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Fact Sheet No. 5.553 Insect Series| Home and Garden Quick Facts • Cockroaches are associated with filth and unsanitary conditions. • Known to carry disease organisms, they have not been tied to major disease outbreaks in the United States. • Egg cases, nymphs and adults can be found in an infested area. • Eliminate unnecessary sources of water, food and hiding places. • Use traps, residual and non-residual insecticide sprays, and insecticide dusts to control or eliminate cockroaches. * Colorado State University Extension entomologist and professor, bioagricultural sciences and pest management. Artwork by Thomas J. Weissling. 6/2012 © Colorado State University Extension. 7/95. Revised 6/12. www.ext.colostate.edu Cockroaches are among the most undesirable insect intruders in the home. ey are associated with filth and unsanitary conditions, although they occasionally invade the best-kept homes. ough known to carry various disease organisms, cockroaches have not been associated with any major disease outbreaks in this country. e insects also produce a secretion that has a repulsive odor and can affect the flavor of food. Cockroaches can cause allergic reactions when sensitive people come into contact with contaminated food or house dust. Biology ree cockroach life forms can be found in an infested area. e egg case is the size and shape of a bean and contains 10 to 20 cockroach eggs (Figure 1). e female may carry the eggs around until just before they hatch or, in some species, she may hide them in some protected area. As the eggs hatch, young cockroaches, or nymphs, emerge. Similar in shape and color to the adults, they are smaller and wingless. eir habitats and food preferences are the same as those of adults. Cockroaches are active at night, so daytime observation is a good sign of a heavy infestation. ey prefer protected areas, such as cracks and crevices, to rest and hide. Although cockroaches prefer starchy foods and meats, they will eat anything of plant or animal origin. Common Species ere are more than 50 species of cockroaches in the United States. However, only five are likely to be found in Colorado. e German cockroach is the most troublesome of all cockroaches. One of the smaller species, 1/2 inch when full grown, it is light brown with a pair of parallel brown bars between the head and the front of the wings (Figure 2). is species usually is associated with buildings where food is prepared or stored. It commonly migrates from infested areas into nearby dwellings or may be carried in on food containers. Favorite home habitats are warm, moist areas, such as kitchen sinks and appliances, bathroom sinks, and furnaces. e American cockroach is the largest pest species found in Colorado – up to 2 inches long. It is mahogany-colored with a yellow margin around the head and around the shield behind the head (Figure 3). Although occasionally found in homes, the American cockroach more commonly is found in warm, moist areas of industrial or by F.B. Peairs* Cockroaches Figure 2: German cockroach. (Photo from the K. Gray Image Collection, Oregon State University.) Figure 1: Brownbanded (top) and American (bottom) cockroach egg cases.
Transcript
Page 1: Cockroaches - Extension wood cockroach prefers the outdoors and usually is found in wood piles, in dead trees and under bark. Attracted to lights, it occasionally enters homes and

Fact Sheet No. 5.553 Insect Ser ies|Home and Garden

Quick Facts• Cockroachesareassociated

withfilthandunsanitaryconditions.

• Knowntocarrydiseaseorganisms,theyhavenotbeentiedtomajordiseaseoutbreaksintheUnitedStates.

• Eggcases,nymphsandadultscanbefoundinaninfestedarea.

• Eliminateunnecessarysourcesofwater,foodandhidingplaces.

• Usetraps,residualandnon-residualinsecticidesprays,andinsecticideduststocontroloreliminatecockroaches.

*Colorado State University Extension entomologist and professor, bioagricultural sciences and pest management. Artwork by Thomas J. Weissling. 6/2012

© Colorado State University Extension. 7/95. Revised 6/12.

www.ext.colostate.edu

Cockroachesareamongthemostundesirableinsectintrudersinthehome.Theyareassociatedwithfilthandunsanitaryconditions,althoughtheyoccasionallyinvadethebest-kepthomes.

Thoughknowntocarryvariousdiseaseorganisms,cockroacheshavenotbeenassociatedwithanymajordiseaseoutbreaksinthiscountry.Theinsectsalsoproduceasecretionthathasarepulsiveodorandcanaffecttheflavoroffood.Cockroachescancauseallergicreactionswhensensitivepeoplecomeintocontactwithcontaminatedfoodorhousedust.

