64
Cold Fusion Overview and Executive Summary by F.G. Will Copyright © 1991 National Cold Fusion Institute University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah 1-1
Cold Fusion Overview
and Executive Summary
by
F.G. Will
Copyright © 1991 National Cold Fusion Institute
University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
1-1
Table of Contents
Page
I. Status of Cold Fusion 1-3
1. Political and Financial Status in the United States 1-3
2. Climate of Cold Fusion Abroad 1-4
3. Technical Status of Cold Fusion 1-5
a. Excess Heat 1-9
b. Nuclear By-Products 1-10
c. Excess Heat and Nuclear By-Products 1-13
d. Theoretical Aspects 1-15
e. Conclusions 1-16
f. References 1-17
g. Cold Fusion Review Articles 1-19
II. Executive Summary of National Cold Fusion Institute Work 1-20
Ill. Conclusions 1-28
IV. Cold Fusion Bibliography 1-29
1-2
I. Status of Cold Fusion
1. Political and Financial Climate in the United States
Recent strong findings in support of the reality of cold fusion, obtained at several
Navy laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the National Cold Fusion
Institute, are giving rise to the hope that the perception of cold fusion in the scientific
community and the public will be improving.
Presently, however, in spite of very encouraging scientific results obtained in
cold fusion work, both in the United States and abroad, the political and financial
climate in the U.S. remains generally negative. In public interview with the media in
February, an official of the U.S. Department of Energy continued to express a negative
attitude towards cold fusion, making it very difficult to obtain funding of cold fusion work
from the Department of Energy until more significant positive evidence for cold fusion
may change this environment. Other U.S. government agencies that had funded cold
fusion work one year ago, have terminated or decreased their level of funding.
However, the Electric Power Research Institute continues funding cold fusion work in
the United States, and it is estimated that this Institute has appropriated approximately
1 .5 million dollars in 1991 in support of cold fusion studies.
Several government laboratories are continuing their work on cold fusion,
among them most notably are Los Alamos National Laboratories, The Naval Research
Laboratory, The Naval Underwater Systems Command and The Naval Weapons
Center. Significant positive results have been obtained in each of these laboratories.
It is estimated that the rate of spending in these laboratories amounts to approximately
$500,000 annually. At Universities, cold fusion efforts are continuing at Brigham
Young University, Texas A&M University, Idaho State University, Coiorado School of
Mines, Arizona State University, The University of Tennessee, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, the University of Hawaii and a few others.
At the National Cold Fusion Institute, the University of Utah, the cold fusion effort
in fiscal year 1991 has continued with about 15 technical personnel at an annual rate
of expenditure of approximately $800,000.
All combined, it is estimated that the current rate of expenditures for cold fusion
efforts nationally amounts to approximately four million dollars annually.
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Corporate laboratories appear to be mostly in a holding pattern with respect to
cold fusion work and are carefully monitoring advances made in cold fusion
elsewhere.
Based upon the good progress achieved in cold fusion work in the U.S. and
abroad, it is predicted that cold fusion work in the U.S. will be expanded slowly and
cautiously within the next year. It will be unavoidable that the weight of convincing
scientific results will have a positive impact on the willingness of government funding
agencies and corporations to invest more money in cold fusion work.
2. Climate of Cold Fusion Work Abroad
Japan continues its diverse involvement in cold fusion with what is most likely
the largest effort anywhere. Reportedly, Japan now devotes 2% of its fusion budget to
cold fusion studies. This would indicate that the number of groups and researchers
involved in cold fusion work last year has increased. Last year, an estimated 200
researchers were involved in cold fusion studies in approximately 40 groups, mostly at
universities.
Probably the second largest effort in cold fusion overseas is in Russia. The
Soviet Academy of Science has given cold fusion a priority designation and work in
over 20 institutions is now reportedly financed with $15 million Rubels for four years.
The recent first Soviet National Conference on cold fusion that took place in Dubna,
from March 22-26, 1991, bears witness to the increasing interest in cold fusion in
Russia. The meeting was attended by over 100 scientists, and 60 papers were
presented dealing exclusively with nuclear effects in deuterium-loaded solids.
An increasing number of groups appears to work on cold fusion in China. This
involves at least 10 groups at different universities and at the Chinese Atomic Energy
Center. Various Chinese cold fusion researchers have been participating in cold
fusion conferences, such as the Provo-Utah Conference in October 1990. Also,
Chinese scientists are performing cold fusion work on a Visiting Scientists basis at
several universities in the U.S.
Cold fusion work is also continuing at the Bombay Atomic Research Center in
India, although at a somewhat reduced level. Last year, approximately 40 researchers
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were involved in cold fusion work in India, most of them at the Atomic Research Center
in Bombay.
In Europe, it appears that Italy continues to have the largest cold fusion effort.
Work is carried out at a number of universities across the country. The forthcoming
Second International Cold Fusion Conference, a continuation of the First Cold Fusion
Conference held in Salt Lake City in March 1990, will take place in Como, Italy from
June 29 - July 4, 1991. This conference is expected to be attended by over 300
scientists with over 70 papers scheduled for presentation.
Work on a smaller scale continues in several other countries, among them,
Argentina, Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Isreal, Spain, Sweden and Taiwan.
3. Technica~ Status of Cold Fusion
Significant progress has been achieved in cold fusion, particularly in the area of
nuclear phenomena. This is evident from the large number of papers published in the
literature and from the fact that the two last major conferences on cold fusion, those in
Provo, Utah and Dubna, Russia, have almost exclusively addressed nuclear
phenomena rather than excess heat findings. Nevertheless, important excess heat
findings have also been reported by several groups within the last year. Several of
these new results were on excess heat, coupled with the generation of nuclear by
products.
An updated compilation of the groups that have reported to have found various
manifestations of cold fusion is presented in Table 1. Over 100 groups from more than
12 countries have now reported on various types of evidence for the occurrence of
nuclear reactions in deuterium-loaded metals or compounds. This includes evidence
for excess heat, tritium, neutrons, x-rays or gamma rays, helium or charged particles.
Results of this work have been presented in over 500 publications. A bibliography is
given at the end of this Overview and Executive Summary.
Several review articles have also been published in the past year and are listed
separately after the references of the Technical Status of Cold Fusion. In view of the
existence of these review articles, only the highlight results obtained in cold fusion
work will be addressed in the present overview.
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Table 1
GROUPS REPORTING COLD FUSION EVIDENCE
Investigators Institution System Heat 3H n Other Report T e*
Adams/Griddle U Ottawa, Canada Pd/LiOD X X 4
Adzic Case Western U Pd/LiOD X X 2
Ali kin Perm State U, USSR Pd/D2 X 3
Alquasmi U Kiel, Germany Pd/Sol X X 4
AQQieb~ Ctr. EI.Chem. Texas A&M Pd/LiOD X 2
Arata Kinki U, Japan Pd/LiOD X 1
Bertin U Bologna, Italy Pd/LiOD X 1
Bockris TexasA&M U Pd/LiOD X X 1,2
Bose BARC, India Pd/D2 X X 1
Cai Chinese Acad Science X X 2
Cecil Colorado School Mines Ti, Pd/D2 Ions 2
Cedzynska NCFI/ U Utah Pd/D2S04 X X 3
Celani Frascati Res Ctr Ti, Pd/LiOD X y 1
Chambers Naval Reserve Lab Ti/d t 1
Chene U Paris, France Pd/D2 X 1
Cherepin Metals Phys lnst, USSR Pd/D2 X He-3 3
Chernov Nuclear Phys lnst, USSR Pd/D2 X 4
Chien lnst. Nucl. Energy, Taiwan Pd/LiOD X 2
Claytor Los Alamos NL Pd/D2 X X 2
Dash Portland State U X 4
DeMaria U Rome, Italy X X 4
DeNinno Frascati, Italy Ti/D2 X 1
Din, D.Z. Nuclear Energy lnst, China Pd/D2 X 2
Droege Batavia, Illinois Pd/LiOD X 2
Faler & Vegors Idaho State U TiD2 X 5,6
Fernandez U Madrid, Spain X
Fukada Kyushu U, Japan X 4
Garno Matsushita, Japan Metals/D2. X X 8
LiOD
Gao, G. T. Eng Phy lnst, China X 2
Golubnichi USSR Pd/LiOD X X 4
Gorod~etski lnst. El. Chern., USSR Ta,Ti,Zr/LiD X 4
Gou, 0. Q. Science & Tech lnst. Pd/LiOD X He-3 2
Chendu, China Gozzi U Rome, Italy Pd/LiOD X X X 1
Granada Argentine Natl At.Energy Pd/LiOD X 2
Gu Pd/D2,d X 1
Gujovski Gorki, USSR Ti,Pd/LiOD X X 4
Hutchinson Oak Ridge NL Pd/LiOD X 2
lkegami NFSI, Japan Pd/D2 x:? X 5,6
lkezawa Chubu U, Japan Pd/D2 LiOD X? 3
Iyengar BARC, India Ti/D2 X X X-rays 2
Iyengar BARC, India Pd; Ti/LiOD X X 1
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Investigators Institution System Heat 3H n Other Report T e*
Jianyu China lnst. Atomic Energy X 4 Jones Brigham Young U Ti; Pd/LiOO X 1 Jordon U Rochester X Jorne Case Western U Pd/LiOO X 4 Kainthla Texas A&M U Pd/LiOO X 1 Karabut Sci. Ind. Assoc., USSR Pd/02 )(? X 4
Kazerashvili lnst Nuc Phys, Novosibirsk PO/LiOO X 4 Krishnan BARC, India Pd/LiOO X X 1 Kuzmin Moscow State U X X X 3 Landau Case Western U X 4 Lewis UE[~sala U1 Sweden Pd/LiOO X X 1
Li Tsinghua U, China Pd/02 y, Ions 2
Uaw U Hawaii Pd/LiO X He-4 2 Lin China Pd/02 X 1 Lipson lnst Phys Chern, Moscow Ti/020 X 4
Maeda KURRI, Japan Pd/02 )(? 4
Mathews Indira Gandhi Ctr, India Pd/LiOO X X 4 Matsumoto Aoyamall, Japan Pd/02S04 X 1 McBreen Brookhaven NL Pd/LiOO X X 4 Mcintyre NCFI/ U Utah Ti/02 X X 3 McKubre SRI International Pd/LiOO X 2 Men love Los Alamos NL Ti/02 X 2 Mijmura Tohoku U, Japan Pd/LiOO X 6 Miles & Bush Naval Weapons Ctr Pd/LiOO X He-4 1,2 Milikan U C Santa Barbara Pd/LiOO X X 4 Miljanic Kidric lnst. Nuclear Sci., Pd/LiOO; X 1
Yueoslavia 02 Mizuno Hokkaido U, Japan Pd/LiOO X 1 Montgomery Weber State U X Nayar BARC, India X X Niimura Tohoku U Pd/LiOO X 4 Noninski Sofia, Bulgaria Pd/LiOO X 1 Ohta U Tokyo, Japan Pd/LiOO X 4 Okamoto TIT, Japan Pd/LiOO X 4 Oriani U Minnesota Pd/LiOO X 1 Oyama TAT U, Japan Pd/LiOO )(? 4 Ozawa Hitachi, Japan Pd/02 X 4
Perekrestenko Lebedev Phys. lnst., Pd/02S04 X 4 Moscow
Perfetti Italy Pd; Ti/LiOO X 1 Peterson NCFI/ U Utah Pd/02 X X 3 Pons/Fieischmann NCFI/ U Utah Pd/LiOO X X 1 Radhakris hnan BARC, India X X 1 Raghaven AT&T X 4 Raj BARC, India He 1 Riley NCFV U Utah Pd/LiOO X X 3 Romodanov USSR Nb,Ta,Y/02 X X 4 Rout BARC, India X 1 Saini & Raye BARC, India Pd/LiOO X X 3 Sakamoto TokaiU,Japan Pd/LiOO X 4 Sanchez U Madrid, Spain Pd; Ti/LiOO X X 1 Santhanam Tata lnst, India Pd/LiOO X 1 Sa to Tok~o lnst Tech, Ja~an Pd/LiOO X 1 Schoessow U Florida Pd/LiOO X X 8 Schreiber Stanford U Pd/LiOO X 2 Scott Oak Ridge NL Pd/LiOO X X 1
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Investigate rs Institution System
Seeliger U Dresden, Germany Pd/LiOD
Seminoz All-Union lnst, PD/D2, d Monocrystals, USSR
Shani Ben Gurion U, Israel Pd/D2
Shyam BARC, India
Sinha BARC, India Pd/LiOD
Son a CISE Milan, ltal:t Pd/UOD
Storms & Talcott Los Alamos NL Pd/UOD
Szpak Naval Systems, San Diego Pd/PdCI2
Tachikawa Jaeri,Japan Pd/D2
Takagi TIT, Japan Pd/LiOD
Takahashi Osaka ul Ja~an Pd/LiOD
Taniguchi Osaka Rad. lnst, Japan Pd/LiOD
Tian, Z. W. Xiamen U, China Pd/LiOD
Tsvyetkov SORUS,USSR Ti/D2
Tzumida Japan Venkateswaran BARC, India
Wada Nagoya U, Japan Pd/D2
Wakabayashi PRC, Japan Pd/LiOD
Wan Ching-Hwa U, Taiwan Pd/LiOD
Wang, D. L. Nucl Energy lnst, China
Wang 1 G.G. Nanjing U1 Nanjing1 China
Werth Englehard Industries Will & Yang NCFV U Utah Pd/D2S04
Wolf Texas A&M U Pd; Ti/LiOD
Xiong, R. H. SW Nucl Phys lnst, China
Vagi Japan Ti/D2
Yamaguchi NTT Tokyo, Japan Pd/D2
Yang, C. China Yukhimchuk VNIIEP, USSR V/D2
Zahm Zelenskiy Kharkov lnst, USSR Ti; Pd/d
Zhou, H. Y. Beijing Normal U, China
(no name) Belorussian U, USSR Pd/LiOD
(no name) Karpov lnst, USSR
(no name) Ouinhua U, Beijing, China
TOTAL NUMBER OF GROUPS: 1 3 0 NUMBER OF COUNTRIES: 1 4
* Key: 1 = Refereed Journal Publication
2= Conference Proceedings
3= Non-refereed Report 4= Conference Presentation
5= Newspaper Article 6= Personal Communication
7 = Submitted to Journal
8= Patent/Patent Application
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Heat 3H n Other Report T e*
X 1 X He 3
X 1 X X 1
X 'X? 1
X 1
X X X-rays? 1
'X? 4 X 4
'X? X 1
X Ions 1 X 2 X 4 X 1
X X X 1
'X? 4 X X 5
X 2 X X 2 X X X 3
X 2 X 2 X 1
X X 1
X X 2 X 4
X 1 X X 3He,t.~ 3 X X 2
X 3 X 3
X X x or y 2
Highlight results presented in this overview will be grouped into three major
categories: a) Excess heat. b) Nuclear by-products. c) Excess heat coupled with
nuclear by-products. d) Theoretical Aspects. e) Conclusions.
a. Excess Hleat
Fleischmann and Pons continue reporting excess heat findings, measured by
isoperibolic calorimetry, carried out in double-walled, evacuated glass cells. In a
paper published in July 1990 [1], they reported on continuous excess heat generation
of 10 to 35% corresponding to more than 100 W/cm3Pd. They also reported on rare
heat bursts of up to 4000% excess power. The energy generated in these heat bursts
is equivalent to between 5 and 50 megajoules/cm3 Pd. More recently, they have said
to have identified a parameter that is the key to the reproducible generation of excess
heat [2]. Reportedly, the generation of large excess heat events occurs after 9 to 10
days of electrolysis [3].
