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Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam:Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: recent developments and prospects

Van Can Nhu a,b, Quang Huy Nguyen a,c, Thanh Luu Le a, Mai Thien b b

(a) Research Institute for Aquaculture No1 Vietnam

Tran a, Patrick Sorgeloos b, Kristof Dierckens b, Helge Reinertsen c, Elin Kjørsvik c and Niels Svennevig d

Research Institute for Aquaculture No1, Vietnam(b) Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Belgium

(c) Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway(d) Tropical Center, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, Norway

Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference CenterFaculty of Bioscience Engineering

Ghent University, Belgium

Introduction and background

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10 years: 3000 fold

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Valu

e

Time (years)Time (years)

Cultured (mt) Captured (mt) Value of aquaculture production (US$/kg)

Gl b l d ti d l f bi (FAO 2009)

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 2 of 24 RIA-1

Global production and value of cobia (FAO, 2009)

23 countries and territories involved in cobia aquaculture

• Americas and others (12)United States

• Asia-pacific (11)PR China (25,855 mt)*

MexicoBrazilFrance

Taiwan (3,998 mt)*

Vietnam (1,500 mt)**

Singapore France Panama BelizeG t l

Singapore IndonesiaMalaysiaI di Guatemala

Cuba Reunion/Mayotte (6 mt)*

IndiaThailandPhilippines

OmanAbu DhabiIran

AustraliaJapan

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 3 of 24 RIA-1

Iran(*) FAO, 2007; (*) Estimated by the authors, year 2008

History of cobia aquaculture in Vietnam

1998: research on reproduction commenced1998: research on reproduction commenced

1999: first success with production of 12,000 fi lifingerlings

2002: Commercial production of 20,000 fingerlings

1999: Tested the HDPE circular floating cages1999: Tested the HDPE circular floating cages for grow-out

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 4 of 24 RIA-1

Broodstock management and conditioning• Cultured and

conditioned in sea cages

• Diet based on trash fish supplemented with squidsupplemented with squid liver oil and vitamins

• Spawning in tanks (50-70 cubic)

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 5 of 24 RIA-1

Effects of broodstock diets on egg qualityFA composition of the eggs reflected the dietary n-3 HUFA levels in the diets

4 0

5 0

6 0

Tota

l FA

Eggs

Nguyen et al. acceptedD1 (0.94%)D2 (1.31%)D3 (1 72%)

No significant effects of dietary n-3 HUFA (0.94-1.72%) on spawning quality

0

1 0

2 0

3 0% T Eggs D3 (1.72%)

D4 (RF) (1.86%)

1.72%) on spawning quality

0

3 0

4 0

5 0

6 0

D 1D 2 %

Tot

al F

A

Diets

0 0 - 7 0 - 9 - 6 - 3 - 6 - 3 - 3 n e ste s

U F AU F A0

1 0

2 0

3 0 D 3 D 4

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 6 of 24 RIA-1

1 4 :01 6 :0

1 6 :1 n - 71 8 :0

1 8 :1 n - 9

1 8 :2 n - 6

1 8 :3 n - 3

2 0 :4 n - 6

2 0 :5 n - 3

2 2 :6 n - 3

m o n o e n e

s a tu r a te

n - 3 HU F

n - 6 PU F

Comparison of breeding induction methods

Natural induction: recognized by big belly and chasing behavior

H l i d ti i j ti f LH RH t 20 k 1 12 36 hHormonal induction: injection of LH-RHa at 20 μg kg-1, 12-36 h

Natural induction Hormonal induction

Hatching rate

Natural induction Hormonal induction

Fecundity (eggs x 1,000,000/kg)

Fertilization rate

0 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 8 1 1 2 1 4

Successful spawning rate

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 7 of 24 RIA-1

0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4

Larviculture of cobia

Intensive technologygy– Live food production– Using RAS– High density (30-50 larvae/L)