BiologyThreecockroachlifeformscanbefound

inaninfestedarea.Theeggcaseisthesizeandshapeofabeanandcontains10to20cockroacheggs(Figure1).Thefemalemaycarrytheeggsarounduntiljustbeforetheyhatchor,insomespecies,shemayhidetheminsomeprotectedarea.Astheeggshatch,youngcockroaches,ornymphs,emerge.Similarinshapeandcolortotheadults,theyaresmallerandwingless.Theirhabitatsandfoodpreferencesarethesameasthoseof adults.

Cockroachesareactiveatnight,sodaytimeobservationisagoodsignofaheavyinfestation.Theypreferprotectedareas,suchascracksandcrevices,torestandhide.Althoughcockroachespreferstarchyfoodsandmeats,theywilleatanythingofplantoranimalorigin.

Common SpeciesTherearemorethan50speciesof

cockroachesintheUnitedStates.However,onlyfivearelikelytobefoundinColorado.

TheGerman cockroachisthemosttroublesomeofallcockroaches.Oneofthe

smallerspecies,1/2inchwhenfullgrown,itislightbrownwithapairofparallelbrownbarsbetweentheheadandthefrontofthewings(Figure2).Thisspeciesusuallyisassociatedwithbuildingswherefoodispreparedorstored.Itcommonlymigratesfrominfestedareasintonearbydwellingsormaybecarriedinonfoodcontainers.Favoritehomehabitatsarewarm,moistareas,suchaskitchensinksandappliances,bathroomsinks,and furnaces.

TheAmerican cockroachisthelargestpestspeciesfoundinColorado–upto2incheslong.Itismahogany-coloredwithayellowmarginaroundtheheadandaroundtheshieldbehindthehead(Figure3).Althoughoccasionallyfoundinhomes,theAmericancockroachmorecommonlyisfoundinwarm,moistareasofindustrialor

by F.B. Peairs*

Cockroaches

Figure 2: German cockroach. (Photo from the K. Gray Image Collection, Oregon State University.)

Figure 1: Brownbanded (top) and American (bottom) cockroach egg cases.

Page 2: Cockroaches - Extension wood cockroach prefers the outdoors and usually is found in wood piles, in dead trees and under bark. Attracted to lights, it occasionally enters homes and

commercialbuildings.Furnaceorboilerrooms,sewersandheattunnelsarefavoredenvironments.

Thebrownbanded cockroachissimilarinsizeandcolortotheGermancockroach.Itcanbedistinguishedbythelackofbrownbarsontheshieldinfrontofthewingsandbythepresenceoftwolightbandsacrossthewingsandabdomen(Figure4).Itprefersawarmer,drierenvironmentthantheGermancockroachandoftenisfoundinceilings,lightfixtures,furnitureandappliances,especiallytelevisions.

Theoriental cockroachisintermediateinsizebetweentheGermanandtheAmericancockroachandmuchdarker.Theadultshavewingsthatdonotreachtheendoftheabdomen(Figure5).Manyconsideritthemostrepulsivecommoncockroach,primarilyduetoitsstrongodor.Thisspeciespreferscool,damp,darkareas.Forthisreason,itofteniscalleda“waterbug.”Commonhabitatsincludesewerdrains,dampcrawlspaces,basementsandcellars.Infestationsaremostcommoninthespringandfall.

Thewood cockroachpreferstheoutdoorsandusuallyisfoundinwoodpiles,indeadtreesandunderbark.Attractedtolights,itoccasionallyentershomesandcausesgreatalarmbecauseitissoeasilyconfusedwithpestcockroaches.Thewoodcockroachhasawhitebandthatrunsaroundtheheadandtheshieldbehindthehead.Usuallyitdoesnotsurviveormultiplyindoors.

Cockroach ManagementThethreekeystoeffectivecockroach

managementarepreventionandsanitation,detectionandchemicalcontrol.Satisfactorycockroachcontrolwillnotbeachievedunlesseachofthesestepsisfollowed.

