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Coastal Navigation
Jack DaleISPA Yachtmaster Offshore
InstructorCYA Advanced Cruising Instructor
Navigational Equipment Plotters Dividers Hand Bearing
Compass Shiprsquos Compass TSD Computer Calculator Pencils Erasers
Binoculars Knotmeter Depth Sounder
Lead Line Watch Barometer GPS VHF Radio
Plotter Portland Plotter Douglas
Protractor Parallel Rules Course Arm
Plotter
Dividers One handed
Straight
Used for Measuring
distance Determining
Latitude and Longitude
Hand Bearing Compass Used to take
bearings Lines of
position Danger
bearings
Shiprsquos Compass Binnacle Compass Bulkhead
Compass
Fluxgate Compass Digital compass Sensor
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Navigational Equipment Plotters Dividers Hand Bearing
Compass Shiprsquos Compass TSD Computer Calculator Pencils Erasers
Binoculars Knotmeter Depth Sounder
Lead Line Watch Barometer GPS VHF Radio
Plotter Portland Plotter Douglas
Protractor Parallel Rules Course Arm
Plotter
Dividers One handed
Straight
Used for Measuring
distance Determining
Latitude and Longitude
Hand Bearing Compass Used to take
bearings Lines of
position Danger
bearings
Shiprsquos Compass Binnacle Compass Bulkhead
Compass
Fluxgate Compass Digital compass Sensor
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Plotter Portland Plotter Douglas
Protractor Parallel Rules Course Arm
Plotter
Dividers One handed
Straight
Used for Measuring
distance Determining
Latitude and Longitude
Hand Bearing Compass Used to take
bearings Lines of
position Danger
bearings
Shiprsquos Compass Binnacle Compass Bulkhead
Compass
Fluxgate Compass Digital compass Sensor
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Dividers One handed
Straight
Used for Measuring
distance Determining
Latitude and Longitude
Hand Bearing Compass Used to take
bearings Lines of
position Danger
bearings
Shiprsquos Compass Binnacle Compass Bulkhead
Compass
Fluxgate Compass Digital compass Sensor
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Hand Bearing Compass Used to take
bearings Lines of
position Danger
bearings
Shiprsquos Compass Binnacle Compass Bulkhead
Compass
Fluxgate Compass Digital compass Sensor
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Shiprsquos Compass Binnacle Compass Bulkhead
Compass
Fluxgate Compass Digital compass Sensor
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Fluxgate Compass Digital compass Sensor
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Nautical Slide Rule Time speed
distance calculations
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Calculator Time speed
distance calculations
Can be used for celestial navigation
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Pencils Erasers O9 mm pencil Soft lead
White erasers
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Binoculars 7 X 50 May have
built-in compass
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Knotmeter Measures speed
through the water
Usually includes a trip log Distance covered
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Depth Sounder Lead Line Used to
measure depths
Be aware of offset
May not work at extreme depths
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Clock Watch Shiprsquos clock is
official time
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Barometer Used to make
weather forecasts Rapidly falling
barometer indicates severe weather
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
GPS Position finding Speed over
ground Velocity made
good ETA Horizontal datum
should match chart
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
VHF Radio Marine weather
forecasts Notices to
Shipping GMDSS Communication
with other vessels marinas
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Navigational Publications Notices to Mariners Chart 1 - Symbols
and Abbreviations Catalogue of
Nautical Charts and Related Publications
Sailing Directions Current Atlas
Canadian Aids to Navigation System
Tide and Current Tables
List of Lights Buoys and Fog Signals
Radio Aids to Marine Navigation
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Other Publications International Regulations for the
Prevention of Collisions at Sea (ColRegs)
Safe Boating Guide
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Charts a graphic representation of a
maritime area and adjacent coastal regions
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Chart Information Charts show
depths of water and heights of land natural features of the seabed details of the coastline navigational hazards locations of natural and man-made aids to
navigation information on tides and currents local details of the Earths magnetic field man-made structures such as harbours and
bridges
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Chart Classification Sailing Charts
Offshore passages 1600000 Very little detail
General Charts Making landfalls 1150000 to 1600000
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Chart Classification Coastal Charts
Inshore navigation 150000 to 1150000
Harbour Charts Navigating harbours and
waterways Larger than 150000
Large scale = lots of detail
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Care of Charts Use soft pencils only Use white erasers only Level flat surface Keep them updated Keep them dry
Use below decks Stow flat folded
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Reading Charts Title Block Chart Symbols and Abbreviations
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Title Block Region
Identification Main Title Scale
Identification Projection
Identification
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Title Block Depths Notes Elevation Notes Horizontal Datum Source
Classification Symbol
Reference Notes (Chart 1)
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Title Block Tides and Current
Notes Aids to Navigation
Notes Cautionary Notes Conversion Table
Metres Feet Fathoms
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Compass Rose Variation May be as
many as four per chart
May vary Use the
closest one
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Transferring Charts Determine position Determine range and bearing to
object on both charts Verify with latitude and longitude
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Important Chart SymbolsRock awash at chart datum