At the Provo-Utah meeting in October 1990, Liaw and Liebert [4] reported on
the achievement of excess heat values up to 1500% in a molten salt eutectic,
containing molten LiD at 380°C. Excess energy values of up to 5 megajoules were
obtained in a 190 hour time span. No excess heat was observed in a LiH control cell.
McKubre [5] at Stanford Research International, sponsored by the Electric
Power Research Institute, reports finding up to 10% excess heat which can be
switched on and off on demand by raising and lowering the current into the
electrochemical cell. Apparently, the heat -producing palladium electrodes had been
preselected on the basis of whether high loading with deuterium had been achieved in
electrochemical cells outside of the calorimeter. In spite of the fact that the excess heat
attained is only 10%, the result is regarded as very significant due to its reproducibility
and the high accuracy of the calorimetric technique employed. Furthermore, no
excess heat is generated in light water control cells.
In an international patent application published in February 1991, Schoessow
[6] claims up to 63% excess heat generation in electrochemical cells employing
palladium, titanium and zirconium cathodes. Light water controls did not exhibit any
excess heat, and heavy water cells that originally produced excess heat ceased to
generate excess heat when large amounts of light water were added.
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b. Nuclear By-Products
A significant number of results has been obtained during the last year on the
generation of nuclear by-products, in particular, neutrons and tritium, and to a lesser
extent charged particles, helium and gamma radiation.
Neutrons
Jones [7] was the first to determine the energy of neutrons emitted during
deuterium loading of palladium and titanium cathodes in electrolytic cells. He
employed a fast neutron spectrometer to measure an energy of 2.5 MeV, showing the
occurrence of deuterium fusion at room temperature. Shortly thereafter, DeNinno et al
[8] detected neutron bursts up to 5,000 per second on titanium in deuterium gas. Since
then, considerable refinement in instrumental techniques has occurred. This has led
to significantly higher counting efficiencies and much reduced background.
Menlove [9] at Los Alamos National Laboratory conducted experiments on
titanium filings in deuterium gas in an underground laboratory, employing 51 3H e
tubes, arranged in two concentric rings. This resulted in a counting efficiency of 44%.
When performing the experiments in an underground laboratory, the coincidence
neutron count background was only 0.03 counts per hour. Neutron events were
counted in a time gate of 128 !lSec. When temperature-cycling the titanium between
-190 and 25°C, neutron bursts of 200 -300 neutrons in the 128 !lSec time gate were
observed. The most intense bursts occurred at -30°C. Superimposed on the neutron
bursts was a rather continuous low-level neutron activity, amounting to three counts
per minute.
Manlove's findings substantiated the earlier neutron results of DeNinno on
deuterium-loaded titanium. A large number of other groups have in the meantime also
confirmed these findings.
Takahashi [1 0] at the University of Osaka, Japan, measured the energy
spectrum of neutrons emitted during heavy water electrolysis, using palladium
cathodes. The energy spectrum of the neutrons showed a peak at 2.5 MeV and a
second broader peak at about 4.5 MeV. The neutron intensities were fairly low,
amounting to 1.5 to 2 x above background. But, significantly, the neutron emissions
were found to be time-related to the electrolysis conditions: The neutron intensity
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increased when the current density was increased and vice versa. The energy
maximum at 2.5 MeV is expected for d-d fusion. However, the maximum at 4.5 MeV
cannot be readily reconciled with that reaction. Takahashi postulated a 3-body
reaction namely, d-d-d. In quantum mechanical calculations, Takahashi was able to
show that the probability for this reaction in a palladium lattice is about as high as for
the d-d reaction. Other investigations have in the meantime substantiated the finding
of a neutron energy maximum around 5 MeV.
Tritium
Storms and Talcott [11] made an extensive study of tritium production on Pd in
heavy water electrolysis. They found tritium enhancement in 11 out of 53 cells at
levels of 1.5 to 80 times the original concentration. The accumulation of tritium in the
electrolyte with time of electrolysis was also determined. Tritium production was found
to start within two to several days of starting the electrolysis and on cathodes having a
D/Pd ratio as low as 0.7. However, the D/Pd ratios were determined by weighing and
are likely to be too small, owing to D loss, especially at high loading ratios. Only one
light water control cell was run which did not show any tritium enhancement.
In another extensive study of tritium generation during heavy water electrolysis
involving titanium, palladium and palladium-silver alloys, researchers at the Bombay
Atomic Research Center (BARC) have consistently found significant tritium
enhancement in the electrolyte [12, 13]. In 11 separate electrolytic experiments, they
found cumulative tritium generation, in experiments run between 12 hours and 190
days, from 1 x 1010 to 1.7 x 1014 tritium atoms/cm2. The electrolytes in these
experiments were mostly LiOD, but also NaOD and KOD.
Tritium and Neutrons
BARC also conducted an extensive study of simultaneous neutron and tritium
generation [12, 14]. In 10 separate experiments, performed on palladium, palladium
silver and titanium cathodes, they found total neutron yields from 1.3 x 104 to 3 x 1 os
neutron/cm2 and tritium yields from 4 x 109 to 5 x 1013 tritium atoms/cm2. The neutron
to tritium ratio in these experiments amounted to between 1.2 x 1 o-9 and 1 o-3.
T. Gamo et al [15] at Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., explored a large number
of metals and alloys for their nuclear activity when loaded with deuterium either in
electrolytes or in deuterium gas. On a TiZn2 cathode, they observed 2.45 MeV
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neutrons at 10 x background and tritium enhancement in the electrolyte 5 x above the
initial amount. Tritium enhancement up to 10 x background was found on ZrVo.s Ni 1.5·
When using the same alloy in pressurized deuterium gas, neutron bursts 1000 x
background were observed for 1 minute. Likewise, tritium enhancements of about 4.5
times background were observed during heavy water electrolysis using Ti2 Ni
cathodes.
Claytor et al [16] at Los Alamos National Laboratory performed studies in
deuterium gas, employing a stack of alternating layers of palladium-silicon and of
titanium and silicon. After applying pulsed high current densities to this solid state
device, he found tritium enhancements of 3 sigma in 8 out of 30 such cells. He also
found neutron bursts slightly above background, that is at up to 760 counts per hour as
compared to a background of 712 counts per hour. The tritium to neutron ratio was
also found to be significantly larger than 1, often of the order of 1 09 :1.
Recently, several groups at the National Cold Fusion Institute have found tritium
and neutrons in both electrolytic and gas phase experiments on palladium as well as
titanium. Cedzynska et al [17] developed a technique to reproducibly generate high
O:Pd loading ratios and tritium, employing palladium cathodes in 02S04 solutions.
Tritium enhancements of up to 100 x background were observed in both electrolyte
and palladium. Neutron generation was observed only on rare occasions, at rates
from 4 to 12 counts in 300 to 400 11sec. No tritium generation or neutron emissions of
this type were observed on light water controls, equal in number to the heavy water
cells. Peterson et. al [18] observed tritium enhancements of up to 120 x in palladium,
loaded in 02 with the Wada technique. Neutron bursts up to 280 neutrons in 120 11sec
were observed in the same experiment. Mcintyre et al [19] found tritium in 02 gas
loaded titanium after temperature-cycling. Neutron emissions of 5 to 10 neutrons in
400 11sec were observed in these experiments
Charged Particles
Taniguchi [20] was the first to detect the emission of charged particles from thin
Pd foils used in heavy water electrolysis. He employed a cell design in which one side
of the Pd foil was exposed to the electrolyte and the other side was in contact with a
silicon surface barrier detector. Charged particle emissions were observed in 6 out of
23 experiments conducted in D20 solutions, whereas none of 7 light water controls
showed particle emissions. The maximum energy of the particles was 2.1 MeV. This
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observed energy is consistent with 3 MeV protons originating in the palladium and
being attenuated in the Pd; this is indicative of cold fusion, since 3 MeV protons would
be generated in the tritium-proton branch of ad-d fusion reaction.
Cecil et al [21] at the Colorado School of Mines found evidence for charged
particle emissions when conducting experiments on titanium in deuterium gas. The
titanium foils were subjected to temperature cycling from -190 to 25°C and a d-e
current density of 4A/cm2. He also used a silicon surface barrier detector to determine
the energy spectrum of the emitted charged particles. Such particles where omitted in
bursts at 25°C with one second to a few hours duration. The energies of the emitted
particles were measured to be between 1 and 10 MeV. Cecil suggested that the
charged particles were either tritons, 3He or 4He ions. Twelve out of 26 deuterated
titanium samples showed such bursts, whereas none out of eight hydrogenated
control samples showed bursts. Similar bursts have been observed on deuterated
palladium foils.
c. Excess Heat and Nuclear By-Products
Bockris et al. at Texas A&M University [22] found large amounts of tritium in both
the electrolyte and the gas phase in conjunction with excess heat. The group
conducted heavy water electrolysis, employing Pd cathodes. The excess heat
generation amounted to values between 10 and 22% for over one month. Tritium
accumulated in the electrolyte to values as high as 2 x 1014 tritium atoms. Similar
peak values were measured in the gas phase after recombining the gas to water.
More generally, however, values in the gas phase were between 3 and 7 x 1011
tritium atoms/cm2. Such values are very similar to the tritium findings at BARC [12].
Scott et al. [23], employing an accurate flow calorimeter cell, found the
simultaneous occurrence of excess heat, neutrons and gamma radiation. The studies
were conducted on Pd in LiOD. The excess power ranged from 5 to 10% for periods of
up to 300 hours. In several cases, the neutron and gamma count rates increased
slightly, in apparent correlation with the time periods of excess heat generation. While
the increases of the count rates over background were small, the coincidence with
induced excess power were seen as giving added credence to the results. Addition of
light water to the electrolyte resulted in reduction of the excess power and decrease of
the neutron and gamma signals to background levels.
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Gozzi et al. [24] at the University of Rome were able to associate neutron and
tritium generation with excess heat production when charging a Pd cathode in LiOD
solution. In a 4-minute period, in which the temperature rose from 36 to 15a°C, 7 x 1 as
neutrons were emitted and excess tritium amounted to 2 x 1 a11 atoms. The amount of
tritium generated on this porous, high-surface area Pd is similar to the values found by
Bockris et al. [22] and BARC [12] on smaller area electrodes but over longer times.
The excess heat released in the 4-minute period amounted to 176 Joules
(Wattseconds).
Szpak and Mosier-Boss [25] observed the generation of excess heat,
concurrent with tritium generation and low-energy radiation, possibly soft x-rays. In
their approach, they deposited Pd onto a Ni screen from a heavy water PdCI2 solution.
The Pd absorbed D while it was being deposited. Excess power amounted to
between 1 a and 4a% and excess energy production was 25aa Joules. Tritium
enhancement in the electrolyte amounted to a factor 1 a over background. No excess
heat or nuclear by-products were observed on a light water control cell.
Yamaguchi and Nishioka [26] at the National Telephone and Telegraph
Laboratories in Tokyo, Japan found evidence for excess heat and nuclear by-product
formation on palladium foils in deuterium gas. These researchers employed a solid
state cell, comprised of a palladium foil with a gold film sputtered on one side and a
manganese oxide film on the other side. They passed a current density of several
A/cm2 perpendicular to the face of the palladium foil. Temperature excursions of
several hundred ac were observed, accompanied by the generation of products with
mass three, most likely tritium or 3He. In one case out of 2a experiments, several large
neutron bursts were observed in a 9a-minute time period. Two of the bursts amounted
to 1 as neutrons/sec.
Will and Yang [27] observed excess power excursions and tritium generation on
a Pd cathode in a high-pressure, sealed electrolytic cell under conditions of evolving
no oxygen. The standard-type of anode had been replaced with a fuel cell-type
deuterium oxidation electrode. Excess power of up to 2a and 33 % was observed in
two time intervals of 36 and 26 hours, respectively. Excess energy amounted to
approximately 5aa Joules. The tritium content in "hot spots" of the Pd cathodes was 4
x 1 as tritium atoms, compared to a maximum initial content of 5 x 1 a7.