Prevention and Sanitation

Ifcockroachesaremigratingintoabuildingorfromanotherpartofabuilding,installweatherstrippingandcaulkingwhereplumbingpassesfrominfestedareasintouninfestedareas.Eliminatehidingplaces.Forexample,caulkcracksand crevicesindark,moistareastodiscouragecockroaches.Inspectitemsbroughtintoabuilding,especiallyfoodcontainers,furniture,appliancesandclothing.Theadultsandyoungareeasytorecognize.Becausesomecockroachesgluetheireggcasestovarioussurfaces,takeparticularcaretolookfortheeggs.

Cockroachesneedfood,waterandshelter.Waterisparticularlyimportant,whichiswhyinfestationsaremostcommoninkitchensandbathrooms.Makeanyplumbingrepairsandmodificationsneededtoeliminateasmuchstandingwateras possible.

Donotallowfoodparticlestoaccumulateinareasaccessibletocockroaches.Commonfeedingareasincludeunwasheddishes,petdishes,uncoveredpetfoodcontainers,litterboxes,wastecontainers,andareasunderrefrigerators,stoves,sinksandfurniture.Repairfaultyplumbingandeliminateunnecessarysourcesofwater.Reduceshelterforcockroaches;donotstoreunnecessarynewspapers,boxes,ragsandsimilaritemsthatprovidehidingplaces.

Detection

Detectionisanimportantelementofcockroachcontrol.Cockroachestendtoconcentrateincertainareas.Controlsaremoreeffectiveiftheyaretargetedatthesespots.Cockroachtraps,small,open-endedboxes,containanattractantandstickysubstancethatretainstheinsectsoncetheyenter.Usethemtolocateinfestationsandtodeterminewhenpopulationsrequireadditionaltreatment.Trapscanbeeffectiveincatchingtheoccasionalinvader,buttheywillnoteliminateestablishedcolonies.Trapsaremosteffectivewhenplacedagainstwallsundersinks,incabinetsandinbasementcorners.Iftwonightspasswithoutacapture,movethetraptoanotherlikelyarea.

Insecticides are poisons. Treat them as such.

Boric acid powder is relatively safe for humans, but do not expose children and pets to it.

Baits are long lasting and are most effective when placed in small amounts in many locations. Figure 3: American cockroach. (Photo from

the K. Gray Image Collection, Oregon State University.)

Figure 4: Brown-banded cockroach. (Photo from the K. Gray Image Collection, Oregon State University.)

Figure 5: Oriental cockroach. (Photo from the K. Gray Image Collection, Oregon State University.)

Chemical Control

Cockroachinsecticidesincluderesidualsprays,nonresidualsprays,dustsandbaits.Useacombinationforeffectivechemicalcockroachcontrol.

Allcockroachinsecticidelabelscontainimportantinstructionsandprecautionstoensureeffectivenessandtoprotectthesafetyofhumansandpets.Read, understand and follow all label instructions whenapplyinganyresidualspray,nonresidualspray,dustorbait.

Page 3: Cockroaches - Extension wood cockroach prefers the outdoors and usually is found in wood piles, in dead trees and under bark. Attracted to lights, it occasionally enters homes and

Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating. CSU Extension programs are available to all without discrimination. No endorsement of products mentioned is intended nor is criticism implied of products not mentioned.

Residual insecticide sprays leaveatoxicdepositonsurfacesandwillkillcockroachesforacertaintimeperiod,usuallytwotofourweeks.Applytocracksandcreviceswherecockroacheshideandareaswheretheywalkinsearchoffood.Sprayuntilthesurfaceiswet,butavoidoverapplicationsthatpuddleorrunoff.

Insecticidesarepoisonsandshouldbetreatedassuch.Usedimproperly,theycandamagelinoleum,carpets,drapesandpaint.Variousinsecticides,underavarietyofcommercialnames,areavailableforresidualtreatmentsagainstcockroaches.Someproductsareavailabletohomeowners,whileothersarelimitedtolicensedpestcontroloperators.Residualinsecticidetreatmentsaregenerallyeffective,butcockroaches,especiallytheGerman,havedevelopedinsecticideresistanceinmanypartsofthecountry.