Semi-intensive technology– Natural zooplankton

2– 500 m2 outdoor ponds– Low density (2 larvae/L)

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 8 of 24 RIA-1

Intensive larviculture technology

12Enriched EG Artemia nauplii

Formulated diets (Proton®, NRD®, Bio-optima®)

8

10

SL, c

m) AF

Microalgae (N oculata)

En. rotifers

4

6

Cob

ia si

ze ( Microalgae (N. oculata)

0

2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

C

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Cobia age (days) and their feeding regimes

F di i d th tt f bi l d j il

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 9 of 24 RIA-1

Feeding regime and growth pattern of cobia larvae and juveniles

Semi-intensive larviculture technology

Supplementation of:- natural zooplankton- Artemia nauplii

Pre-nursing in Weaning and

- Artemia nauplii

Pre-nursing in cement tanks (1-

7 dph)

Weaning and nursing in cement

tanks (3-12 cm)

Larvae obtained from broodstock

Rearing in out-door ponds

Nursing in tanks or hapas in sea

Grow-outinfrom broodstock

in sea cagesdoor ponds (8-20 dph)

or hapas in sea cages (12-20 cm)

insea cages

Diagram of cobia larviculture in semi-intensive system

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 10 of 24 RIA-1

Diagram of cobia larviculture in semi intensive system

Comparison of intensive and semi-intensive productions

1.000.000on

600 000

800.000

rodu

ctio Semi-

intensive production

400.000

600.000

rlin

gs p

r

0

200.000

Fing

er Intensive production

Years

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 11 of 24 RIA-1

Substitution of enriched rotifers by UAF (Nhu et al., 2009)

Cobia larvae are able to ingest andCobia larvae are able to ingest and digest umbrella Artemia at first feeding

Umbrella Artemia only resulted in lowerUmbrella Artemia only resulted in lower growth and quality by 8 dph, but no significant difference by 18 dph

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 12 of 24 RIA-1

Early co-feeding (Nhu et al., 2009)

Early co-feeding of Proton® as of 8 d h t th b t t8 dph supports growth, but not survival

Standard Body weight CV (%) SurvivalsStandard length (mm)

Body weight (mg)

CV (%) Survivals (%)

P1-D8 18.8±2.1a 62.5±15.5a 47.25±5.82b 11.4±3.2a

P2-D13 16.0±2.4b 40.5±17.6b 56.49±7.23ab 14.5±2.7a

P3-D18 15.3±2.5b 37.0±16.8b 65.18±6.05a 15.7±2.9a

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 13 of 24 RIA-1

Fatty acids of cobia at different development stages (Nhu et al., unpubl.)

d h f id ll l li idDHA and other fatty acids as well as total lipids decreaseDHA/EPA ti i d DHA t d t bDHA/EPA ratio increased – DHA tends to be preserved rather than other fatty acids.

DHA HUFA FAME T t l li id DHA/EPA

5,66,6

06

07200250

ratio

nten

t W

)

DHA HUFA FAME Total lipids DHA/EPA

4,6 04

05

50100150

HA

/EPA

r

ty a

cid

con

(mg/

g D

W

03050

0 dph 3 dph 12 dph

DH

Fatt (

A f h l

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 14 of 24 RIA-1

Age of the larvae

Effects of dietary DHA and DHA/EPA ratio (Nhu et al., unpubl.)