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Probably the most dramatic finding of excess heat accompanied by nuclear by
product formation was recently made by Miles at the Naval Weapons Center in
collaboration with Bush at the University of Texas [28]. They found excess heat up to
27% during heavy water electrolysis using palladium cathodes and were the first to
show helium in the off-gas in very approximate proportion to the excess heat
generated. They collected the deuterium and oxygen gas, generated during
electrolysis, in a sealed glass flask. After cryogenic absorption of these gases, the
helium was detected in a mass spectrometer. 4He was observed at values up to 1 000
times the detection limit of the mass spectrometer which amounted to 1012 4He atoms.
Light water control cells yielded no excess heat and no 4He. Likewise, no 3He was
found in any of the experiments.
d. Theoretical Aspects
A number of theoretical approaches have been advanced in an attempt to
explain why fusion reactions might proceed in deuterium-loaded metals at ordinary
temperatures. The principal challenge is to explain how the Coulomb barrier can be
penetrated such as to raise the tunneling probability by some 50 to 60 orders of
magnitude as compared to the barrier that inhibits d-d fusion in a D2 molecule.
G. Preparata [29] has recently reviewed existing theories of cold nuclear fusion.
Hence, several of the theories will only be highlighted here.
Bush [30] has proposed a transmission resonance model which applies the
well-known quantum mechanical result that a periodic set of potential barriers
becomes transparent (may be penetrated) if the diffusing particles-"diffusons"- have
certain well-defined wave lengths, that is, move with well-defined velocities. Recently,
Bush has used his model to calculate excess heat and to predict optimal trigger points
for excess heat generation.
Hagelstein [31] has developed a model involving electron capture by a
deuteron, resulting in two off-shell neutrons and a neutrino. The neutrons then
proceed to react with protons or deuterons, requiring no Coulomb barrier penetration.
Neutron capture by a proton, yielding a deuteron, is favored 1 Q4 times over capture by
a deuteron, yielding a triton. The former reaction is exothermic, with the generated
heat coupling to the metal lattice.
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Rafalski et al. [32] proposed a model involving the interaction of yet
undiscovered heavy negative particles with deuterium in the metal lattice. These
particles are thought to be of ancient cosmic origin and cause a catalytic reaction
similar to that of muon-catalyzed fusion which is well established.
Bressani et al. [33] and Preparata [34] applied superradiance theory to cold
fusion phenomena in condensed matter. Their model involves the application of
quantum electromagnetic field theory. The moving or oscillating charges, such as
electrons, deuterons and palladium nuclei, have electromagnetic fields (plasmas)
associated with them that provide for strong coupling. A central feature of the model is
the coherent interaction of large numbers of charged particles. Coulomb barrier
penetration is made possible by the presence of a sufficient electron density between
two deuterons. Another factor 1 01 O enhancement of the fusion probability is predicted
from an interaction between loosely bound deuterons and the entire system of strongly
bound deuterons contained in a coherency domain. This leads to the theoretical
prediction that high fusion rates will exist only if the D:Pd loading ratio has attained a
critical value just larger than one. Under these circumstances, the model predicts the
generation of large amounts of excess heat (tens of W/cm3 Pd) by ultra-fast coupling of
the fusion energy to the electron plasma. This process is predicted to vastly enhance
the 4He channel while suppressing the neutron and tritium channels.
e. Conclusions
Cold fusion work continues in many countries with considerable pace in spite of
the fact that the known funding level is fairly low. The degree of activity in cold fusion
is evidenced by the attached bibliography which lists over 500 items. The occurrence
of nuclear reactions in deuterium-loaded solids, such as palladium and titanium can
no longer be reasonably denied. The generation of nuclear by-products, especially
neutrons and tritium, has now been confirmed by a large number of groups world
wide. However, with the exception of one recent finding involving helium, the level of
the nuclear by-products generated is smaller than the reported levels of excess heat
by a factor of one million or more. If the observed heat is generated by deuterium
fusion, then helium could still be the missing link that has not been pursued sufficiently
by most groups. Other nuclear reactions may be involved, but then other nuclear by
products must be generated in sufficiently large quantities such as to correspond to the
observed heat levels. The possibility that the excess heat is not of nuclear origin can
1-16
not presently be ruled out. Considerably more research is required to understand the
phenomena involved and to explain the origin of the observed excess heat. This
poses a significant challenge for both experimentalists and theoreticians.
The progress obtained in cold fusion work is impressive. Reproducibility of
some of the phenomena appears to be in hand, enabling more systematic scientific
work to be pursued.
f. References
1. M. Fleischmann, S. Pons, M.W. Anderson, L.J. Li and M. Hawkins, J.
Electroanal. Chem. 287, 293 (1990).
2. R. Adair, S. Bruckenstein, L. Hepler and D. Stein, Report of the Committee for
the Review of the National Cold Fusion Institute, Dec. 1, 1990.
3. J.E. Bishop, Wall Street Journal, Feb. 7, 1991.
4. Y. Liaw, P.-L. Tao, P.-Turner and B.E. Liebert, submitted to J. Electroanal.
Chem., March 1991.
5. M.C.H. McKubre, R.C. Rocha-Filho, S. Smedley, F. Tanzella, J. Chao, B.
Chexal, T. Passe II and J. Santucci, Proc. 1st Annual Conf. Cold Fusion, Salt
Lake City, Utah, March 28-31, 1990, p. 20.
6. G. J. Schoessow, International Patent Appl. WO 91/02360, 21 Feb. 1991.
7. S. E. Jones, E. P.Palmer, J. B. Czirr, D.L. Decker, G. L. Jensen, J. M. Thorne, S.
F. Taylor and J. Rafelski, Nature .3..3..8., 737 (1989}.
8. A. DeNinno, A. Frattolillo, G. Lollobattista, L. Martinis, M. Martone, L. Mori, S.
Podda and F. Scaramuzzi, II Nuovo Cimento 1.Q1A, 841 (1989).
9. H. 0. Menlove, M. A. Paciotti, T. N. Claytor, H. R. Maltrud, 0. M. Rivera, D. G.
Tuggle and S. E. Jones, Proc. Cont. Anomalous Nuclear Effects in
Deuterium/Solid Systems, Provo, Utah, Oct. 22-24, 1990.
1-17
10. A. Takahashi, T. Takeuchi, T. I ida and M. Watanabe, J. Nucl. Science and
Technol. 'll.. 663 (1990).
11. E. Storms and C. Talcott, Fusion Technology 11. 680 (1990).
12. P. K. Iyengar and M. Srinivasan, Proc. 1st Annual Conf. Cold Fusion, Salt Lake
City, Utah, March 28-31, 1990, p. 62.
13. T. S. Murthy, T. S. Iyengar, B. K. Sen and T. B. Joseph, Fusion Technology 18..
71 (1990).
14. M. S. Krishnan, S. K. Malhotra, D. G. Gaonkar, M. Srinivasan, S. K. Sikka, A.
Shyam, V. Chitra, T. S. Iyengar and P. K. Iyengar, Fusion Technology 18., 35
(1990).
15. T. Garno, J. Niikura, N. Taniguchi, K. Hatoh and K. Kinichi, European Patent
Application 0 395 066, 26 April 1990.
16. T. N. Claytor, P. A. Seeger, R. V. Rohwer, D. G. Tuggle and W. R. Doty, Proc.
Conf. Anomalous Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, Provo, Utah, Oct.
22-24, 1990.
17. K. Cedzynska, F. G. Will, and D. C. Linton, Final Report, National Cold Fusion
Institute, Vol.1, Technical Inform. Series PB91175885, June 1991.
18. J. Peterson, Final Report, NCFI, Vol. 1, Techn. lnf. Ser. PB91175885, June
1991.
19. J. D. E. Mcintyre, Final Report, NCFI, Vol. 1, Tech. lnf. Ser. PB91175885, June
1991.
20. R. Taniguchi, T. Yamamoto and S. lrie, Japan. J. App. Phys, ga, L2021 (1989).
21. F. E. Cecil, H. Liu, D. Beddingfield and C. S. Galovich, Proc. Anomalous
Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, Provo, Utah, Oct 22-24, 1990.
22. J.O'M. Bockris, G. H. Lin and N. J. C. Packham, Fusion Technology 18., 11
(1990).
1-18
23. C. D. Scott, J. E. Mrochek, T. C. Scott, G. E. Michaels, E. Newman and M. Petek,
Fusion Technology .1.8., 103 (1990).
24. D. Gozzi, P. L. Cignini, L. Petrucci, M. Tomellini and G. DeMaria, II Nuovo
Cimento .1.QM., 143 (1990).
25. S. Szpak and P. A. Mosier- Boss, J. Electroanal. Chen.~. 255 (1991 ).
26. E. Yamaguchi and T. Nishioka, Japan. J. Appl. Phys. 2a, L 666 (1990).
27. F. G. Will and M.-C. Yang, Final Report, National Cold Fusion Institute, Vol. 1,
Technical Inform. Series PB91175885, June 1991.
28. B. F. Bush, J. J. Lagowski, M. H. Miles and G. S. Ostrom, J. Electroanal. Chern.
,3M, 271 (1991 ).
29. G. Preparata, Final Report, National Cold Fusion Institute, Vol. 3, Tech.
Information Series PB91175885, June 1991.
30. R. T. Bush, Fusion Technology 1.9,, 313 (1991 ).
31. P. Hagelstein, Proc. 1st Annual Conf. Cold Fusion, Salt Lake City, Utah, March
28-31' 1990, p. 99.
32. J. Rafelski, M. Sawicki, M. Gajda and D. Harley, Fusion Technology la., 136
(1990).
33. T. Bressani, E. Del Giudice and G. Preparata, II Nuovo Cimento 1.Q1A, 845
(1989).
34. G. Preparata, Proc. 1st Annual Conf. Cold Fusion, Salt Lake City, Utah, March
28-31' 1990, p.91.
g. Recent Cold Fusion Reviews
1. J. O'M. Bockris, G. H. Lin and N. J. C. Packham, Fusion Technology 1Jl 11
(1990).
2. M. Srinivasan, Current Science, Apr. 25, 1991.
3. E. Storms, to appear in Fusion Technology
4. V. A. Tsarev and D. H. Worledge, submitted to Fusion Technology.
1-19
II. Executive Summary of National Cold Fusion Institute Effort
1. Introduction
The National Cold Fusion Institute was established in August 1989 with a State
appropriation of $5 million dollars of which $4.5 million were earmarked for research
and development and $0.5 million for patent and legal services. The forerunner of the
Institute was the Cold Fusion Program, established in May 1989 under the direction of
Hugo Rossi, who continued as Director of the Institute until December 1989. James
Brophy served as Interim Director of the Institute from December 1989 -January 1990
until Fritz Will joined the Institute as Director in February 1990. The original research
and development strategy of the Institute was based upon the hope that cold fusion
phenomena could soon be exploited to build demonstration devices and engineering
models. Thus, a broad-based interdisciplinary approach was initially taken, including
efforts in all fields of interest to cold fusion work, that is, Electrochemistry, Metallurgy,
Physics and Engineering. Strong emphasis was placed on increasing excess heat
generation by devising an extensive parameter study, expected to culminate in
building a heat demonstration device. The research strategy was reevaluated in the
early summer of 1990, to address the following selected key scientific issues: 1)
Increasing the understanding of cold fusion phenomena. 2) Developing an excellent
analytical capability for analyzing tritium in palladium. 3) Expanding the study of
loading of metals in deuterium gas. 4) Improving the neutron detection and developing
charged particle detection capabilities. More specifically, emphasis was placed on
identifying the factors influencing reproducibility and to explore possible methods to
trigger and quench cold fusion phenomena. On the other hand, the budget for fiscal
year 1991 made it necessary to de-emphasize the engineering effort and the visiting
scientists/collaborative program.
2. Organization of Final Report
The presentation of the technical results in this final report will be made in three
volumes: Volume I - Introduction and Executive Summary, Chemistry, Gas Reactions,
Metallurgy and Physics. Volume II - Engineering. Volume Ill - Theoretical and
Collaborative Studies. The results of the Electrochemistry Group are anticipated to be
presented in Volume IV, together with the results of a review of the calorimetric data,
currently being undertaken.
1-20
3. Highlight Results Obtained at National Cold Fusion Institute
a. Chemistry
It is generally accepted that tritium generation comprises one of the most
important manifestations for the occurrence of deuterium fusion. Following widely
published claims of one group at Texas A&M University that tritium, found in cold
fusion studies, results from contamination of the palladium and not from nuclear
reactions, we decided to address this issue in depth and to develop a reliable analysis
procedure. An open-system analytical procedure, essentially identical to that used by
the Texas group, was first developed and shown to be subject to erroneous results
unless extraordinary precautions were employed. We, therefore, developed a new
closed-system analytical procedure for the analysis of tritium in palladium. This
procedure has a sensitivity and accuracy of 5 x 1 Q7 tritium atoms and is not subject to
the shortcomings of the open-system procedure. We have applied this new procedure
to over 1 00 as-manufactured palladium wire sample of various lots and sizes from two
different sources. We have found none of these samples to have any tritium
contamination within a detection limit of 5 x 1 Q7 tritium atoms. This closed-system
procedure proved to be a key tool in our later successful demonstration of tritium
generation in deuterium-loaded palladium and titanium.
In the past four months, we have successfully applied a continuous, reliable
technique for the determination of the deuterium to palladium loading ratio, developed
earlier by the Engineering Group. Application of this technique enabled us to develop,
probably for the first time anywhere, a procedure to reproducibly attain D:Pd loading
ratios of unity or slightly higher.