Nonresidual insecticide sprayseliminatecockroachesonlyoncontact.Theywillnoteliminateaninfestationbutarequitehelpfulwhenusedwithresidualtreatments.Severalshort-lastingaerosolinsecticidescontaintheactiveingredientspyrethrinsorresmethrin.Theyirritatecockroachesandcanflushthepestsoutoftheirhidingplacesandforcethemintoareastreatedwitharesidualinsecticide.Thisflushingactionalsoisusefultodeterminewhetherornotcockroachesarepresent.Flushingagents,however,candrivethemintopreviouslyuninfestedpartsofthebuilding.

Insecticide dustscanpenetratecockroachhidingareasthatotherinsecticideswillnotreach.Whenappliedtodrylocations,theyhavealongerusefullifethanresidualsprays.Somedustscontainconventionalinsecticides,whileotherscontainnoorganicchemicals.

Boricacidpowder(alsoavailableasaresidualspray),availableunderseveralcommercialnames,isrelativelysafeforhumans,butdonotexposechildrenandpetstoit.Itcancauseskinirritationsifimproperlyhandled,anditwillharmhouseplants.Applyboricacidonlytohidingplacesandrunways.Itisslowacting.Donotexpectcompletecontrolforatleastoneweekafterapplication.Boricacidisamongthebestcockroachinsecticides.Combinedwithitsrelativesafety,thismakesitagoodchoiceforhomeowners.

Otherdustsarebasedonsilicaaerogelordiatomaceousearth.Theseareappliedinthesamemannerasboricacid.Theymaynotbeaseffectiveasboricacidbecausetheyarerepellenttothecockroach.However,theycankeepthepestsoutofcertainareas,suchaswallvoidsandattics.Whileboricacidispoisonous,silicaaerogelanddiatomaceousearthactbyrubbingofftheprotectivewaxesthatcoverthecockroach’sbodyandcausedeathbydehydration.

Baitscanbeappliedtoareasthatcannotbesprayedordusted.Theyconsistofanattractant,suchaspeanutbutterorsyrup,andanonrepellentinsecticide,suchasboricacid.Baitsarelonglastingandaremosteffectivewhenplacedinsmallamountsinmanylocations.Mostbaitsareavailableinchild-andpetproofcontainers.Baitsaremuchmoreeffectiveiftheyaretheonlyfoodsourceavailable.Goodsanitationisespeciallyimportantforthistypeof control.

Professional Pest ControlIfthesituationissevereoritisunclear

whattodo,professionalpestcontrolservicesareavailable.Thesecompaniesemploytrainedpestcontroloperatorsand

haveaccesstoinsecticidesandequipmentthatarenotavailabletoprivateindividuals.Chooseacompanywiththesamecareyouusetoselectotherservicesforthehome.

Biological ControlBiologicalcontrolusesoneorganism

tocontrolanother.Whereinsecticidesareundesirableoritisnotnecessarytoeliminatecockroachescompletely,considerabiologicalcontrolprogram.Suchprogramshavenotbeenpopularinthepastbecausemanyfindthebiologicalcontrolagenttobeasdistastefulasthecockroaches.Additionally,insecticideusewouldhavetobeminimizedoreliminated,becausethebeneficialorganismoftenisevenmoresusceptibletoinsecticidesthancockroaches.

Manykindsoforganismsattackcockroaches:toads,bacteria,protozoa,beetles,mitesandwasps.Parasiticwaspshavehadthemostsuccess.Thesearetinyinsects,harmlesstohumans,thatlaytheireggsinthecockroachcase.Theeggshatchintoimmaturewaspsthatfeedonthecockroacheggs.Waspscanreducecockroachnumbersdramaticallyandkeepthematlowlevels,buttheycannotcompletelyeliminatetheproblem.Parasiticwaspshavebeenusedsuccessfullyinnonresidentialofficebuildingsandwarehouses,butnotinresidentialbuildingswherethereismuchlesstoleranceofcockroachesandotherinsects.

ReferencesCornwell,P.B.1968.The Cockroach.VolumeI.

Hutchinson,London,391pp.Cornwell,P.B.1976.The Cockroach.Volume

II.Hutchinson,London,557pp.Roth,L.M.,andE.R.Willis.1957.The

medical and veterinary importance of cockroaches.SmithsonianMiscellaneousCollection134(10):1-147.


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