A BRIEF HISTORY OF TOURISM

COLBOURNE COLLEGESADEKE SMITH

REGIONS OF THE WORLD

ANCIENT REASONS WHY PEOPLE TRAVELLED

SEEKING FOOD ESCAPING ENEMINES RELIEF FROM OVER POPULATION TERRITORAL EXPANSION FOR BARTER AND TRADE TO SATISFY CURIOSITY OF UNKNOWN RELIGION AND PILGRIMAGE

CURRENT TOURISM GROWTH “The substantial growth of the tourism

activity marks tourism as one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the past century.” The number of international arrivals shows

an evolution from a mere 25 million international arrivals in 1950 to an estimated 763 million in 2004

This is a growth rate of 6.5%

Chun-yang Wang & Maxwell K. Hsu. (2000)

The Tourist

TOURISMPROMOTERS

TOURISMSERVICES

SUPPLIERS

EXTERNALENVIRONMENT

TourOperators

TouristBoards

Meeting Planners

TravelAgents

DirectMarketing

Destinations

Attractions/Entertainment

Transportation

Food &Beverage

Accomo-dations

Society &Culture

Politics

Technology

Environ-ment

Economy

Integrated ModelOf Tourism

HISTORY OF TRAVEL & TOURISM - PRE-HISTORIC TRAVEL

Paleolithic Age (32,000 BC - 10,000 BC) – After Creation which was around 11,0000 BC)Forged Trails = Hunting (was this “tourism”?)Fire/tools (no animals)/shelter

HISTORY OF TRAVEL & TOURISM - PRE-HISTORIC TRAVEL

Neolithic AgeCritters & Sailing Vessels (4,000 BC’ish)The Wheel (3,500 BC) (China)Agriculture/stored (communities

exchanged)Coins (= light)ReligionTime of AbrahamMoses John the Baptist Etc.

- THE EMPIRE ERA

Egyptian Kingdoms (4850 – 715 B.C.)Government in centralized locationsUsed Nile (north = current, south = sails)

Greek Empire (900 – 200 B.C.)Use of a common language (Mediterr.)Currency ExchangeCity-States became attractions

Shopping, eat/drinking, gaming, sports, theater

EMPIRE ERA (CONT.) Roman Empire (500 B.C. – A.D. 300)

Tourism for both middle class and wealthyGood roads (50,000 mile system)!

Appian Way Roman currency universalCommon legal system

Safety when travelling Inns (30 miles apart)

MIDDLE AGES AND RENAISSANCE Middle Ages (5th – 14th centuries)

Feudal System replaced Roman RuleFragmented Industry (now unsafe)

Money, language, transportation, etc. travel now difficult and dangerousCatholic Church began to gain power

stable/central force religious holidays

MIDDLE AGES - CRUSADES

Crusades (1096-1291)attempting to re-

gain the holy landexchange of ideas

ideas, and goods(desire is born!)

afforded less wealthy to travel

THE CRUSADES

The Crusades were a series of Holy Wars launched by the Christian states of Europe against the Saracens. The term 'Saracen' was the word used to describe a Muslim during the time of the Crusades. The Crusades started in 1095 when Pope Claremont preached the First Crusade at the Council of Claremont.

THE CRUSADES The Pope's preaching led to

thousands immediately affixing the cross to their garments - the name Crusade given to the Holy Wars came from old French word 'crois' meaning 'cross'. The Crusades were great military expeditions undertaken by the Christian nations of Europe for the purpose of rescuing the holy places of Palestine from the hands of the Mohammedans.

PILGRIMAGES Pilgrimages (1200 to 1300)

religion/health = adventure and learningdestinations were born (accom. & food)arrested & beaten if not a “holy” mission

*search for a better way of life

MARCO POLO Marco Polo (1275 – 1295)

Mid. East to China 4 Languages Had wealth in gold Had access to transportation vessels

Family involved in the Navy and were merchants Had education Had “important” friends through family marriages

Safety and marketing were assured

1254-1324, from Venice, Italy Silk Road (began journey in 1271) His books detailing “the world” piqued

interest in travel amongst Europe’s elitists

THE RENAISSANCE ERA Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries)

The “Rebirth of Travel”!Kings & Queens had larger territories

Merchants could travel further (trade routes)Desire to learn and experience other

cultures is born! = The Grand Tour!