We were able to show that tritium could be generated reproducibly when
loading ratios in the vicinity of one were achieved, whereas no tritium was found when
the loading ratio was substantially smaller than one. Moreover, the tritium
concentration in the electrolyte was found to increase linearly with time after a loading
ratio close to one had been attained. These results were obtained in hermetically
sealed cells in which the oxygen generated at the anode did not contact the palladium
cathode. Tritium analysis was performed in the deuterium gas, the electrolyte and the
electrode. Tritium enhancements in the electrolyte of up to 50 x and in the palladium
of at least 10 times were observed. Light water control cells were always run in
1-21
electrical series with heavy water cells under identical conditions. None of the control
cells ever showed tritium enhancements in the electrolyte or palladium cathode in
spite of achieving loading ratios of one or slightly higher than one.
Several periods of neutron emissions were observed in these experiments.
Neutron counting was done with an efficiency of about 2%, employing two 3H e
counters each at the 020 cell and the H20 control cell. On eight 020 cells, a total of
five neutron events were monitored with 4 to 14 neutrons counted in a time interval of
400 J.lSec. Although such events occurred very infrequently in the 020 cells, we
regard their occurrence as significant, since none of these events occurred in an equal
number of H20 control cells. Single, double or triple neutron counts were,
furthermore, disregarded.
We have also developed a novel electrochemical cell, operating in high
pressure deuterium and featuring continuous and automatic determination of the 0/Pd
loading ratio as well as no oxygen evolution. With this cell, we have found a tritium
content in hot spots of the Pd cathode, corresponding to 2.2 x 109 atoms/g Pd,
whereas the maximum tritium contamination level in the Pd is 3 x 1 os tritium atoms/g
Pd. In this 12-day experiment in which we achieved loading ratios in excess of 0.84,
two periods of excess power generation occurred. In the first time interval, lasting 36
hours, the excess power amounted to approximately 20%, whereas in the second time
interval of 26 hours, the average excess power was 15%, with peak values as high as
33%. In other heavy water cells with 0/Pd ratios smaller than .75, no excess heat and
tritium were observed. Also, none of several light water controls showed tritium or
excess heat. Nevertheless, we regard these findings as tentative, pending duplication
of the excess heat and tritium results.
b. Gas Reactions
In gas phase loading experiments of palladium with deuterium, employing the
Wada-technique, we have found evidence for tritium generation in the palladium as
well as neutron bursts. In this technique, two palladium electrodes are subjected to an
electrical discharge, applying an a.c. voltage of typically 1 keV to activate the surface,
followed by deuterium absorption. Neutron generation is monitored after the 1 0-20
minute electric discharge has been completed. Using one of NCFI's 3He neutron
detection facilities with a collection efficiency of approximately 5%, six neutron
generation events with between four and eight neutrons each were observed in a time
1-22
frame of less than 400 j..lsec. Two more neutron events at 4.7 and 7.2 sigma levels
were monitored in the early phases of the study with a germanium crystal gamma
detector. These 8 neutron events were observed on a total 19 experiments conducted
after the process conditions were under control. Several of the palladium electrodes
showed definite tritium generation. The tritium distribution in the palladium electrode
was usually highly non-uniform. In "hot spots" we observed tritium levels of up to 4 x
101 o atoms/g Pd. Before the experiment, the Pd did not contain trWum within our
detection limit of 3 x 1 as atoms/g Pd. The most successful experiment was carried out
in collaboration with Jones at Brigham Young University. In a time period of 120
hours, four neutron bursts were observed with three of the bursts amounting to
between 20-30 source neutrons in a 115 j..I.Sec time gate and one burst amounting to
280 neutrons in the same time gate. Both of the palladium electrodes used in this
experiment showed significant tritium levels of up to 1.5 x 1 Q11 atoms/g Pd.
In deuterium gas loading experiments on titanium powder, we have also
observed significant tritium levels in the titanium and several neutron emission events.
These experiments are similar to those originally carried out by the Frascati group in
Italy. They involve deuterium loading of titanium, followed by temperature cycling
between -190 and 25°C. We have found values up to 9 x 1010 tritium atoms/g Ti on
samples that had been temperature-cycled. A deuterated titanium sample that was not
temperature-cycled and a hydrogen control sample showed no tritium. Neutron
generation was also observed in these experiments, with 4 to 9 neutrons counted in
400 j..I.Sec with 5% counting efficiency. One, two and three-neutron events were not
considered. Background measurements and an experiment performed on a hydrogen
control never showed multiplicities of 4 or more neutrons.
c. Metallurgy
The dilatometer technique, measuring increases of the length of a palladium
wire during loading with deuterium, was applied to determine the D/Pd and H/Pd
loading ratio on Pd and Pd alloys. The effect on loading of various parameters, such
as microstructure, hardness, surface condition, alloying, electrolyte composition and
current density was investigated. Loading ratios between 0.7 and 0.93 were achieved
and loading was found to change with applied cathodic overpotential. Addition of
alloying elements reduced the maximum achievable loading ratio to less than 0.8.
Microstructural studies indicate that at almost all practical current densities employed
by different investigators, from a few hundred j..1.A/cm2 to 600 mA/cm2, plastic
1-23
deformation of the palladium electrode occurs. The resulting dislocation density is
likely to result in an overestimation of the D/Pd ratio. Extensive micro and
macrocracking observed in palladium at high current densities or after extended
charging times lowers the maximum loading that can be achieved. Diameter changes
of the wire (on a percentage basis) are larger than changes of the length. Therefore,
simultaneous measurement of the diametral and axial expansion would be required to
accurately determine the D/Pd loading ratio. This was not undertaken in this study.
The effect of ultrasonic energy input to electrochemical cells containing
palladium cathodes and D20 solutions was investigated. Cells which were subjected
to ultrasonic energy always exhibited slightly higher temperatures and cell power than
comparable cells without ultrasonic excitation, operated under otherwise identical
conditions. Higher cell power persisted even in those cases where ultrasonic input
was provided for only one hour each day. In several cases, excess power levels
disappeared after a few days of cell operation. Stimulation of large excess power
excursions what not observed.
Attempts were also undertaken to induce cold fusion events by explosive
compaction of deuterated metals, alloys, as well as various deuterides. The
compacted materials included Pd, Pd-Ti, PdDx, TiDx, Au-Pd-Pt, NiTi and metal matrix
composites, such as TiAI-SiC. It was hoped that the unique compositions and
microstructures, obtained by explosive compaction, might lead to cold fusion events.
Slight enhancements in the tritium level, amounting to 20% above background were
observed in several cases. In a single experiment involving TiD2, indication for low
level neutron generation was observed, but could not be reproduced in further
experiments.
A mathematical technique - called the Kalman filter - was developed to enable
on-line calculation of excess heat produced during heavy water electrolysis employing
Pd (or other) cathodes. The method proved particularly useful owing to its capability to
determine excess heat in the presence of electric noise and process disturbances.
The method was applied successfully to analyze excess heat data of a large number
of cells. The calculated values were in agreement with values using other
approaches.
Extensive calorimetric measurements were performed on over 40 palladium
cathodes in electrolytic cells, employing LiOD solutions. Large temperature
1-24
excursions were observed in experiments with an initial cell design having large heat
losses. These results were later explained on the basis of intermittent gas
recombination, resulting in thermal transients in the cells. Two later cell designs with
lower heat losses did not exhibit such large temperature excursions, and no excess
heat was demonstrated in any of these cells within the accuracy of the calorimetry, that
is, 2-3%. Electrolyte boil-off during a time period of a few hours was observed on one
cell. Heat balance calculations resulted in the finding that no excess heat had been
generated in the cell either before or during the boil-off.
d. Physics
The major thrust has been on building up and improving the nuclear by-product
detection capabilities, collaborating with the other groups in detecting neutron
generation, operating the liquid scintillation counter for tritium counting and making
preparations for charged particle measurements in electrolytic-type and gas phase
experiments. Initially, germanium single crystal counters and later helium-3 counters
were used for neutron counting. This allowed neutron measurements with increased
collection efficiency and in a time frame as short as of a few 1/1 ,000,000 of a second.
Sophisticated electronics and event loggers were developed to make such
measurements possible with a total of 12 helium-3 tubes. These neutron counting
capabilities were successfully applied to detect small, but significant, neutron
generation events in a variety of electrolytic and gas phase loading experiments,
carried out , in particular, by the Chemistry and Gas Reactions Groups. Neutron
generation events were observed (1) on palladium electrodes, highly loaded with
deuterium in electrolytic solutions, (2) on palladium electrodes loaded in deuterium
gas using the Wada-type of procedure and (3) on titanium powders, loaded in
deuterium gas and then thermally cycled. Neutron generation events, that could not
be ascribed to cosmic ray events, were detected in the form of 4 to 12 neutrons in a
time frame as short as 100-400 J..!.Sec. Such events were never observed on a large
number of light water and hydrogen controls. Such high-multiplicity results are quite
rare. To detect lower multiplicity events reliably, a low-background environment would
be required. Plans were, therefore, developed to conduct future neutron
measurements in an underground laboratory. This proved no longer possible within
the remaining time and funding.
1-25
e. Engineering
Flow calorimeter cells of various designs, employing internal or external gas
recombination, were designed and applied successfully. Long-term electrolysis was
carried out in (all but one case) 020 solutions of LiOO, using Pd cathodes. Tritium
was found in 5 out of 9 cells. In 6 experiments, the Pd cathode was allowed to outgas
in 0 20 for 8 days, after completion of the electrolysis; tritium was observed
significantly above background in 3 of the 6 experiments. The level of tritium showed
surprising uniformity, ranging for all 5 cells from approximately 1.7 x 1010 to 2.1 x 1010
T atoms/cm2 of Pd cathode. These values are in the middle of the range ofT findings
at BARC in India, in experiments run for similar lengths of time. The values are also
very similar to those found by the Chemistry Group at the NCFI. Evidence for excess
heat was found in 3 of the 5 tritium-producing cells. No excess heat was found in the
cells that had not produced tritium. One cell, in particular, showed excess power in a
time interval of 13 days, with an average and peak excess power level of about 10%
and 28%, respectively. The excess energy generated in these 13 days was more than
106 Joules.
Another significant achievement of the Engineering Group was the
development of a feasible, continuous technique to determine the D/Pd loading ratio.
This method was key to the later development by the Chemistry Group of a procedure
to obtain reproducible D/Pd loading ratios in the vicinity of one, coupled with
reproducible tritium generation. The D/Pd ratio is determined volumetrically, by
measuring the decrease in the gas volume of a sealed electrochemical cell. The
volume decrease is directly proportional to the deuterium absorbed by the Pd cathode.
Loading ratios generally between 0.65 and 0.85 were obtained, with the lowest levels
occurring in acid solutions. In most cases, prolonged electrolysis did not result in
increased loading ratios above 0.85. However, on rare occasions and for unknown
reasons, loading ratios of approximately one were achieved.
f. Collaborative and Theoretical Studies
Among the many contributions to the final report in this section, covering a wide
range of subject matter, only a few will be highlighted here.
The accuracy of isoperibolic calorimetry was evaluated and was estimated to be
the larger of 0.05 W or 5% of the total cell power.
1-26
Factors that may enhance the rates of cold fusion reactions are explored on the
basis of existing experimental observations and theoretical considerations. The
important question is addressed how to explain the large discrepancy between
observed amounts of heat and the much smaller amounts calculated from the nuclear
by-products that have been measured. The possible role of helium-4 is discussed in
this connection. The likelihood for cold fusion to occur on the surface as compared to
the interior of Pd (or other metals) is discussed, and it is concluded that attainment of
uniform deuterium concentration in the metal as well as rate considerations favor
reactions in the interior.
Self-consistent field level calculations were applied to evaluate the possibility of
cold fusion in Pd. The calculations were aimed at finding a palladium-deuterium
interaction which might give rise to an intermolecular potential sufficient to enable cold
fusion at room temperature. This investigation, guided in part by chemical intuition,
included a variety of singlet and triplet electronic states, anions and neutrals, with and
without lattice deformations. No systems were found which gave a satisfactory
modified intermolecular potential. For the arrangement of two deuteriums occupying
the same octahedral hole it appears that the hypothesis that the electron density from
the palladium lattice might screen the DD interaction is unlikely. This study suggests
the opposite. Namely, the palladium-deuterium bonding interactions in the octahedral
hole results in a buildup of electron density between the palladium and deuterium
atoms and a subsequent depletion of density between deuteriums. For the systems
studied it was predicted on the basis of self-consistent field theory, that simple DD
fusion enhanced by lattice screening of deuterium atom interaction is not a likely
mechanism.
Application of superradiance theory to cold fusion phenomena in condensed
matter leads to conclusions opposite to those derived from application of self
consistent field theory. This theoretical model involves the application of quantum
electromagnetic field theory. The moving or oscillating charges, such as electrons,
deuterons and palladium nuclei, have electromagnetic fields (plasmas) associated
with them that provide for strong coupling. A central feature of the model is the
coherent interaction of large numbers of charged particles. Coulomb barrier
penetration is made possible by the presence of a sufficient electron density between
two deuterons. Another factor 101 o enhancement of the fusion probability is predicted
from an interaction between loosely bound deuterons and the entire system of strongly
1-27
bound deuterons contained in a coherency domain. This leads to the theoretical
prediction that high fusion rates will exist only if the D:Pd loading ratio has attained a
critical value just larger than one. Under these circumstances, the model predicts the
generation of large amounts of excess heat (tens of W/cm3 Pd) by ultra-fast coupling of
the fusion energy to the electron plasma. This process is predicted to vastly enhance
the 4He channel while suppressing the neutron and tritium channels.
