaseous state allows easier removal of polluting allows easier removal of polluting compoundscompounds

Page 11: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification Gasification DisadvantagesDisadvantages

Installation and maintenance costs are Installation and maintenance costs are higher than conventional coal burning higher than conventional coal burning plantsplants

Process produces more greenhouse Process produces more greenhouse gases than petroleumgases than petroleum

The environmental impact of coal mining The environmental impact of coal mining is not reduced by gasificationis not reduced by gasification

Page 12: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification—Ecological Gasification—Ecological ProblemsProblems

Gasification waste products may pollute Gasification waste products may pollute the groundwater surrounding the plantthe groundwater surrounding the plant

Gasification products are highly toxic and Gasification products are highly toxic and pose a health and environment threat pose a health and environment threat should a leak occurshould a leak occur

Gasification does not reduce the demand Gasification does not reduce the demand for coal, nor does it make coal mining for coal, nor does it make coal mining more environmentally friendlymore environmentally friendly

Page 13: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

Gasification InstallationsGasification Installations

The first modern coal gasification plant in the The first modern coal gasification plant in the US was built in 1984 in Beulah, North DakotaUS was built in 1984 in Beulah, North Dakota

Facilities in Barstow, California; West Terre Facilities in Barstow, California; West Terre Haute, Indiana; and Lakeland, Florida are Haute, Indiana; and Lakeland, Florida are among the more than 20 active plants in the among the more than 20 active plants in the USUS

China is building more than 50 gasification China is building more than 50 gasification plants in its northwestern region in order to plants in its northwestern region in order to reduce smog (despite the large amount of reduce smog (despite the large amount of greenhouse gases produced by gasification)greenhouse gases produced by gasification)

Page 14: Coal Gasification Robert Nagai AP Environmental Science Period 3.

SourcesSources

http://energy.gov/fe/how-coal-gasification-power-plants-workhttp://energy.gov/fe/how-coal-gasification-power-plants-work http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/http://energy.gov/fe/science-innovation/clean-coal-research/

gasificationgasification http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/underground-coal-http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/uses-of-coal/underground-coal-

gasification/gasification/ http://www.kbr.com/Technologies/Coal-Gasification/http://www.kbr.com/Technologies/Coal-Gasification/ http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/01/utilities-southern-http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/07/01/utilities-southern-

kemper-idUSL2N0F723N20130701kemper-idUSL2N0F723N20130701 Bell, D. A., Brian F. Towler, and Maohong Fan. "Chapter 7." Bell, D. A., Brian F. Towler, and Maohong Fan. "Chapter 7." Coal Coal

Gasification and Its ApplicationsGasification and Its Applications. Oxford, U.K.: William . Oxford, U.K.: William Andrew/Elsevier, 2011, pages 139-142.Andrew/Elsevier, 2011, pages 139-142.


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