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Coding in STM
• Clues about coding in STM:– # of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech– phonological similarity effect: similar sounding words are harder to store/recall than different
sounding words
Coding in STM
• Clues about coding in STM:– # of items stored in STM depends on rate of speech– phonological similarity effect: similar sounding words are harder to store/recall than different
sounding words
What does this suggest about the nature of information in STM?
Coding in STM
• It seems that information can be stored in a linguistic or phonological form
Must it be stored this way?
Coding in STM
• It is also possible to “keep in mind” non-verbal information, such as a map
Are there two different STM systems?
A Modular Approach to STM
• Allan Baddeley:
Articulatory Loop
Central Executive
Visuospatial Sketchpad
In general, how can we know if there are one, two, or more independent systems handling
some aspect of perception or cognition?
Dissociations and Double-Dissociations
• A dissociation occurs when one process is influenced by changing a variable but another process is not
Dissociations and Double-Dissociations
• A dissociation occurs when one process is influenced by changing a variable but another process is not
• example: break the sparkplugs in your car and examine the effect on a) your engine b) your radio
Dissociations and Double-Dissociations
• A double-dissociation occurs when changing a variable has different effects on two different processes
• example: break sparkplugs vs break antenna
A Modular Approach to STM
• Allan Baddeley:
Articulatory Loop
Central Executive
Visuospatial Sketchpad
The article by Lee Brooks considers a double-dissociation between Phonological and Visuospatial memory representations
Coding in STM• Modular Approach: Working Memory
• Allan Baddeley - two components of Working Memory
• Evidence for a modular system:– interference within modalities but not between
– example: subvocal counting of letters in a list of words is very hard but subvocal counting of the corners of a figure is easy
Working Memory “Modules”• Lee Brooks: interference between different
representations in STM (Experiment 1)– Memory Representation
• verbal task: categorize words in a sentence
• spatial task: categorize corners in a block letter
– Response Modality• verbal response: say “yes” or “no”
• spatial response: point to “yes” or “no”
Working Memory “Modules”
• result:
Response Time
Response Modality
Verbal Spatial
Spatial Representation(categorize corners)
Verbal Representation(categorize nouns)
Working Memory “Modules”
• Interpretation:– supports notion of modularity in Working Memory (visuospatial sketchpad / articulatory loop)