Ill. Conclusions
Convincing evidence now exists for the occurrence of nuclear reactions, at
room temperature, in deuterium-loaded metals, such as palladium and titanium. The
generation of tritium, neutrons, protons, helium-4 and gamma radiation provides
evidence that deuterium-deuterium fusion comprises at least part of the nuclear
reactions that occur. Other nuclear reactions, possibly involving as yet unknown
nuclear particles, may well occur at the same time.
The fact that cold nuclear fusion occurs does not mean per se that the excess
heat observed by many investigators originates from cold fusion or even from any
nuclear reaction. Apart from the findings of a single group, the level of the various
nuclear by-products, that have been measured, is approximately one million times
smaller than required to explain the observed levels of excess heat. This poses an
extraordinary challenge to both experimentalists and theoreticians.
Considerably more research is required to bring about an understanding of the
phenomena involved. Only after such understanding is in hand can it be said with
certainty what the origin of the nuclear reactions and the excess heat is, and only then
does it appear feasible to discuss the potential technological implications.
The progress obtained in cold fusion work is impressive. Reproducibility of
some of the phenomena appears to be in hand, enabling more systematic scientific
work to be pursued.
1-28
IV. Cold Fusion Bibliography
1. NCFI Publications and Reports
1. Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons. "Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium," J. Electroanal. Chem. 261, 301 (1989).
2. Cheves Walling and Jack Simons. "Two Innocent Chemists Look at Cold Fusion," Journal of Physical Chemistry aJ. 4693 (June 1989).
3. S. Guruswamy, J. G. Byrne, J. Li, and M. E. Wadsworth. "Metallurgical Aspects of the Electrochemical Loading of Palladium with Deuterium," Proceedings of NSF-EPRI Workshop on Cold Fusion in Washington D. C., (August 1989).
4. Gary M. Sandquist and Vern C. Rogers. "Isotopic Hydrogen Fusion in Metals," Fusion Technology .12. 254 (September 1989).
5. Gary M. Sandquist, Vern C. Rogers, and Kirk Nielson. "Deuterium Concentration & Cold Fusion Rate Distributions In Palladium, '"'Fusion Technology 12. 523 (December 1989).
6. M. Salamon, M. Wrenn, H. Bergeson, K. Crawford, W. Delaney, C. Henderson, Y. Li, J. Rusho, G. Sandquist, and S. Seltzer. "Limits on the Emission of Neutrons, Gammas, Electrons and Protons from Pons/Fieischmann Electrolytic Cells," Nature 344, 401 (March 1990).
7. S. Pons and M. Fleischmann. "Calorimetry of the Palladium-Deuterium System," Proceedings of First Annual Cold Fusion Conference in Salt Lake City, Utah, 1 (March 1990).
8. S. Guruswamy and M. Wadsworth. "Metallurgical Aspects in Cold Fusion Experiments," Proceedings of First Annual Cold Fusion Conference in Salt Lake City, Utah, 314 (March 1990).
9. K. J. Bunch and R. W. Grow. "Electric Field Distribution of the Palladium Crystal Lattice," Proceedings of First Annual Cold Fusion Conference in Salt Lake City, Utah, 243 (March 1990).
10. Martin Fleischmann. An Overview of Cold Fusion Phenomena," Proceedings of First Annual Cold Fusion Conference in Salt Lake City, Utah, 344 (March 1990).
11. Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann. "Calorimetric Measurements of the Pd/D System: Fact and Fiction," Fusion Technology 1Z. 669 (July 1990).
12. Martin Fleischmann, Stanley Pons, Mark Anderson, Lian Jun Li, and Marvin Hawkins. "Calorimetry of the Palladium-Deuterium-Heavy Water System," J. Electroanal. Chem. 287, 293 (1990).
1-29
13. Giuliano Preparata. "A New Look at Solid State Fractures, Particle Emission
and 'Cold' Nuclear Fusion," International Progress Review on Anomalous
Nuclear Effects in Deuterium/Solid Systems, Brigham Young University, Provo,
Utah, October 1990. Submitted for publication.
14. Giuliano Preparata. "Theories of 'Cold' Nuclear Fusion: A Review," NCFI
Report, October 1990. Submitted for publication.
15. Gary Sandquist and Vern Rogers. "Enhancement of Cold Fusion Reaction
Rates," Submitted in Journal of Fusion Energy, (January 1990).
16. Gary Sandquist and Vern Rogers. "Cold Fusion Reaction Products and Their
Measurement," Accepted by Journal of Fusion Energy, (January 1990).
17. K. J. Bunch and R. W. Grow. "Self-Consistent Field Calculations on Diatomic
Hydrogen in a Potential Well," Submitted to Fusion Technology,
(September/October 1990).
18. Cheves Walling and Marvin Hawkins. "Temperature Dependence and
Reproducibility of Cell Constants in FP Type Calorimetric Cells," NCFI Report,
December 1990.
19. A. M. Riley, J. D. Seader, D. W. Pershing, C. Walling. "An In-Situ Volumetric
Method for Dynamically Measuring the Absorption of Deuterium in Palladium
During Electrolysis," Submitted to J. Electrochem. Society, (1990).
20. A. M. Riley, R. M. Winter, J. D. Seader, and D. W. Pershing. "Flow Calorimetry
and Related Experiments," NCFI Report-1, (May 1990).
21. A. M. Riley, John Cook, R. M. Winter, J. D. Seader, and D. W. Pershing. "
Seebeck Calorimetry," NCFI Report-2, (July 1990).
22. A. M. Riley, J. D. Seader, D. W. Pershing, A. Linton, and S. Shimizu.
"Measurement of Absorption of Deuterium in Palladium During Electrolysis of
Heavy Water," NCFI Report-3, (October 1990).
23. R. F. Boehm, Mark Case, Yi-Tung Chen, Xing Li, and Barry Lloyd. "High
Pressure Liquid Cell Development," NCFI Report, (September 1990).
24. A. M. Riley, J. D. Seader, D. W. Pershing, and J. Cook. "Heat Conduction
Calorimeters for Electrolysis of Heavy Water at Low Power Input," NCFI Report-
4, (October 1990).
25. A. M. Riley, J. D. Seader, D. W. Pershing, and J. Cook. "Development of An I
Improved Heat-Flow Calorimeter," NCFI Report-5, (October 1990).
26. A. M. Riley, J. D. Seader, D. W. Pershing, T. Williams, and A. Linton. "
Determination of Critical Cold Fusion Parameters by Measuring Excess Tritium
from Small-Cell Electrolysis Experiments," NCFI Report-6, (October 1990).
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27. A. M. Riley, J. D. Seader, and D. W. Pershing. "Search for Neutron Emission from Deuterated Palladium at Low Temperatures," NCFI Report-7, (October 1990).
28. Zhongqun Tian. "Project Report," NCFI Report, (January 1991 ).
29. K. Cedzynska, S.C. Barrowes, H. E. Bergeson, L. C. Knight, and F. G. Will. "Tritium Analysis In Palladium With An Open System Analytical Procedure," Submitted to Fusion Technology, (February 1991 ).
30. K. Cedzynska, S. C. Barrowes, H. E. Bergeson, L. C. Knight, J. R. Peterson, and F. G. Will. "Analysis of Palladium Samples For Tritium Contamination," Abstracts of Papers of the Pittsburgh Conference, Abstract #349P, (March 1991 ). To be submitted for publication.
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2. General Publications and Media Repc.ts
1) "Electrochemically Induced Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium• by M. Fleischmann & Stanley Pons. March 11, 1989, rev. March 20, 1989. Paper.
2) "Observation of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter, • by S.E. Jones, et al. March 23, 1989. Paper.
3) "Cold (con) fusion•, Nature (30 March 1989): 364.
4) "Fusion Breakthrough?", Science (31 March 1989): 1661.
5)
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"So you want to be a star•, The Economist (1 April 1989): 75.
"Fusion Claim Electrifies Scientists•, Science News (1 April 1989): 196.
"Chemists Claim Lead To Fusion•, Chemical Marketing Reporter (3 April 1989): 7.
"Nuclear Fusion: Utah findings raise hopes, doubts,• Chemical & Engineering News (3 April 1989): 4-6.
"Star Power, Research Prompts Fusion Debate,• Christian Science Monitor (4 April 1989): 1.
"A Fuss About Fusion•, ~hemical Week (5 April 1989) 14-15.
"Scientists Angered by Refusal of 2 Chemists to-Give Details of Nuclear-Fusion Discovery,• ChroniCle of Higher Education (5 April 1989): 1.
"Cold fusion caused frenzy but lacks confirmation•, Nature (6 April 1989): 447.
13) "Fusion Follow-up: Confusion Abounds,• Science (7 April 1989): 27-29.
14) "Fusion Claims Multiply, Strengthen, • Science News (8 April 1989): 212.
15) American Chemical Society. Abstracts of Papers. 197th ACS National Meeting. April 9-14, 1989. Abstract of s. Pons' paper.
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"Platinum, palladium in fusion experiment,~ Northern Miner (10 April 1989): 3.
"Experiment in Fusion is Said to be Copied,~ New York Times (10 April 1989); A13,
"Cold Fusion: Race to claify Utah claims heats up," Chemical & Engineering News (10 April 1989)~ 6-7.
"Electochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium," By M. Fleischmann & S. Pons. Journal of the Electroanalytical Chemistry 261 (10 April 1989): 301-308.
"1,000 Scientists Cheer Fusion-in-Jar Experimenter,• ~ York Times (13 April 1989): A12.
"Cold Fusion Patents Sought,• New York Times (13 April 1989): A 12.
"Disorderly publication," Nature (13 April 1989): 527-528).
"Not-footed towards cold fusion," Nature (13 April): 537.
"Prospect of achieving cold fusion tantalizes," Nature (13 April 1989): 529.
"Scrutiny of Fusion Experiment Produces Few Believers Among Phupicists," New York Times (16 April 1989:
"A Triumph, Maybe For Small Science,• New York Times (16 April 1989):
"Trying to Tame H-Bomb Power,• Iime (17 April 1989): 72.
"Cold Fusion: ACS session helps shed some light,• Chemical & Engineering News (17 April 1989): 5-6.
"A Frenzy over Fusion in Hundreds of Labs," New York Times (18 April 1989): B7.
"Other Laboratories Back Findings, Chemist Says," New York Times (18 April 1989): 1.
"Italians Report Fusion in Experiment," New York Times (19 April 1989): 1.
"New Chemical Experiment Partly Confirm the Possibility of Achieving Fusion in a flask, but Skepticism continues," The Chronicle of Higher Education (19 April 1989): 1.
"Fusion Fever is on the Rise," Time (24 April 1989): 57.
"Table-Top Fusion Looks Less Like a Parlor Trick," Science & Technology (24 April 1989): 132.
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35)
36)
"Confusion Continues Over Room-Temperative Fusion," ~ Chronicle of Higher Education ·(26 April 1989): AS.
"The transmutation of hydrogen into helium," by Fritz Paneth & Kurt Peters. Chemical Abstract~ 21 (1927): 357-358.
37) "The conversion of hydrogen into helium," by Fritz Raneth & Kurt Peters & Paul Gunther. Chemical Abstracts 21 (1927): 1728-1729.
38) "Cold fusion in print," Nature (20 April 1989): 604.
39) "Scientific look at cold fusion inconclusive," Nature (20 April 1989): 605.
40) "Test-tube fusion experiment repeated," New Scientist (8 April 1989): 18-19.
41) "Une fusion realisce en laboratoire? Un nucleaire de reve," Le Monde (24 March 1989): 1 & 29.
42) "The Utah Fusion Circus," New York Times (Editorial) 30 April 1989. Sect 4, p. 24.
43) Feud frays edges of fusion hope," The Sunday Time~ (London) 9 April 1989, p, Al7.
44) "Cold fusion or fizzle?," The Times (London) 20 April 1989. p. 32.
45) "Nuclear fusion search widens," The Times (London) 24 April 1989, p.2.
46) "Fusion Confusion: New data, but skepticism persists," Chemical & Engineering News (24 April 1989): 4-5.
47) "Fusion in a Bottle: Miracle or Mistake? Business Week (8 May 1989): 100-110.
48) "Cold Water", New Scientist (1 April 1989): 16.
49) "Claims for 'test-tube fusion' meet scepticism," New Scientist (1 April 1989): 16.
50) "The Race for Fusion," Newsweek (8 May 1989): 49-54.
51) Cold Water on Cold Fusion," New York Times (3 May 1989): A19.
52) Fusion Claim Is Greeted With Scorn by Physicists," New York Times (3 May 1989): 1 & Al4.
53) "Physicist Challenge Cold Fusion Claims," New York Times (5 May 1989): 5B & BlO.
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"Stanley Pons Lays Claim To Tabletop Fusion - But Don't Sell Your Oil Stocks Just Yet," people (8 May 1989): 59-62.
"Fusion experiments spark excitement," Mining Engineering (April 1989): 212.
"Cold Fusion: fact or fantasy?," Chemistry and Industry (17 April 1989): 234.
"Mines Nuclear Physicist Calls Fusion Breakthrough Genuine," California Mining Journal (May 1989): 11-12.
"Fusion Controversy", Chemical & Engineering News (1 May 1989): 6-7.
"Utah's Fusion Fuels Heated Debate," The Scientist (1 May 1989): 1, 2, 3, a.
"Fusion or Illusion?", Time (8 May 1989): 72-77.
"How Cold Fusion Happened- Twice!," Science (28 April 1989): 420-423.
"Skepticism Grows Over Cold Fusion," Science 244 (21 April 1989): 284-285.
"Fusion Confusion," Industry Week (1 May 1989): 59-60.
"Fusion in a Jar: Recklessness & Brilliance," New York Times 9 May 1989, pp B5 & BlO.
"Putting the Heat on Cold Fusion," Time (15 May 1989): 63.