High dietary DHA level and DHA/EPA ratio resulted in better growth performance (12-30 dph)

Dietary DHA contents correlated negatively to cannibalismDietary DHA contents correlated negatively to cannibalism and positively to survival

y = 0.488x + 43.401R2 = 0.9984, P=0.010

60

70

80

sm (

%) o

f s

ba a

c

20

25

30

/day

)

20

30

40

50

l and

can

niba

lisco

bia

juve

nile

s

Cannibalism

Survival

5

10

15

SGR

(% b

w/

y = -0.356x + 28.595R2 = 0.9997, P=0.026

0

10

10 30 50 70

Surv

ival

DHA content (mg/g dw) in the diets

0

5

Ex1 (3.6) Ex2 (3.8) Ex3 (6.0) Control (3.0)

Experimental diet treatments (DHA/EPA)

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 15 of 24 RIA-1

( g g )

Husbandry factors during weaning (Nhu et al., 2007)

Growth and survival affected by the rearing density, but not by the feeding frequency

a25

26

y)

abb

22

23

24

R (%

bw

/day

19

20

21

SGR

Low density (1 weanling/L)

Medium density (2 weanlings/L)

High density (4 weanlings/L)

Rearing densities

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 16 of 24 RIA-1

Cobia farming in Vietnam

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 17 of 24 RIA-1

Grow-out pattern of cobia in sea cages (300 cubic)

600035

re Water temperature (o C)- Trash fish diet

4000

5000

25

30

Cobia w

eigr te

mpe

ratu

r Water temperature (o C)Weight (g)

- SGRw=0.86% /day (0.2-5.0 kg)

2000

3000

10

15

20

ght (mean±SD

rage

sea

wat

e(o

C)

/day (0.2 5.0 kg)

- No growth when temp < 22oC

0

1000

0

5

10

D, g)

Mon

thly

ave

rtemp < 22oC

- Stop eating b l 18 C M

Time (months)

below 18oC

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 18 of 24 RIA-1

Comparison of using extruded feed (EWOS Ltd) and trash fish

6000

7000

8000Nguyen et al. 2008Advantages of extruded

EWOS feed

2000

3000

4000

5000

Wei

ght

(g)

Control groupEwos group

Double final weight

Lower FCR

0

1000

24/09/04 02/01/05 12/04/05 21/07/05 29/10/05

Culture period

Higher biomass gained

Lower feed cost (15 8%)Lower feed cost (15.8%)

Control (TF) group EWOS groupStage (wt) 1.3-3.5 kg 1.2-3.7 kgSGR (% wt/ day) 0.50±0.01 0.60±0.00FCR (d b i ) 2 40±0 01 1 80±0 03

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 19 of 24 RIA-1

FCR (dry basis) 2.40±0.01 1.80±0.03

Grow-out productions of cobia in sea cages

Production of cobia in Vietnam

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 20 of 24 RIA-1

Production of cobia in Vietnam

Major challenges:Harsh weather conditions– 7-10 storms/ season (disaster in 2005)7-10 storms/ season (disaster in 2005)– Monsoon winds during winter

Lo ater temperat re d ring interLow water temperature during winter– Low growth rate, stop eating and cease

growing at 18oCgrowing at 18 C– Mass mortality in 2008: 15oC for 5 weeks

Shortage of locally extruded feedShortage of locally extruded feed– Imported feed for large-scale farms– Trash fish for small-scale farms

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 21 of 24 RIA-1

Trash fish for small scale farms

Major challenges

Parasites during hatchery phase:– Protozoa infection during larvae &

j il B d i E i lijuvenile stages: Benedenia sp, Epistylis sp., Trichodina sp…

– High mortality caused byHigh mortality caused byAmyloodinium ocellatum in gills and skin juveniles

Bacteria and virus: – Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN)– Bacteria: Vibrio– Associated with low water temperature

d/ b d th ( t i )

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 22 of 24 RIA-1

and/or bad weather (starving)

Future developments

Improve quality and quantity of i t i fi li d ti

p

intensive fingerling production, selective breeding, …

Development of new cage types (submergible), land-based systems …

Local production of extruded feed, efficient diet to lower FCR

Post-harvest and processing technologies and marketing

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 23 of 24 RIA-1

Th kThank youf tt ti !for your attention!

Cobia (R. canadum) aquaculture in Vietnam: Recent developments and prospects. Nhu et al. slide 24 of 24 RIA-1