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Restricted © Siemens AG 2017 siemens.com/gasturbines Cogeneration:Energy Production Maximizing Efficiency and Minimizing Environmental Impact at all scales Gastech, Tokyo, April 2017
Restricted © Siemens AG 2017 siemens.com/gasturbines
Cogeneration:Energy Production
Maximizing Efficiency and Minimizing
Environmental Impact at all scalesGastech, Tokyo, April 2017
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04.05.2017Page 2 MJW / PG DG SPM NM
Introduction
Increasing financial and
environmental challenges
Using energy more efficiently
helps address the ‘Energy
Trilemma’
Cogeneration is an opportunity to
improve efficiency and reduce
environmental impact
open to energy consumers of
all sizes
Security of
SupplyPrice of
Electricity
Environment
The Energy
Trilemma
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Introduction
The Centralised Power Generation Model – is it really < 60% efficient ?
What if we generated the power for local communities at
distribution level ?100
105
6050 - 55
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Benefits of Distributed Power
• High Energy Efficiency
• Especially Cogeneration
• Competitive Installed Costs
• Multi-fuel capability
• Security of supply
• Can help provide grid stability
Introduction
0 20 40 60 80 100
Open Cycle
Separate Heat & Power
Combined Cycle
Cogeneration
Overall Energy Efficiencies (%)
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Introduction
CO2 emissions depend on:
Efficiency
Fuel Type
Natural Gas is the fuel of choice
Widespread availability
No shortage of reserves
Transportable
Competitively priced
Clean
• Low CO2, NOx etc.
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Natural
Gas
Diesel Coal Lignite Wood MSW (non-
Biomass)
CO2 Emission Factors (T per MWh)
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What is Cogeneration ?
The simultaneous production of heat (or
cooling) and power from a single source
• Topping Cycle
• Electricity Focus, waste energy to heat
• Bottoming Cycle
• Heat focus, surplus heat to electricity
• Can provide heat in various forms
• Steam
• Hot Water
• Hot AirORC photo ©Turboden, Italy
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What is Cogeneration ?
A properly designed CHP plant is the most efficient way to meet a site’s
local energy demands and reduce fuel costs
Fuel
100%
25 -
60%
75 -
90%
Electricity
Remote
Power
Plant
On-
site
Boiler
Steam
Losses 10 -20%
T&D losses c. 5%
Steam distribution
losses
Fuel
100%
Overall Energy Efficiency = 50 – 75%
Losses 40 - 70%
On-site
Cogeneration
Plant
Fuel
100%
> 30%Electricity
Steam
Losses < 25%
Steam
distribution
losses
> 45%
Overall Energy Efficiency: > 75%
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Distributed Power
Cogeneration: The lowest CO2 option to meet energy demands
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Separate Heat &Power: Low
Scenario
Separate Heat &Power: High
Scenario
80%Cogeneration
CO2 Emissions (kg/h)10MW electricity
20MW heat
Natural Gas Fuel
Low Scenario:
Power Generation Efficiency: 30%
Heat Generation Efficiency: 85%
High Scenario:
Power Generation Efficiency: 55%
Heat Generation Efficiency: 90%
up to 1/3
Reduction in CO2
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Where can CHP be used ?
Anywhere that has both a heat and
power demand
Domestic buildings
Commercial Buildings
Municipalities
• District Heating / Cooling
• Hospitals, Swimming Pools, Universities…
Industry
• Chemicals, Automotive, Pharmaceuticals,
Food & Beverage, Pulp & Paper, Textiles,
Ceramics, RefineriesIndustrial Trent CHP plant at a cardboard
manufacturing facility providing 50MW power
and 200 psig process steam
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Cogeneration:
Key Selection Criteria
Meeting thermal and power load requirements
Reducing energy costs
Availability and reliability
Lower emissions
Fuel flexibility
Enhanced control
Financing solutions
Life-cycle support
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What Technologies are out there ?