"More than scepticism," Nature (4 May 1989): 4.
"Hopes for nuclear fusion continue to turn cool," Nature (27 April 1989): 691.
"Science as spectator sport,• Physics World {May 1989): 3.
"U. of Utah Requests $25-Million From Congress for Room-Temperature Nuclear-Fusion Institute," The Chronicle of Higher Education (3 May 1989): A6 7 Al2.
"Physicists Say Claim of Room-Temperature Fusion by 2 Chemists Is a Widely Publicized Mistake," The Chronicle of Higher Education {10 May 1989)! A4 & All.
"2 Defend Fusion Claim Before Peers," New York Times {10 May 1989): All.
"Cold Fusion or Confusion?," The New American {22 May 1989): Bl & B2.
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"Hatch goes to U., BYU to witness fusion work,• Deseret ~ (24 April 1989): B1-B2.
"Alberta found chemist 'too fast on the draw•,• The Globe i Mail (11 May 1989): Al-A2.
"Nuclear Con-fusion," Mining Journal (21 April 1989): 311.
"Chemists' meeting fans the flames of fusion debate,• N..eH Scientist (22 April 1989): 27.
"Utah Looks to Congress for Cold Fusion Cash," Science (5 May 1989): 522-523.
"Dif-fusion: Beware the Ideas of March, • Science News (6 May 1989): 276.
"Fusion Donnybrook: Physicists assail Utah Claims,• Chemical & Engineering News (8 May 1989): 466.
"Putting the Heat on Cold Fusion," Time (15 May 1989): 63.
"More than scepticism," Nature (4 May 1989): 4.
"Y. physicist casts doubt on sustained fusion theory,• Deseret News (19 May 1989): B1.
"Fielding the Fussion Flak,• The Event (16-31 May, 1989): 4.
•u. must fuse team or lose to larger facility,• Deseret ~ (18 May 1989): B1.
"Fusion Confusion is no Deterrent to Enterprising Utahns,• Salt Lake Tribune (6 May 1989): Bl-2.
"D.C. Postpones 2 u. Fusion Meetings,• Salt Lake Tribune (5 May 1989): Bl-82.
"Pons Says Alumnus Not Welcome to Speak at U." Salt Lake Tribune (20 May 1989): Bl-2.
"Most Asked Questions About Fusion,• Handout from Chase Petersen's presentation 5/18/89.
"Hope & hesitation on the fusion frontiers,• New Scientist (29 April 1989): 22-23.
"Physics community strikes back in depate over cold fusion," New Scientist (6 May 1989: 26.
93) "Of fusion, nobels & nobility," New Scientist (6 May 1989): 28-29.
94) "Cold fusion: what's going on?," Nature (27 April 1989): 711-12.
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95) "What to say about cold fusion,• Nature {27 April 1989): 701.
96) "Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter," by s. E. Jones. Nature {27 April 1989): 737-740.
97) "Mines physics professors will attempt to verify Utah's fusion experiment," The Mines Magazine {May 1989): 3-4.
98) "Views on nuclear fusion", Chemical & Engineering News 15 {May 1989): 2-3, 46.
99) "Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter," by s. E. Jones, Nature (27 April 1989): 737-740.
100) "The Cold fusion family." Nature {27 April 1989): 70S.
101) "Conference on Fusion Told of Failure," New York Times {24 May 1989): A12.
102) "Efforts abandoned in Japan", Nature {18 May 1989): 167. also
103) "No new fusion under the Sun," Nature {18 May 1989): 180.
104) "Problems with the gamma-ray spectrum in the Fleischmann et al. experiments," by R. Petrosso. Nature {18 May 1989): 183-lBS.
lOS) "Fusion in from the cold,?" Nature {18 May 1989): 18S.
106) "Scientists Report Positive Results In Experiments With Cold Fusion," New York Times. {2S May 1989): All.
107) "Prospect of Commercial Gain From Unconfirmed Discovery Prompted Utah U. Officials to Skirt Usual Scientific Protocol," The Chronicle of Higher EducatiQD {17 May 1989): AS & AS.
108) "2 Chemists Defend Room-Temperature Fusion From Growing Criticism of Other Scientists," The Chronicle of Higher Education (17 May 1989): AS & A9.
109) "Hopes for Cold Fusion Diminish As Ranks of Disbelievers Swell," Chemical and Engineering News {22 May 1989): 8-20.
110) "Cold-Fusion Brouhaha Signals Shifts in the Way Science Proceeds," Chronicle of Higher Education {24 May 1989): A1.
111) "So1ide Ker1e" , Der Spiegel {3 April 1989): 266.
112) "The Implications of "Cold Fusion"," Journal of Chemical Education (May 1989): 361.
113) "Fusion gives energy to palladium markets," Engineering & Mining Journal {May 1989): 17.
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117)
118)
119)
"The Safest Ground for Fusion Critics Is to Wait & See,• Salt Lake Tribune (16 May 1989): B2.
"Cold fusion: Searching for hidden helium,• Science News (20 May 1989): 311.
"Fusion Reaction,• Science (26 May 1989): 904.
"The Confusion Profusion,• Science (19 May 1989): 904.
"Cold Fusion: Bait & Switch?," Science (19 May 1989): 774.
"Cold fusion gathering is incentive to collaboration, "Nature (1 June 1989) v. 339, p. 325.
120) "Biological Cold Fusion,• Nature (1 June 1989), v. 339, p. 335.
121) "Cold fusion results still unexplained," Nature (1 June 1989), v. 339, p. 345.
122) "Fusion in 1947?" Nature (1 June 1989), v. 339, p. 346.
123) "The 'Cold Fusion• Story Has Been an Object Lesson on Why Science Flourishes Only in the Open,• Chronicle of Higher Education (June 13, 1989), p.44.
124) "Conflicting Cold Fusion Reports Deepen Mystery,• Chemical & Engineering News, June 5, 1989, pp. 16-18.
125) "Hardware Hacker. Try cold fusion for yourself• Radio-Electronics (August 1989): 64-69, 85.
126) "Cold fusion doubts and controls,• Nature (15 June 1989): 515.
127) "The Vanity of Scholars,• New York Times (9 July 1989): E25.
128) "Britons Abandon "Cold" Quest," New York Times (20 June 1989): 12.
129) "Fusion Plan Iqnites Controversy at DOE," Sriience (23 June 1989): 1434-1435.
130) "Cold Fusion Brouhaha Signals Shifts in the Way Science Proceeds,• by c. Raymond. Chronicle of Higher Education (24 May 1989): 1, AS.
131) "Science Newsfront. Fusion Fizzle?," Popular Science (August 1989): 8-12.
132) "Panel Rejects Fusion Claim, Urging No Federal Spending,• New York Times (13 July 1989): Al.
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133) "Cold Fusion Couture,• Science (7 July 1989): 31.
134) "Cold Fusion: How Close Can Deuterium Atoms Come Inside Palladium?," Physical Review Letters (3 July 1989): 59-61.
135) "Cold fusion results still unexplained," Nature (1 June 1989): 345.
136) "Cold fusion gathering is incentive to collaboration,• Nature (1 June 1989): 325.
137) "Fusion in 1947?," Nature (1 June 1989): 346.
138) "Calculated fusion rates in isotopic hydrogen molecules," Nature (29 June 1989): 690-691."
139) Measurement of gamma-rays from cold fusion," Nature (29 June 1989): 667-669. (Note: Pons• response to Petrasso•s article "Problems with the gamma-ray spectrum ---.• See item #104 for the article.)
140) "Muon catalyzed fusion," Fusion Engineering and Design By c. Petitjean. 11 (July 1989): 255-264.
141) "Negotiations may result in collaboration with platinum firm to speed fusion work," neseret News (June 8, 1989): 1.
142) •u., G. E. near pact on solid-state fusion research," Deseret News (26 June 1989): B5.
145) "On Cold Fusion, It Looks Like Utah Stands Alone,• ~ York Times (16 July 1989): E5.
146) "Explanations of cold fusion,• Nature (11 May 1989): 105.
147) "Cold Fusion: Still no certainty," Nature (11 May 1989): 84.
148) "Grim but not terminal," Chemistry & Industry (5 June 1989): 324-325.
149) "Double blow for cold nuclear fusion," Nature (22 June 1989): 567.
150) "Mystery of meteoritic fusion," Nature (22 June 1989): 588.
151) "Two Innocent Chemists Look at Cold Fusion," The Journal of Physical Chemistry 93 (June 15, 1989): 4693-4697. (Note: Walling & Simons article)
152) "G.E., Utah agree to joint cold fusion effort," C & EN (10 July 1989): 5-6.
153) "Examination of nuclear measurement condition in cold fusion experiments," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 265 (23 June 1989): 355-360.
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"Fusion cools down," ~hemistry in Britain (July 1989): 691.
"S~arch for DO-Fusion Neutrons During Heavy Watel· Electrolysis," Electrochimica Acta 34 (July 1989) 991-993).
"Upper limits on neutron gamma-ray emission from cold fusion," Nature 340 (6 July 1989): 29-34.
"Evidence of Emission of Neutrons from a TitaniumDeuterium System," Europhysical Letters 9 (1 June 1989): 327.
"Cold Fusion Confirmed," American Scientist (July-August 1989): 327.
"Big Brother, Ph. D. - Should scientists or bureaucrats form science's police force?," Scientific American (Aug 1989): 12B-16.
"End of cold fusion in sight," Nature 340 (6 July 1989): 15.
"Unlucky break for the friends of cold fusion," ~ Scienti~ 1671 (1 July 1989): 16.
"Can solid-state effects enhance the cold-fusion rate?," Nature 340 (6 July 1989): 45-56.
"Federal panel advises no cold fusion funding," Chemical & Engineering News (17 July 1989): 8.
"Assessing the Future of Fusion,• Mechanical Engineering ~ (17 July 1989): 62-68.
"No new money from U.S. government?," Nature .J40 (20 July 1989):174. '
"A Brief History of Cold Fusion," AAAS Observer {7 July 1989): C19.
"Despite Cold Water on 'Cold Fusion•, Research Is Enjoying a Boom in Utah," New York Times. (August 1, 1989): Cl9.
"If you read it First In Nature, It's Big and (Usually) True," Wall Street Journal (15 May 1989): 1 & AS.
"Screening Corrections in Cold Deuterium Fusion Rates," Zeitschrift fur Physik A, Atomic Nuclei 233, No, 3 (1989): 317-18.
"Search for Nertuons from 'Cold Nuclear Fusion'," Zeitschrift fur Physik A, Atomic Nuclei 233 no. 3 (1989): 319-320.
171) "Search for Neutrons Production During Heavy Water Electrolysis on Palladium Electrodes," Zeitschrift fur Physic A, Atomic Nuclei 233 no. 2 (1989): 321-322.
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172) "Cold Fusion Still in State of Confusion," Science 245 {21 July 1989): 256.
173) "Into the Shadows~" Chemistry & Industry {3 July 1989): 399.
174) "Quest for Fusion," Engineering & Science (Calif. titute of Technology): Summer 1989. pp. 3-14.
175) "Search for cold fusion in palladium," Zeitscbrift fur Physick {Condensed Matter). B. Vol. 76, 1-2 {1989): 1-2.
176) "Doubts grow as many attempts at cold fussion fail," Physics Today (June 1989): 17-18).
177) "Sales pitching on the Hill," Physics World (June 1989): 5-6.
178) "Signs of 'Cold' Fusion Are Cited, Cautiously," New York Times (June 27, 1989): B-8.
179) "Need Cold Fusion Information?," Library Hotline {June 12, 1989): 4-5.
180) "Scientists claim nuclear fusion breakthrough," Energy World (April 1989): 3.
181) "Hot or Cold?" Chemistry & Industry (17 July 1989): 434.
182) "Search for the Proposed Cold Fusion of D in Pd." Modern Physics Letters B 3 {1989): 753-760.
183) "Cold Fusion in Metals," Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 58 (June 1989): 1869-1970. Article by Jun Kondo on Japanese experiment.
184) "Cold-Fusion Debunked?," Popular Mechanics (July 1989): 29.
185) "A Critical analysis of electrochemical nuclear fusion experiments," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 266 (1989): 437-450. A critique by G. Kreysa, G. Marx & W. Plieth
186) "The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair," Journal of Physics, Particle Physics 15 (1989): L157-L161. Article by W. N. Cottingham & D. A. Greenwood.
187) "Harwell freezes cold fusion," Chemistry in Britain (August 1989): 769.
188) "Cold Fusion Information & Misinformation," NSIT Employee Newsletter.
189) "Will science ever recover from the cold fusion furor?," Research & Development {July 1989): 33-39.
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"Searches for low-temperature nPclear fusion of deuterium in palladium," Nature 340 (17 Aug. 1989): 525-530.
"Fusion rates of squeezed & screened hydrogenic nuclei," Physical Review C (Aug. 1989): R 495-496.
"Muon Catalyzed fusion,• Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physical Research B41 (July 1989): 419-25.
"Physicist deal cold fusion a theoretical blow,• ~ Scientist (29 July 1989): 29.
"Exact Upper Bound on Barier Penetration Probabilities in Many Body systems: Application to "Cold Fusion•, Physical Review Letters 63 (10 July 1989): 191-194.
"The Nuclear Fusion for the Reactions 2H(d;n)3He, 2H(d,p)3H, 3H(d,n)4He," Il Nuovo Cimento 1989): 795-804.
101(May
"Emission of Neutrons as a Consequence of TitaniumDeuterium Interaction," Il Nuovo Cimento lOl(May 1989): 841-44.
"First Steps Toward an Understanding of Cold Nuclear Fusion," Il Nuovo Cimento 101 (May 1989): 845-849.
"Observations on the surface composition of palladium cathodes after D20 electrolysis in LiOD solutions,• Journal of the Electroanalytical Chemistry 267(1989): 351-57.