Dangerous underwater rock of 2m (6 ft) or less
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Important Chart Symbols
Rock which covers and uncovers with drying height
Rock which does not cover with elevation
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Important Chart Symbols
Kelp
Wreck showing any portion of hull or superstructure
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Important Chart SymbolsWreck masts visible
Flood current direction with rate
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Important Chart SymbolsWhirlpools eddies
Wd
Weed seabed
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Important Chart SymbolsUnderwater cable
Limit of restricted area
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Important Chart SymbolsLighted navigational aid (not floating)
Church
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Coordinates Latitude (L)
Parallels run east and west Denote location north or south of the Equator Poles are 90ordm North and 90ordm South
Longitude (λ) Meridians run north and south Denote location east or west of Prime Meriden
Greenwich Converge at poles
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Latitude and Longitude
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Graticule This latitudelongitude webbing
is known as the common graticule
Location can be specified by both latitude and longitude
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Deception Pass
L 48 244rsquoN
122 402W
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Degrees Minutes Seconds 360 degrees in a circle
Symbol ordm 60 minutes in a degree
Symbol 60 seconds in a minute
Symbol
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Formats Latitude ndash Longitude
DM DegreeMinute L 49ordm 300rsquo N λ123ordm 300rsquoW
DMS DegreeMinuteSecond L49 ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoN λ123ordm 30rsquo 00rdquoW
DD Decimal Degree L495000ordm N λ1235000ordmW generally with 4 decimal numbers
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Chart Projections Mercator
ldquoNormalrdquo projection for charts Polyconic
May be used in the Great Lakes
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Mercator Projection
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Conic Projection
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
The Ships Compass and North Cardinal Points
North East South West
North is usually at the top
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
North True North
No variation or deviation Magnetic North
Accounts for variation only Compass North
Accounts for variation and deviation
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Variation Difference between
true north and magnetic north
North pole and magnetic pole differ
Annual change Found on compass
rose Varies globally
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Compass Rose 004 12degW 1985 (8 E) 45ordm West variation in
1985 8rsquo annual change Current variation 3ordmW
8 X 1960 = 1424ordm change
45 ndash 15 = 3 Subtract when annual
change and variation directions differ
Add when same
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Deviation Difference between shiprsquos compass and
magnetic bearing Ferrous metal affects magnetic field on
vessel Relative to vesselrsquos heading Found on deviation card table No deviation in hand bearing compass
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Working Deviation TableMagnetic Deviation Compass Magnetic Deviation Compass
000 5 W 005 180 5 E 175
015 6 W 021 195 6 E 189
030 6 W 036 210 6 E 204
045 6 W 051 225 7 E 218
060 5 W 065 240 6 E 234
075 5 W 080 255 6 E 249
090 5 W 095 270 5 E 265
105 4 W 109 285 4 E 281
120 2 W 122 300 2 E 198
135 0 135 315 0 315
150 2 E 148 330 2 W 334
165 4 E 161 345 4 W 349
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Deviation Card Created by
Compass compensator
Self Checked using
ranges or transit
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Accounting for Variation and Deviation Helm reads the shiprsquos compass Navigator works in true Navigator makes conversions
Correcting Compass to True
Uncorrecting True to Compass
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Compass to True Conversions
Correcting Memory Aid Can Dead Men Vote Twice At Elections
Correcting Compass heading +- Deviation = Magnetic
heading +- Variation = True heading Add East
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Converting True to Compass
Uncorrecting Memory Aid True Virgins Make Dull Company At Weddings
Uncorrecting True heading +- Variation = Magnetic
heading +- Deviation =Compass heading Add West
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Correcting Examples
Compass
Deviation
Magnetic
Variation
True
124 16degW
253 12 degW
165 17 degE
337 13 degE
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Uncorrecting Examples
True Variation
Magnetic
Deviation
Compass
017 13 degE
073 11 degW
206 9 degE
268 21 degW
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Time Speed Distance Distance
Measured in nautical miles One mile equals 1 minutes of
latitude 115 statute miles (6080 feet) 185 kilometers
Speed Measured in knots (nautical miles per
hour) Time
Measured in minutes
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
The formula 60D = ST Distance times 60 equals speed
times time D=(ST)60 S=60DT T=60DS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Guidelines
Speed 1 knot 2 knots 3 knots 4 knots 5 knots 6 knots
Time to travel 1 mile 60 minutes 30 minutes 20 minutes 15 minutes 12 minutes 10 minutes
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Examples1) You have been on route for 4 hours and
20 minutes at a speed of 6 knots How far have you travelled
2) You need to get to Porlier Pass (20 miles away) by 1500 At what time should you depart if your speed 6 knots
3) You leave Sidney for Ganges a distance of 15 miles You arrive 4 hours later What was your speed
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Answers
1 D=ST 606 X 240 60 = 26 miles
2 T=60D S60 X 20 6 = 200 minutes (3h 20m)Depart at 1140
3 S=60D TS=60D T60 X 5 240 = 375 knots
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS
Deck Log
Course (add east)
TIME POSITION C D M V T S SET DFT CMG SMG D REMARKS