Code: 716•Evaluation of the Benefits of Implementation

of Water Sensitive Urban Design Initiatives in Putraja City of Malaysia

Authors: MohammadHossein Kashefizadeh*, Mohammad

Ali Ghorbani, Farzan Mohajeri, Syamak Mahmoudi

*: Email:Mh_kz@hotmail.com, Telephone: 0060177131035- 00989303925192

Introduction

• Ministry of natural resources and environment of Malaysia asserted that flood damages have accrued approximately 915 billion ringgits annually.

• main causes of floods: Malaysia's geographical location, Inadequate or insufficient drainage systems.

• Poor or inadequate drainage systems, especially surface drainages are labelled as the most significant factor.

Environmental impacts of urban water systems

Impact Description Urban water relation

Carcinogens Damaging human healthHeavy metals in

effluents

Climate changeTemperature variation, sea

level changes

Waste water emissions

( Greenhouse Gas)

Eco toxicityEco toxic substances

damage air, water and soilEco toxics exist in

wastewater

Minerals and fossil fuels

Gradual depletion of minerals

Water treatment requires consumption

of minerals

Respiratory organics

Pollutants cause respiratory disease

Water treatment substances include respiratory organics

Table 1. Environmental impacts of urban water systems

Background of water management policies in Malaysia

• Despite an intelligent vision toward water management policy, enhancement is slow due to lack of a neither comprehensive guidelines nor practical samples for this purpose (Eighth Malaysian Plan).

• Within Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Malaysian plans, the Government focused on improving the quality, coverage and reliability of water supply systems and water infrastructures.

• Eighth Malaysian devoted almost RM4 billion for flood mitigation and water surface control projects.

• Tenth Malaysian plan asserts the need for imitating the successful experience of other countries such as Australia and Singapore in water management practices.

Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

• Sustainable development (SD); a pattern of economic growth to meet human needs without compromising the future needs by preserving the environment.

• Tony H F Wong, (2007): The words ‘water sensitive’ define a new paradigm in integrated urban water cycle management that combined the various disciplines of engineering and environmental sciences associated with the provision of water services, including the protection of aquatic environments in urban areas. WSUD integrates the social and physical sciences.

• Inter-government agreement on a National Water Initiative: WSUD is “the integration of urban planning with the management, protection and conservation of the urban water cycle to ensures that urban water management is sensitive to natural hydrological and ecological processes”.

Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)

WSUD is centred on integration at a number of levels:• The integrated management of the threeurban

water streams of potable water, wastewater and Stormwater,

• The integration of the scale of urban water management from individual allotments and buildings, to precincts and regions,

• The integrationof sustainable urban watermanagement into the built form,incorporating building architecture, landscape architecture and public art,

• The integrationof structural and non-structural sustainableurban water management initiatives.

Differences between elements of conventional and sustainable water

managementCategory Conventional Sustainable

Water supplyScheme water in standard fashion and groundwater

bores for POS

Supplemented by community groundwater schemes as a secondary supply for all outdoor

use in households and for POS

Water Conservation

Neither interior nor exterior water conservation devices

Application of low water use applications and technologies

POSDesign dominated by high

water use plantsDesign based on WSUD techniques

SewerageStandard reticulation

systemsFull recovery of water used in POS rather than

direct linkage to main

StormwaterLarge sums and piped

systemsApplication of WSUD and BMP concepts

Relationships of SD, WSUD and the urban water cycle

Major best practice criteria in regard of Stormwater management

Critical issues of BMP towards water sensitive city

Issue Description

Flow controlProvides the basis for all Stormwater management schemes. The three flow control issues to consider are flood management, and for more frequently occurring runoff events, flow attenuation and runoff volume reduction.

Oriented roadsOrientate roads to run diagonally across the contour to achieve a grade of 4% or less to help incorporate BMPs into the streetscape

Cluster lot arrangements

Promote cluster lot arrangements around public open space to allow greater community access to, and regard for associated natural and landscaped water features forming the local Stormwater management scheme

vegetation along waterways

Maintain and/or re-establish vegetation along waterways, and establish public open spaces down drainage lines to promote them as multi-use corridors linking public and private areas and community activity nodes.

Gross pollutants removal

Once gross pollutants and coarse sediments are removed, other pollutant removal mechanisms involving biological and chemical processes can be effectively applied.

Proposed Frameworks of Stormwater Management

Worldwide

Integrated Urban Water Cycle Concept

Australia urban water cycle

Stormwater management framework for the City of Oslo ( G. Venkatesh,

Helge Bratteb, 2011)

Water framework for Stormwater management in Singapore.

Strategy towards achieving the goal of Water sensitive city (Brown, R.,

Keath, N. & Wong, T.2009)

Stormwater management initiatives

A B C

Constructed wetland initiative: a transitional area between land and water systems which is either permanently or periodically inundated with shallow water.

Bioretention systems: infiltration of Stormwater through a prescribed soil media. A B

Stormwater management initiatives

A B Detention basin initiative: a Stormwater management facility installed on or adjacent to rivers, streams and lakes or bays to protect against flooding.

Reparian park initiative: postpones the likelihood of occurrence of flood via a meandering river-like path

Stormwater management initiatives

Gross Pollutant Traps (GPT): applied in order to filtrate the Stormwater for the pollutants

Schematic of the rainwater and grey water systems in the healthy home

Result of application of WSUD initiatives

• Implementation of WSUD subsequently leads to a water sensitive city, where Tony Wong, and Rebekah Brown (2000) asserted that a water sensitive city will be characterised by three key attributes:

• access to a diversity of water sources underpinned by a diversity of centralised and decentralised infrastructure;

• provision of ecosystem services for the built and natural environment; and

• A socio-political capital for sustainability.

Result of application of WSUD initiatives in greenhouse gas emission in Melbourne

Case Study

• City of Putrajaya located at about 25km south of Kuala Lumpur and is predicted to accommodate a population of 330,000.

• The centre-piece of the city is an artificial lake surrounded by 20 planning precincts.

• Key requirement of the project is to develop a strategy for Stormwater management in harmony with the environmental and town planning concept of creating an intelligent city in a garden.

Philosophy of the Stormwater management strategy

• Avoiding pollution whenever possible through source control measures,

• Controlling and minimizing pollution by means of in-transit and end-of-pipe control methods where pollutant generation cannot be feasibly avoided,

• Managing the impacts of Stormwater pollution by managing receiving waters and their appropriate utilization as a last resort. (Angkasa, 1999).

Stormwater management strategy of Putrajaya

Result of the analysis of the Putrajaya Stormwater management system

Objective Description Priority Achievement

Flood preventionSecure health and safety of people 1

Absolute

Secure safety of asset 2

Ecology and water recreation

Surface water pollution reduction

3 Satisfactory

Canals and ponds

Rivers

Water management

Reduction of cost of operation 4

Satisfactory

Sedimentation reduction in sewers 5

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