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Cognitive Grammar
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[[[PIN]/[pin]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 82)
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Ronald Langacker
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Evolution of cognitive theory
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‘No comprehensive and unified theoretical framework’
in linguistics.(Langacker 1987, p. V)
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1976 essays and chapters about
‘Space Grammar.’
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Foundations of Cognitive Grammar
1987: Volume ITheoretical Prerequisities
1991: Volume IIDescriptive Application
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Volume I
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Archetype of grammar
Explains every language phenomenon and is accurate.
Unfortunately cannot be formulated.
(Langacker 1987, p. 56)
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‘It is useful for theoretical purposes to consider
what a grammar of this sort would look like.’
But:
(Langacker 1987, p. 56-57)10
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Hence, Cognitive Grammar.
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Grammar=
Convention=
Sharing
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Three claims:
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1. ‘Semantic structure is not universal.’(Langacker 1987, p. 2)
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2. ‘Grammar is symbolic in nature.’
(Langacker 1987, p. 2)
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3. ‘There is no meaningful distinction between
grammar and lexicon.’(Langacker 1987, p. 3)
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Meaning=
Conceptualization=
Cognitive processing(Langacker 1987, p. 5)
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Cognitive Grammar(Langacker 1987, p. 5)
Artificial intelligenceCognitive psychology18
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[ ] = Unit status
( ) = Nonunit status
MAJUSCULE = semantic
minuscule = phonological
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What is a linguistic unit?
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A linguistic unit is used and understood.
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[COFFEE] =Semantic unit
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kɒfɪ[coffee] =Phonological unit
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kɒfɪ+
= Symbolic unit
Phonological unitSemantic unit
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Convention and usage:
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‘Putting together novel expressions is something that speakers do, not
grammars.’(Langacker 1987, p. 65)
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Coding.
Target structure.
Usage event.
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Conventional units sanction
the degree of conventionality of the
target structure.(Langacker 1987, p. 66)
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Full sanction.
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‘This is a triangle.’(Langacker 1987, p. 67)
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(Langacker 1987, p. 67)31
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([[TRIANGLE]/[triangle]]→((TRIANGLE’)/(triangle’)))
Sanctioning structure Target structure
Categorizing judgment with full sanction.
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Partial sanction.
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‘Look at this pencil.’(Langacker 1987, p. 69)
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(Langacker 1987, p. 70)35
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([[PENCIL]/[pencil]]⇢((PENCIL’)/(pencil’)))
Sanctioning structure Target structure
Categorizing judgment with partial sanction.
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Semantic space and phonological space as separate areas?
That is too easy.
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(Langacker 1987, p. 80)
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Example noun: pins
composite phonological unit [pin–z] composite semantic unit [PIN–PL]
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Grammatical constructions:
(Langacker 1987, p. 83)
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Example noun: pins
symbolic units
[[PIN]/[pin]] and [[PL]/[z]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 82)
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[[[PIN]/[pin]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 82)
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[[[THING]/[...]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
→[[[PIN]/[pin]]–[[PL]/[z]]]
(Langacker 1987, p. 92)
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Idioms:
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Idioms have a literal sense and a figurative
sense.
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(Langacker 1987, p. 93)
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Volume II
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‘Vol. 2 now applies [the basic theoretical framework], often in painful detail, to a substantial range of representative grammatical constructions.‘ (Langacker 1991, p. 9)
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Generalized-phrase Structure Grammar
Montague Grammar
Lexical-functional Grammar
X-bar Syntax
Functional Grammar
Similar grammar approaches
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Sociolinguistics:
Grammar must describe the speech situation and the sociolinguistic value of
conventional units.(Langacker 1987, p. 63)
Similar grammar approaches
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Construction Grammar:
‘Claims that all syntax is built from constructions clipped together.’
‘Langacker‘s version[s] of Construction Grammar claim[s] that all syntactic
structures are form-meaning pairings.’(Jackendoff 2002, p. 179)
Similar grammar approaches
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Chomsky:
‘Direct opposition.’‘The central object of interest [...]
was syntax.’‘Governed by principles independent
of meaning.’(Kemmer 2010)
Different grammar approaches
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Ex. 1:Explain the term unit status and give an example for a nonunit expression.
Ex. 2: Write down the formula for a
full sanction, including sanctioning and target structure, of (BOOK’).
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Solution Ex. 1:
An expression has got unit status if it is used habitually and is easily understood by other speakers of the same language. p. 57
A nonunit expression is e.g. (kɒfɪ–ɪʃ). I guess it means something is similar to
coffee.
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Solution Ex. 2:
([[BOOK]/[book]]→((BOOK’)/(book’)))
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- Jackendoff, Ray: Foundations of Language. Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution, New York 2002.
- Kemmer, Suzanne: About Cognitive Linguistics. Historical Background, (http://www.cogling.org/cl.shtml, last acessed on the 4th of january).
- Langacker, Ronald W.: Curriculum Vitae, (http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~rwl/rwl_cv.pdf, last acessed on the 4th of january).
- Langacker, Ronald W.: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume 1, Theoretical Prerequisites, Stanford 1987.
- Langacker, Ronald W.: Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Volume 2, Descriptive Application, Stanford 1991.
Bibliography:
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• p. 1 http://www.simpsonstrivia.com.ar/simpsons-photos/wallpapers/homer-simpson-wallpaper-brain-1024.jpg
• p. 1 http://tristanverboven.wordpress.com/2010/05/04/grammar-i-ain’t-got-time-for-grammar/
• p. 3 http://foreign.swu.edu.cn/lcs/• p. 4- p. 7 http://www.kryptozoologie.net/wp-content/files/2010/03/HomerSapien.jpg • p. 7 private photo• p. 9 http://www.dianakohne.de/Arbeiten/Illustration/Illustration1/8Kita_Arche_Noah.jpg• p. 12 http://www.home-designing.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/fb-twitter.jpg• p. 18 http://minus.com/mkQFa5dtz#1o• p. 18 http://dicenwrite.wordpress.com/2010/09/27/auf-ein-wort-psiabwehr/• p. 22 and 24 http://openclipart.org/detail/155473/cup-of-coffee-by-gr8dan• p. 28 http://openclipart.org/image/800px/svg_to_png/11125/
raffaella_biscuso_Judge_hammer.png • p. 30 and p. 34 http://openclipart.org/image/800px/svg_to_png/1006/
johnny_automatic_pointing_hand.png• p. 34 http://openclipart.org/detail/164437/marker-by-waider
Last accessed on the 4th of january.
Picture sources:
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