Date post: | 18-Dec-2014 |
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COGENERATIONCOGENERATION
Presented By:PRUTHIRAJ SWAIN(12PS21F)
DefinitionDefinition : : Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation in one process of
thermal energy and electrical and/or mechanical energy;
Useful heat is heat produced in a cogeneration process to satisfy an economically justifiable demand for heating or cooling;
The heat produced by cogeneration can be delivered through various mediums, including warm water (e.g., for space heating and hot water systems), steam or hot air (e.g., for commercial and industrial uses).
It is also possible to do Trigeneration, the production of
electricity, heat and cooling.
Trigeneration is an attractive option in situations where all three needs exist, such as in production processes with cooling requirements.
Cogeneration technologiesCogeneration technologies Combined cycle gas turbine with heat recovery Steam backpressure turbine Steam condensing extraction turbine Gas turbine with heat recovery Internal combustion engine Micro turbines Sterling engines Steam engines Fuel cells ORC
Other classifications: Topping cycle Bottoming cycle
Cogeneration units: Micro-cogeneration means below 50 kWe; Small-scale cogeneration means below 1 MWe.
Power to heat ratio (P/H): the ratio between electricity from cogeneration and
useful heat when operating in full cogeneration mode
Efficiency coefficient for heat generation Efficiency coefficient for heat generation onlyonly
Fuel type Overall efficiency
Solid fuels Hard coal/coke 0.88Peat 0.86Wood fuels 0.86Oil, LPG 0.89Biofuels 0.89Natural gas 0.9Biogas 0.7
Efficiency coefficient for electricity Efficiency coefficient for electricity generation onlygeneration only
Fuel type Overall efficiency
Solid fuels Hard coal/coke 0.442Peat 0.390Wood fuels 0.330Oil, LPG 0.442Biofuels 0.442Natural gas 0.525Biogas 0.420
Electricity
Heat energy
Condensing power plant
Boiler house
Electricity
Heat energy
CHP
Alternatives for heat and electricity supplyAlternatives for heat and electricity supply
Where can CHP be Economically Where can CHP be Economically Attractive?Attractive?Data CentersColleges &
UniversitiesEthanol/ Biofuel
Process PlantsFood Processing
PlantsHospitalsHotelsIce ArenasChemicals, Pulp &
Paper, Fabricated Metals,
Plastics
Nursing HomesOffice BuildingsLarge Multi-Family
ApartmentsRefrigerated
WarehousesRestaurantsSupermarketsTheatresGreenhousesWastewater
Treatment Facilities
Why is There an Opportunity?Why is There an Opportunity? Rising Concerns Over – Blackouts/Brownouts – Power Supply Constraints – Marked Increases in Electricity & Fuel Prices Selected Power Outage Costs
GeneratorsGeneratorsTwo Types of GeneratorsTwo Types of Generators
Induction• Requires Grid
Power Source to Operate
• When Grid Goes Down, CHP System Goes Down
• Less Complicated & Less Costly to Interconnect
• Preferred by Utilities
Synchronous• Self Excited (Does
Not Need Grid to Operate)
• CHP System can Continue to Operate thru Grid Outages
• More Complicated & Costly to Interconnect (Safety)
• Preferred by Customers
CHP Recycles the Waste Heat CHP Recycles the Waste Heat from from Power Generation achieving efficiencies of over Power Generation achieving efficiencies of over 80%.80%.
Fuel input
Separategeneration
Power station43%
Boiler house95%
CHP
Electricity35%
Useful heat50%
81
53
Total 134
Fuel input
100
Total 100
Electricity35
Heat50
Output
25%134
100134savingsenergy Primary
CHP and separate generationCHP and separate generation
Benefits of CHPBenefits of CHP High Efficiency, On-Site Generation Means High Efficiency, On-Site Generation Means :: Improved Reliability.(Avoiding business disruptions)
50% less CO2 emissions.(Monetizing Environmental benefits)
Up to 80% energy efficient.(Reducing Fuel use)
Removes requirement for back-up diesels (Conserve Natural Resources)
Can uplift Green Star ratings by 1-2 stars.
Usually cost-effective. Support Grid Infrastructure
Fewer T&D ConstraintsDefer Costly Grid UpgradesPrice Stability
Facilitates Deployment of New Clean Energy Technologies
Environmental benefitsEnvironmental benefits
0
50
100
150
200
250
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2013 2015 2018 2020
CO2
emis
sion
fro
m h
eat
ener
gy g
ener
ation
, CO
2/kW
h
CO2 emissions reduced by 75%-90% (44-54 thousand Tonnes/year) Overall efficiency in CHP mode – 89%
Efficiency Benefits of CHPEfficiency Benefits of CHP
Environmental Benefits of CHP Environmental Benefits of CHP (NO(NOxx))
Conclusion:Conclusion:The main reasons for higher specific energy
consumption in Indian Industries are obsolete technology, lower capacity utilization and poor operating and maintenance practices.
EC has received increased attention in India since the mid seventies but its impact is felt at a low face due to inhibiting attitudes, insufficient technical know-how, market distortions, high cost of efficient end use devices, capital shortage etc.
There is a need to design interventions in terms of policies and institutions which addresses these issues and create incentives for energy conservation.
THANK YOU