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Cognitive Processes
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Cognitive Processes- it is theperformance of some composite
cognitive activity and an operation thataffects mental contents.
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Constructivism: A Holistic
Approachto Teaching and Learning
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What is Constructivism?
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Basically, Constructivism says that
people construct their own understanding and
knowledge of the world through experiencingthings and reflecting on those experiences.
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Constructivism is a learning theory
Learning is an active process
Knowledge is constructed from (and shapedby) experience
Learning is a personal interpretation of the
world
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Emphasizes problem solving and understanding
Uses authentic tasks, experiences, settings,
assessments Content presented holisticallynot in
separate smaller parts
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Views of
Constructivism
Characteristics of
Constructivism Organizing Knowledge
Individual
Constructivism
Social
Constructivism
Constructivism
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Views of Constructivism
1. Individual Constructivism
2. Social Constructivism
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Individual Constructivism- it is also
called cognitive constructivism. It
emphasizes individual, internalconstruction of knowledge...
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Characteristics of Constructivism
1. Learners construct understanding.
2. New learning depends on currentunderstanding.
3. Learning is facilitated by social
interaction.4. Meaningful learning occurs within
authentic learning tasks.
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Organizing Knowledge
Concept defined- concept is a way of
grouping or categorizing objects or
events in our mind.
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Concepts as Feature Lists
a. Defining Feature
b. Correlational Feature
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Concepts as Prototypes
A. Prototype- is an idea or a visual
image of a typical example.
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Concepts as Exemplars
A. Exemplars- represent a variety of
examples.
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Making Concept Learning Effective
Provide a clear definition of the
concept
Make the defining features veryconcrete and prominent
Give a variety of positive instances Give negative instances
Cite a best example or a prototype
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Provide opportunity for learners toidentify positive and negativeinstances
Ask learners to think of their ownexample of the concept
Point out how concepts can berelated to each other
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Schemas and Scripts
Schemais an organized body of
knowledge about something. It is like afile of information you hold in your mind
about something.
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Script- is a schema that includes a
series of predictable events about aspecific activity.
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Applying Constructivism in Facilitating
Learning
Aim to make learners understand afew key ideas in an in-depth manner,
rather than taking up so many topicssuperficially.
Give varied examples.
Provide lots of opportunities forquality interaction
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Provide opportunities forexperimentation.
Have lots of hands- on activities.
Relate your topic to real life situations.
Do not depend on the explanation
method all the time.