"Decoding of Thermal Data in Fleischmann and Pons Paper,• Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 26 (1989-July): 729-32.
"Cold Fusion in a dense electron gas," Le Journal de Physique 50 (Sept 1, 1989): 2307-2311.
"Search for cold nuclear fusion in palladium-deuteride,• Zeitschrift fur Physik B 76(1989): 141-142.
"On the Observation of Charged Particles in Cold Fusion,• Physica Scripta 40 (1989): 303-306.
"In-Situ X-Ray Diffraction of Palladium Cathodes in Electrolytic Cells," Solid State Communications 71 (1989): 805-807.
"Conventional Sources of Fast Neutrons in "Cold Fusion• Experiments," Physics Letters B 228 (7 Sept 1989): 163-166.
"Theoretical Considerations on the Cold Nuclear Fusion in Condensed Matter,• Il Nuovo Cimento 11 D (June 1989): 913-919.
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"Fleischmann defends cold fusion,• ~hemistry in Britain (Sept 1989): 857.
"Electrochemically- Induced Solid-State Fusion,• Platinum Metals Review 33 (1989): 114-116.
~Measurement of the residual polarization of negative muons in gaseous deuterium at a pressure of 10 atm,• ~ Letters 49 (May 10, 1989): 544-548.
NCold fusion converts say British magazine not presenting full story,• Deseret News Sept. 19-20, 1989; p. BS.
"Editorial: The Cold Fusion Debate,• by R. D. Armstrong. Electrchemica Acta 34 (Sept 1989): 1288.
"Prospects & Problems of Electochemically Induced Cold Nuclear Fusion," by J.W. Schultze et al. Ibid.: 1289-1313.
"Some Aspects of Thermal Energy Generation During the Electolysis of D20 Using A Palladium Cathode,• by R. D.
Armstrong • .I.Qid.: 1319-1326.
"Sporadic Observation of the Fleischmann-Pons Heat Effect,• by R.C. Kinthla et al. Ibid.: 1314-1318.
"A Search for the Emission of X-Rays from E1ectroly1ically Charged Palladium-Deuterium,• by S.M. Bennington. Ibid. 1323-1326.
"Reactivation of a in muon-catalyzed fusion under plasma conditions,• by M. Jandel. Physical Review A 40 (1 Sept. 1989): 2799-2892.
~Fusion rates for hydrogen isotopic molecules~Df relevance for "cold fusion• by K. Szalewicz & J. D. Morgan III. Ibid.: 2824-2827.
"Investigation of Cold Fusion in Heavy Water,• by S.H. Faller. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Letters 137 (21 Aug 1989): 9-16.
"Considerations on Cold Nuclear Fusion in Palladium,• by C. Hargitai. IQid.: 17022.
"Some Basic Electochemistry and the Cold Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium,• by G. Horanyi. Ibid.: 23-28.
"Cold fusion, superconductivity," Letter to the editor by J. Rynasiewicz. Chemical & Engineering News 18 Sept 1989.
"Cold comfort,• New Scientist (29 July 1989): 67.
"A Possible Mechanism for Bulk Cold Fusion in Transition Metal Hydrides,": by c. Petrillo & F. Saccheth .• Europhysics Letters 10 {1 Sept 1989): 15.
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223) "A Thermodynamic Study of the Pd-Ti System,• by N. Selhaoui, et al. Journal of the Less-Common Metals 154 (1989): 137-147.
224) "Cold fusion and brown dwarfs,• letter to the editor of Nature by C. Siva ran &. V. de Sabbata Hat.u_r_e 341 (7 Sept. 1989): 28.
225)
226)
"Deuterium nuclear fusion at room temperature: A pertinent inequality on barrier penetration,• Rosen. Journal of Chemical Physics 91 (Oct 4415-4416.
by G. 1989):
"Commentaire: Froide de Peproduire?," 99-100.
Pourquoi les Experiences de Fusion Deuterium Sont-elles Si Difficiles a
by Jan Augustynski. Chimia 43 (April 1989):
227) "Scenarios for Nuclear Fusion in Palladium-Deuterium Alloys at ·Ambient Temperature, • by c. K. Jorgensen. Chimia 43 (May 1989): 142-143.
228) "Cold Fusion Confusion,• by R. P. Crease and N. P. Samios. The New York Times Magazine (Sept. 24, 1989) pp. 35-38.
229) "The Secret life of cold fusionu" The Economist (Sept. 30, 1989): 87-90.
230) "Tunneling Efficiency &. the Problem of Cold Fusion,• Czechoslovak Journal of Physics B39 (1989): 793-795. By v. Capek.
231) "The fusion rate of a confined deuteron pair,• by w. N. Cottingham &. D. A. Greenwood. Journal of Physics G; Nuclear & Particle Physics 15 (Aug. 1989): L 157-Ll61.
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232) •cold nuclear fusion rates in condensed matter: a phenomenological analysis,• by z. Henis, et al. Journal of Phtsics G; Nuclear & Particle Physics 15 (Oct. 1989): L219-L223.
233) •cold nuclear fusion in metallic hydrogen ~nd normal
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metals," by Chas J. Harowitz. Physical Review c., Nuclear Physics 40 (Oct. 1989); R1555-Rl558.
•search for neutrons from deuterium-deuterium nuclear reactions in electrochemically charged palladium, • by M. M. Broer, et al. (AT&T Lab., N.J.). Physical Review c. 40 (Oct 1989): R 1559-Rl562.
"A search for evidence of cold fusion in the direct implantation of palladium and indium with deuterium, • by J. J. G. Durocher, et al. Canadian Journal of Physics 67 (June 1989): 624-631.
"H2+o2 recombination in non-isothermal, non-adiabatic electrochemical calorimetry of water electrolysis in an undivided cell," by V. J. Cunnane, et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 269 (1989): 163-174
"Probing the Nature of Sticking in Muon Catalyzed Fusion with Lamionated Targets,• by M. Jandel. Nuclear .:!:..I !!.n !i!..s t.loc.J,_r u!d..!m.u:elo<.Jn~t!<..lsoL.-.loi!&C-!:M:!.loe<-lotr...Lh!..:l<oC!o!dL.Ws'---'l~· n"--..!!.P..!Jh~Y...wS:....i~c...ws~R~e"'s~e~auruc ...... h A2 81 (Aug 2 0 , 1989): 246-249.
"Virtual-State Internal Nuclear Fusion in Metal Lattices," by R. W. Bussard. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept. 1~89): 231-236.
"On the Possibility of a Nuclear Mass-Energy Resonance in D + D Reactions at Low Energy,• J. Rand McNally Jr. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept 1989): 237-239.
"Advanced Energy Conversion Methods for Cold Fusion,• by Mark A. Prelas. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept 1989): 240-242.
•on the Possibility of Deuteron Disintegration in Electrochemically Compressed D+ in a Palladium Cathode, H
by Magdi Ragheb & Geroge H. Miley. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept. 1989(: 243-247. ·
"Preliminary Experimental Study on Cold Fusion Using Deuterium Gas and Deuterium Plasma in the presence of Palladium," by Albert G. Gu. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept. 1989): 248-250.
243) "A Novel Apparatus To Investigate the Possibility of Plasma- Assisted Cold Fusion," by D. N. Tuzic et al. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept. 1989): 245-259.
245) "Electrochemically Induced Deuterium - Tritium Fusion Power - Reactor - Preliminary Design of a Reactor System,• by y Oka, et al. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept. 1989): 250-262.
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246) •o2o-Fueled Fusion Power Reactor Using Electrochemically Induced D-On, D-p, and Deuterium - Tritium Reactions -Preliminary Design of a Reactor System," by Y Oka et al. Fusion Technology 16 (Sept 1989): 263-267.
247) "Reactor Prospects of Muon-Catalyzed Fusion of Deuterium and Tritium Concentrated in Transition Metals,• Fusion Technology 16 (Sept 1989): 268-275.
248) "On a possible mechanism of cold nuclear fusion,• by P. I. Golubnichi, et al. Akademiia Nauk S. S. R., Doklady 307 (1989): 99-101.
249) "Teller, Chu "Boost" Cold Fusion," by R. Pool Science (27 October 1989): 449.
250) "Heat Release from Deuterated Ti Fe or La Ni5 on Exposure to the Air," by M. Marinelli, et al. Il Nuovo CimentQ 102A (Sept. 1989): 959-961.
251) "Nuclear Products Detection During Electrolysis of Heavy Water With Ti and Pt Electrodes," by C. Sanchez, et. al. Solid State Communications 71 (Sept 1989): 1030-1043.
252) "Comment on "Cold Fusion: How Close Can Deuterium Atoms Come Inside Palladium,?" by P. K. Lam & Rici Yu. Physical Review Letters 63 (23 Oct. 1989): 1895.
253) "Fusion-fact or fiction," The Chemical Engineer (May 1989): 13.
254) "Effets thermiques associes a la decharge electrchimque de 1'hydrogene et du deuterium sur palladium," by M. Chemala, et al. Comptes Rendus de L 'Academia Des Sciences 309, Series II, No. 10 (28 Sept. 1989): 987-993.
255) "The Fusion rate of a cinfined deuteron pair," by w. N. Cothingham & D. A. Greenwood. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear & Particle Physics 15 (Aug. 1989): Ll57-Ll61. (Same as No. 231)
256) "DOE gives cold fusion a cold shoulder," Deseret News October 30, 1989: B1-B2.
257) "Cold Nuclear Fusion: Viewpoints of Solid-State Physics," by G. Benedik and P. F. Bortignon. Il Nuovo Cimento 110 (August 1989): 1227-1235.
258) "Production of tritium from D20 electrolysis at a palladium cathode," by J. O'M, Bockris, et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 270 (1989): 451-458.
259) "Cold Fusion keeps its head just above water," by I. Amato. Science News 136 (October 28, 1989): 278.
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260) MDespite reports, cold fusion isn't dead, Pons says,• pe~eret News (November 4, 1989): ~1 & 82.
261) Despite Scorn, Some Scientists STill Seek Cold-Fusion Clues,• by W. J. Broad. New York Times (Oct. 31, 1989): B5 & B8.
262) MCold fusion in metals,• by R. H. Parmenter & W. E. Lamb Jr. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science 86 (Nov. 1989):8614-8617.
263) "Search for Energetic - Charged - Particle Emission from Deuterated Ti and Pd Foils," by P. B. Price, S. w. Barwick & w. T. Williams. Physical Review Letters 63 (30 October 1989): 1926-1929.
264) "Evidence for a Background Neutron Enhanced Fusion in Deuterium Absorbed Palladium," by Gad Shani, et al. Solid State Communications 72 (1989): 53-57.
265) "Enhancement of Cold Fusion Rate by Electron Polarization in Palladium Deuterium Soldi,• by s. Feng. Solid State Communications 72 (1989): 205-209.
·~
266) "Search For Cold-Fusion Events,• by w. Hajdas, et al. Solid State Cornmu .• ication 72 (1989): 309-313.
267) "Fission in the Fusion Camp,• Discover 10 (December 1989): 32-42.
268) "Cold fusion anomalies more perplexing than ever,• Chemical & Engineering News 67 (November 6, 1989): 32-34.
269) "Search for cold fusion using x-ray detection,• by J. D. Fox, et al. Physical Review C 40 (November 1989): R1851-R1853.
270) "Fusiomania," by E. J. Farkas. Chemistry in Britain (November 1989): 1093.
271) "Noncommittal outcome," by D. Lindley. Nature 341 (26 October 1989): 679.
272) "Investigation on the Possibility of Cold Nuclear Fusion in Fe-Zr Amorphous Alloy,• by E. Kuzmann et al. Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry, Letters 137 (1989): 243-250.
273) "Upper bounds on "cold fusion• in electrolytic cells," by D. E. Williams et al. Nature 242 (23 November 1989): 375-384.
274) "How a Rectangular Potential in Schrodinger's Equation could explain some Experimental Results on Cold Nuclear Fusion," by Johann H. Schneider. Fusion Technology 16 (November 1989):377-378.
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275)
276)
"Nuclear Reaction Products That Would Appear If Substantial Cold Fusion Occurred," by D. Mueller & L. Grisham. Fusion Technology·l6 (November 1989): 379-382.
"A Study of "Cold Fusion" In Deuterated Titanium Subjected To High-Current Densities," by R. B. Campbell & L. J. Perkins. Fusion Technology 16 (November 1989): 383-387.
277) "High-Sensitivity Search For Neutrons During Electrochemical Reactions," by M. Butler et al. Fusion . Technology 16 (November 1989):388-390.
278) "Trials To Induce Neutron Emission From A TitaniumDeuterium System, • by. H. Werle, et al. Fusion Technology 16 (November 1989): 391-396.
279) "Search For Cold Fusion In High-Pressure D2- Loaded Titanium and Palladium Metal and Deuteride,• J. E. Schirber. FusiQn Technology 16 (November 1989): 397-400.
280) "The Sellin9 of;Cold Fusion," Science 245 (1 1192.
1989):
281) "Search For Neutrons From A Titanium-Deuterium System,• by H. w. Y.amm, et al. Fusion Technology 16 (November 1989): 401-403.
282) "Negative Results and Positive Artifacts Observed in a Comprehensive Search for Neutrons From "Cold. Fusion• Using a Multidetector System Located Underground,• by R. J. Ewing et al. Fusion Technology 16 (November 1989): 404-407. .
283) "Analysis of the Published Calorimetric Evidence for Electrochemical Fusion of Deuterium in Palladium,• Science 246 (10 November 1989): 793-796. By N. Lewis et al.
284) "Neutron Limits form Gas-Loaded Ti-D Systems," Zeitschrift fur Physik A 334 (1989): 357-358.