A wide range of potential technologies to satisfy all Cogeneration
applications at all scales
Microturbine
Increasing Power
High and Medium Speed Reciprocating
Engines (Gas Engines)
Industrial Gas
Turbine
Steam Turbine
Domestic Commercial Municipal Industrial
Stirling Engine
Reciprocating
Engine
Organic Rankine CycleAero-derivative
Gas Turbine
Heavy Duty
Gas Turbine
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Selecting the right technology
Economics driven
Look at:
Heat or Power focus
Scale of project
Type of heat required
• Steam
• Hot Water
• Hot Air
Heat to Power Ratio
• Ability to import/export power
• Variability of Demand Guascor Gas Engine CHP set
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Selecting the right technology
Heat to Power Ratio
• Recoverable heat depends on
technology
• Quantity
• Temperature
• Form
• Exhaust gas
• Cooling water circuits
1.0
0.5
2.0
3.0
4.0
6.0
5.0
Gas Engine
Gas Turbine
Gas Turbine with
supplementary
fired WHRU
Steam Turbine
Heat to Power Ratio
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Selecting the right technology
Type of Process Heat
Low Temperature Hot Water (LTHW)
• High overall efficiencies as heat recovery
from low temperature heat sources
High Temperature Hot Water (HTHW)
• Requires higher waste heat temperatures
than LTHW
Steam
• Needs high temperature heat source
(>100°C) increasing as pressure rises
Hot Air
• Direct or Indirect, Process or Space heating
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Selecting the right technology
Note: Highest electrical efficiency does not always give the
highest overall energy efficiency !
Brewery example: 7.5MW, 27 TPH saturated steam demand (10 bara)
Energy Efficiency (%)
Steam Production
(TPH)
20
40
80
60
10 20 30
11000 TPA
less CO2
> US$1.1 million/year
fuel saving
Gas Engine
Gas Turbine
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Combining Cogeneration technologies to
improve efficiency: Michigan, USA
Leveraging portfolio breadth to facilitate project development goals
Siemens Scope of Supply
(2) SGT-800 GTs, (1) SST-400 ST, 2 major LTP,
T3000 DCS, 3-GSU, 1-UAT, Switchgear, and
MCC
145MWNew power
generated via CHP
plant
~50%The CO2 emissions
reduction rate from
existing supplier
Challenge Solution
Coal-fired plant no longer
met city energy needs
Two SGT-800 and One
SST-400 provide cost-
efficient power
Underground snowmelt
system could not meet
energy demands
Waste heat from
circulating water system
provides heat for increased
snowmelt system
demands
Complex development
process
Provide “bundle buy”
solutions to facilitate
supply process
© Siemens AG 2017 All rights reserved.
2017-03-02Page 17 Michael Welch / Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd. AL: N ECCN: N
Selecting the right technology
Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions
CO2 is not the only GHG
Not all fuel is burned in the
combustion process
Methane is a potent GHG UHC emissions (methane slip)
Low in ‘continuous combustion’
equipment
Boilers and gas turbines
High in ‘intermittent
combustion’ equipment
Gas engines0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
NaturalGas
Diesel Propane NaturalGas +
3g/kWhMethane
Slip
Combustion Only
Life Cycle Emissions
CO2 released (kg/mmBtu)
Sources:
EIA 2007, US EPA 2009, GREET 1.8c
Will be higher if
methane
accepted as
being 35 times
worse GHG
than CO2
CO2eq Emissions
(tonnes per hour)
for 100MW power
@ 50% efficiency
37
51
44
49
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What if I don’t have Natural Gas?
Many other fuels can be utilized, even in Low
Emissions combustors
Waste Gases and Byproducts
• Coke Oven Gas, Landfill Gas
• Ethane, Propane, NGLs, LPG
Liquid Fuels
• Diesel, HFO, Crude Oil
Syngas
• Energy from Waste, Coal, Biomass
Solid Fuels
• Coal, Biomass, MSW
Lower cost opportunity fuels
13MW class GT
• US$0.50/mmbtu lower fuel cost =
> US$0.5 million/year fuel bill reduction
University of New Hampshire
SGT-300 Tri-generation (Heat, Power and Cooling)
Capable of operation on Natural Gas, processed landfill
gas (high CO2.N2 content) or diesel fuels
Dry Low Emissions combustion
(<15ppm NOx on gaseous fuels)
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What if I don’t have Natural Gas?
NOx Emissions
Flame temperature dependent
Propane and diesel have higher
energy content
than natural gas Hotter flame, higher NOx
NOx reduction in gas turbines by Dry
Low Emissions (DLE) combustion
technology
Multi-fuel capability
Natural gas
High Inert Gases
Ethane & Propane
Diesel
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
NOx(ppm)
Typical NOx ranges for Gas Turbines on different fuels
© Siemens AG 2017 All rights reserved.