GRAND TOUR ERA!

Grand Tour (1500-1820) or (1613-1785)!Wealthy English started, later others (status)England - France – Switzerland – Germany -

ItalyMotivations

culture, health, pleasure, curiosity, science, career education, art & scenery

Lasted approximately 40 months (age 22 to 40)

New amenities formedTribulations = theft, alps, riversCarriage rentals, 1829 1st all-inclusive Industrial Revolution (1750) started downfall

THE GRAND TOUR! The itinerary was similar for all

London, England

Paris, France

Auxerre, France

Lugano, Switzerland

Pisa, Italy

Rome, Italy

Florence, Italy

Venice, Italy

Inssbruck, Austria

Munich, Germany

Amsterdam, Netherlands

THE MOBILITY ERA (1800 – 1944)

Growing economic prosperity = leisure time! Grand Tour gave way to family vacations spas were huge

Romanticism (1800s)= literature & arts urban bad, nature good (closer to God)

Transportation!! Coach system (mail), needed tie-ups/Inns

abusive (schedules, temp., physical) Water travel preferred (1840 Cunard) Trains (1830 in England), 1903 Wright Brothers Model T mass produced (1914)

COOK’S TOURS Made Group Tour a business (1841) Economics: Desire+Need+Motivation=$

$$ Services

Connections, tickets, timetables, currency exchange, travel guides, the tour

Introduced (1850 - 1920) Cook’s Coupons (pre-pay) Circular Notes (travelers’ cheques) Cook made world tourism affordable!

MODERN ERA – MASS TOURISM

2 World Wars = Technology & desire increaseAutomobile

Better Roads post WW1 = bungalow camps Post WW2

Mass produced, gas not rationed & prosperityAirplane

Lindbergh (1927), initially $$ 1958 = jet travel and economy class

Credit card (1950)Individual vs. Organized Mass Tourists

OTHER FACTORS

Leisure TimeCreation of the weekend (Upton Sinclair’s “The

Jungle)1938 Fair Labor Standards Act

Oil Crisis (mid 70’s) Tourism Policy

deregulation (1978), USTTA (1981) Technology Advances Theme Parks Peace Industry??

GEOGRAPHY OF TOURISM

Physical Geography (features of earth)Landforms, H20, vegetation, climate, etc.

Human (cultural) GeographyLanguage, religion, dress, food, customs…= cultural norms/expectations

Regional Geography (study one area)Effects of climate, time of year, etc.

ie, Ski areas, wine regions, etc.

BUSINESS PERSPECTIVES

Marketing (4 P’s)Meeting the needs/desires of visitors Importance of segmentation

CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

Can growth & development occur w/o creating environmental problems?

How will technology effect tourism? As tourism grows, where will the workforce

come from? Will tourism change the social structure of

countries/communities?

REFERENCE Chun-yang Wang & Maxwell K. Hsu.(2000) The

Relationships of Destination Image, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions: An Integrated Model

Americans Outdoors: The Legacy, The Challenge: The Report of the President's Commission, Washington, D.C: Island Press, 1987.

Burkart, A.J., and S. Medlik. (1975) The Management of Tourism, London: Heinemann.

Creating Economic Growth and Jobs Through Travel and Tourism: A Manual for Community and Business Developers, Washington D.C: U.S. Printing Office, 1981.

Cleverdon, Robert. (1985) International Business Travel: A New Megamarket, London: The Economist Intelligence Unit.

Curran, Patrick, H.T.(1978) Principles and Procedures of Tour Management, Boston: CBI Publishing Company.