2017-03-02Page 20 Michael Welch / Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd. AL: N ECCN: N
Propane and Diesel:
Gas Turbine DLE Comparison
NOx Emissions
Thermal NOx is dominant NOx
production method
Propane and diesel have hotter
flames than
natural gas
Propane lower than diesel
Using propane in a gaseous state
enables better fuel / air mixing Fewer hot spots
Lower peak flame temperatures
Propane less polluting than diesel0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Relative NOx emissions
Natural Gas
Propane
Diesel
Comparison of relative NOx emissions for
the different fuel types for an SGT-700
with a DLE combustor
Equivalent to
170 tonnes/year
less NOx
operating on
propane
compared to
diesel
≈ 170
tonnes
/year
Equivalent to 0.5
million car
journeys of 10
miles
Restricted © Siemens AG 2015
2015-XX-XXPage 21 Author / CG PG
Combustion Emissions Comparison (tonnes/year)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
NOx CO UHC Particulates Formaldehyde
Medium Speed SI Engine
50MW Class Aero-derivative GT DLE
50MW Class Industrial GT DLE
Natural Gas fuel
250MW Plant Output
7000 Hours/year operation
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Why consider ethane and propane as
primary or back-up fuels ?
“Reducing wood-burning,
gas-flaring and global
diesel emissions would be
‘quick win’ in combating
irreversible climate
change, scientists say”
The icesheet in the Ilulissat region of Greenland. The dark
patches are cryoconite, formed by windblown dust, soot and
ash particles that settle on the ice and turn the snow dark.
Photograph: Daniel Beltra
“Soot is behind human
health problems from
Beijing to Burundi”
21 December 2016
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A case of extreme Fuel Flexibility
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5
CH4
C2H6
C3H8
C4H10
H2
30MW Gas Turbine CHP, PDH Plant,
China utilizing gases previously
flared
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Cogeneration helps solve the Energy
Trilemma
Security of
SupplyPrice of
Electricity
Environment
• Reduced Global CO2 emissions
• Reduced flaring of wastes gases
• Reduced energy
consumption
• Potential to use
low cost or
opportunity fuels
2 x SGT-400 and SST-300 steam
turbine CHP plant providing electricity,
heating and cooling for 60,000
residents in the Bronx area of New
York. The lights stayed on during
Hurricane Sandy
On-site generation of all
required energy – no
reliance on 3rd Party
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Summary
Energy efficiency through CHP helps address the Energy
Trilemma
• Environmental, Economic and Security of Supply
Benefits
Applicable to schemes of all sizes
Multiple technologies and combination of technologies
possible to optimize customer benefits
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Disclaimer
This document contains forward-looking statements and information – that is, statements related to future, not past,
events. These statements may be identified either orally or in writing by words as “expects”, “anticipates”, “intends”,
“plans”, “believes”, “seeks”, “estimates”, “will” or words of similar meaning. Such statements are based on our current
expectations and certain assumptions, and are, therefore, subject to certain risks and uncertainties. A variety of factors,
many of which are beyond Siemens’ control, affect its operations, performance, business strategy and results and could
cause the actual results, performance or achievements of Siemens worldwide to be materially different from any future
results, performance or achievements that may be expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. For us,
particular uncertainties arise, among others, from changes in general economic and business conditions, changes in
currency exchange rates and interest rates, introduction of competing products or technologies by other companies, lack
of acceptance of new products or services by customers targeted by Siemens worldwide, changes in business strategy
and various other factors. More detailed information about certain of these factors is contained in Siemens’ filings with the
SEC, which are available on the Siemens website, www.siemens.com and on the SEC’s website, www.sec.gov. Should
one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results
may vary materially from those described in the relevant forward-looking statement as anticipated, believed, estimated,
expected, intended, planned or projected. Siemens does not intend or assume any obligation to update or revise these
forward-looking statements in light of developments which differ from those anticipated.
Trademarks mentioned in this document are the property of Siemens AG, its affiliates or their respective owners.
TRENT® and RB211® are registered trade marks of and used under license from Rolls-Royce plc. Trent, RB211, 501 and
Avon are trade marks of and used under license of Rolls-Royce plc.
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Mike Welch
Industry Marketing Manager
Siemens Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd.
Waterside South
Lincoln, United Kingdom
Phone: +44 (1522) 584000
Mobile: +44 (7921) 242234
E-mail: [email protected]
Thank you for your attention!
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