285) "On the Feasibility of cold Fusion,• by A. T. Lee & T. M. Kalotas. Nuovo Cimento 102 (October 1989): 1177-1180.
286) "A long-term calorimetric study of the electrohysis of D20 using palladium cube cathodes,• by R. D. Armstrong, E. A. Charles, et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 272 (November 10, 1989): 293-297.
287) "Enhancement of Nuclear Fusion in a Strongly Coupled Cold Plasma," by S. Y. Lo. Modern Physics Letters B 3 (1989): 1207-1211.
388) "An Attempt to Detect Fracto-Fusion During Microwave Irradiation of D20 Loaded Silica Gel," by K. Yoshihara et al. Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry, Letters 137 (1989) 333-339.
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289) •search for Energetic - Charged - Particle Emission from Deuterated Ti and Pd Foild,• by w. T. Williams et al. Physical Review Letters 63 (30 October 1989): 1926-1929.
290) "Deuterium Concentration and Cold Fusion Rate Distributions In Palladoum," by Gary M. Sandquist et al. fusion Technology 16 (Dec. 1989): 523-525.
291) "A Search For Anomalies In the Palladium - Deuterium System,• by D. J. Gillespil et al. Fusion Technology 16 (December 1989): 529-531.
292) "A Search For Neutrons In Single-Phase Palladium -Deuterium,• by A. C. Ehrilich. Fusion Technology 16 (December 1989): 529-531.
293) "Natloh• "Model For Cold Fusion," by T. Matsumoto. Fusion Technology 16 (December 1989): 532-534.
294) "Deuterium.molecule in the presence of electronic charge concentrations: Implications for cold fusion, • by A. B. Hassam & A, N. Dharamsi. Physical Review A 40 (1 December 1989): 6689-6691.
295) "Detection of Delium-3 and tritium produced as a result of ion plasma saturateion of litanium by deuterium,• by A. A. Kosyachkov, et al. Soviet Physics, JETP Letters 49 (25 June 1989): 744-746.
296) "Cold Fusion: Effects of Possible Narrow Nuclear Resonance,• by A. A. Shihab - Eldin, et al. Modern Physics Letters B 3 (1989): 965-959.
297) •sitting on the fence," by D. Lindley. Nature 342 (21/28 December 1989): Review of the book •cold Fusion: The Making of a Scientific Controversy,• by F. D. Peat.
298) "Electrochemical Measurements on Palladium Cathodes in LiOD/D20 Solutions related to the Cold Fusion Experiments :, by J. Augusttynski, et al. China 43 (1989): 355-357.
299) "Search for Emission of Neutrons from a PalladiumDeuterium System, • by F. Batter, et al. ·.I:bysics Letters B 232 (14 Dec. 1989):536-538.
300) "Tritium in cold fusion,• by A. J. Leffler. Chemical & Engineering News (18 Dec. 1989):2.
301) "Improving the accuracy of the calculation of fusion rates of sticking fractions in muon-catalyzed fusion,• by J. D. Morgan III. Physical Review A 40 (15 Dec. 1989): 6857-6862.
302) "Fusion in a Flask: Expert DoE Panel Throws Cold Water on Utah 'Discovery'," by Irwin Goodwin. Physics Today (Dec. 1989): 43-45.
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303) "An old-fashioned lone-song", Nature 342 (7 Dec. 1989): 606.
304) "In Hot Water Over Cold Fusiont" By R. Pool. Science 246 ( 1 5 Dec • 19 8 9 ) : 13 8 4 •
305) "Despite report, cold fusion isn't dead, Pons says,• Deseret News (Nov. 4, 1989): B1 & B2.
306) "Despite Scorn, Some Scientists Still Seek Cold Fusion Clues,• by w. J. Broad. The New York Times (October 31, 1989): B5 & B8.
307) "DOE gives cold fusion a cold shoulder,• by Lee Davidson. Deseret News (30 Oct. 1989): Bl & B2.
308) "Scientists are fuming over cold fusion," Research & Development (Dec. 1989): 5.
309) "Clandestine NSF Panel Warms To Cold Fusion" Ihe Scientist (13 Nov. 1989): B5.
310) "2 Chemists fuse culinary talent,• by A. w. Allen. Deseret News (22 Dec. 1989): BS.
311) "Detection of Charged Particles Emitted by Electrolytically Induced Cold Nuclear Fusion,• R. Taniguchi, et al. Japanses Journal of Applied Physics 28 (November 1989): L-2021-L2023.
312) "Laser-Induced "Semicold" Fusion,• by Christoph Steinert. Fusion Technology 17 (Jan. 1990): 206-208).
313) "Cold Fusion," Nature 343 (4 Jan. 1990): ~·
314) "Unsteady Diffusion Reaction of Electrochemically Produced Deuterium in Palladium Rod," by Jacob Jorne. Journal of the Electrochemical Society 137 (Jan. 1990): 369-370.
315) "Search for protons from the 2H(d,p)3H reaction in an electrolytic cell with Pd-Pt electrodes,• by K. E. Rehm, et al. Physical Review C 41(Jan. 1990): 47~49.
316) "Energy balance of D20 electroysis with a palladium cathode," by J. Balej and J. Divisek. Parts I and II. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 278 (1989): 85-117.
317) "On the Possibilities of "Cold Enhancement" of Nuclear Fusion," by V. Goldanskii and F. Dalidchik. Physical Letters B 234 (18 Jan. 1990): 465-468.
318) "Cold Fusion as the Subject of a Final Exam in Honors General Chemistry,.. by N. Porile Journal of Chemical Education (Nov. 1989): 932-933.
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319) "Scenario for Cold Fusion by Free Quark Catalysis,• by G. L. Shaw et al. !1 Nuovo CimentQ 102A (Nov. 1989): 1441-1447.
320) "Biases in cold fusion data,• by S. Freedman and Daniel Krakauer. Nature 343 (22 Feb. 1990): 703-704.
321) "An Approach to the Cold Fusion through Hydrogen Isotopes Analysis by the Heavy Ion Rutherford Scattering,• M. Yanokura, et al. Chemistry Letters No. 12 (1989): 2197-2200.
322) "A Mechanism for Neutron Emission from Deuterium Trapped in Metals," by s. Segree, et al. Europhysics Letters 11 (1990):201-202.
323) "Peut-on Faire du Soleil en Bouteille," Le Figaro (16 Dec. 1989): 16.
324) "Theory of. Screening-Enhanced D-D Fusion in Metals," by S.N. Voidya & Y.S. Mayya. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 28 (Dec. 1989): L2258-L2260.
325) "Experimental investigation of thermal and radiation effects induced by deuterium discharge at the palladium electrode," by M. Chemla, et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 277 (1990): 93-103.
326) "On the Interactions between Hydrogen and Palladium," by M. Springborg. Europhysics Letters 11 (15 February 1990): 325-330.
327) "Examination of Cathodically Charged Palladium Electrodes For Excess Heat, Neutron Emission, ~r Tritium Production," by H. Wiesmann. Fusion Technology 17 (March 1990): 350-354.
328) "An Analysis of Cold and Lukewarm Fusion,• M. Rabinowitz & D.H. Worledge. Fusion Technology 17 (March 1990): 344-349.
329) "On Cold Fusion," by B. Spinrad. Fusion. Technology 17 (March 1990): 343.
330) "Stability of Atomic and Diatomic Hydrogen in FCC Palladium," by Su-Huai Wei and Alex Zunger. Solid State Communications 73 (February 1990): 327-330.
331) "On the possibility of nuclear transformation in chemical reactions," R.K. Maziton (In Russian), Akademiia Nauk S.S.S.R. Doklady 307 (1989): 1158-1160.
332) Foreign patents filed for cold fussion," by Jo Ann Jacobsen-Wells. Deseret News (March 20-21, 1990): 2 B.
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333) "Heat over cold fusion will linger,• by Hugo Rossi.
334)
335)
336)
337)
338)
339)
Deseret News (March 22-23, 1990): A 23.
"Cold Fusion, Part IV," Metals Week (March 26, 1990): 3.
"The role of combined electron-deuteron screening in d-d fusion in metals," by S.N. Vaidya and Y.S. Mayya. Pramana 33 (2 Aug. 1989): L343-L346.
"Stability of Atomic and Diatomic Hydrogen in FCC Palladium," by Su-Huai Wei and Alex Zunger. Solid State Communications 73 (1990): 327-330.
"Cold-Fusion meet at U. will include severe critics," Deseret News (March 19-20, 1990): B1-B2.
"On the Feasibility of Nuclear Fusion in F.C.C. Metals," by s. Feyita. Physics Status Solidi B 156 (Nov. 1989): K17-K21.
"A theory of cold nuclear fusion in deuterium-loaded palladium," by S.K. Ghosh et al. Pramana 33 (Aug. 1989): L339-L342.
340) "Electrochemical fusion: a mechanism speculation," by G.H. Lin et al. (J.O'M. Brockris). Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 280 (1990): 207-211.
341) "Tritium production during the cathodic discharge of deuterium on palladium,• J. Chene and A.M. Brass. JoUrnal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 280 (1990): 199-205.
342) "Nuclear reactions from Lattice Collapse On A Cold Fusion Model," by E. Tabet & A. Tenenbaum. Physics Letters A 144 (12 march 1990): 301-305.
343) "Search for cold fusion in palladium-deuterium and titanium-deuterium," by G. Badurek et al. Kerntechnik 54 ( 1989): 178-182.
344) "Upper limit on cold fusion in thin palladium films," G.P.
345)
Chambers, et al. Physical Review B 41 (15 March 1990): 5388-5391.
"Our Calorimetric Measurements and Fact and Fiction, • by Fleischmann. Paper submitted Technology.
of the Pd/D System: Fast Stanley Pons and Martin to the Journal of Fusion
346) "Limits on the Emission of Neutrons, Gammas, Electrons, and Protons from Pons/Fleischmann Electrolytic Cells, • by M.H. Salamon, H.E. Bergeson et al. Paper submitted to Nature Magazine.
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347) "Limits on the emission of neutrons, G-rays, elPctrons and protons from Pons/Fleischmann electrolytic cells," by M.H. Salamon, H.E. Bergeson et al. Nature 344 (29 March 1990): 401-405.
348)
349)
"Farewell (not fond) to cold fusion," Editorial. 344 (29March 1990): 365.
"The Embarrassment of cold fusion," by D. Lindley. 344 (29March 1990): 375-376.
Nature
Nature
350) "State is assured fusion investment will pay off," Deseret ~(March 24, 1990): B1 & B6.
351) "Scientists converge on S.L. in fusion quest," Deseret ~ (29 March 1990): A1 & A2.
352) "Scientist Defends 'Cold Fusion' Work," New York Times (30 March 1990): A9.
353) "Press should separate facts, opinion," by M. Fleischmann and S. Pons. Deseret News (28-29 March 1990): A9.
354) "Two at ISU lab say they've produced colu fusion, • by Jo Ann Jacobsen-Wells. Deseret News (April 4, 1990): B 3.
355) "Attorneys have a patent interest in monitoring new fusion tests," by Jo Ann Jacobsen-Wells. Deseret News (15 January 1990): B1 & B2.
356) "Fusion Confusion Offers Window on Utah's Psyche,• by Rick Atkinson. Washington Post (23 March 1990): A3.
357) "Estimate of nuclear fusion rates arising from a molecular-dynamics model of Pd Dx, • by' J. W. Halley & J. L. Valle's. LP~hy~s~i~c~a~l~~R~e~v~i~e=w~~B 41 (15 March 1990): 6072-6075.
358) "Nuclear Reactions From Lattice Collapse In A Cold Fusion Model," by E. Tabet & A. Tenenbaum. Physics Letters A 144 (12 March 1990): 301-305.
359) "Fusion Rates For Deuterium In Titanium Clusters, • by K. Sohlberg and K. Sza lewicz. Physics Letters A 144 ( 12 March 1990): 365-370.
360) "On the possibility of nuclear fusion by the electrolysis of heavy water,• by C.K. Mathews et al. Indian Journal of Technology 27 (May 1989): 229-231.
361) "Cold Fusion Rates In Titanium Foils," by J. P. Briand & G. Ban et al. Physics Letters A 145 (9 April 1990): 187-191.
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362)
363)
364)
365)
366)
367)
368)
369)
370)
371)
372)
373)
374)
"Therma 1 Neutron Measurements on Electrolytic Cells with Deuterated Palladium Cathodes Subjected to a Pulsed Current,• by J. R. Granada, et al. Journal of Nuclear Science and Techoolog~ 27 (March 1990): 222-229.
"Evidences for Associated Heat Generation and Nuclear Products Release in Palladium Heavy-Water Electrolysis, • by D. Gozzi et al. In Nuovo Cimento 103 A (Jan. 1990): 143-162
"Isotope heat effect in reactions involving hydrogen evolution on palladium catalyst particles,• by O.I. Lomovsky et al. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Science 102 (April 1990): 173-176.
"Palladium Metallurgy and Cold Fusion: Some Remarks," by L.E. Murr. Scripta Metal-lurgica et Materialia 24 (1990): 783-786.
"Plasma and Surface Tension Model for Explaining the Surface Effect of Treitium Generation at Cold Fusion, • by H. Hora et al. Il Nuono cirnento 12D (March 1990): 393-399.
"Tritium separation effects during heavy water electrolysis: implications for reported observations of cold fusion,• by D.A. Corrigan & E.W. Schneider. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 281 (26 March 1990): 305-312.
"Experimental investigations of the electrolysis of 020 using palladium cathodes and platinum anodes,• by L.L. Zahm et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry· 281 (26 March 1990): 313-321.
"World Flash On Cold Fusion, No.4" by T. Braun. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 144 (1990): 323-326.
"Fusion Reastions During Low Energy Deuterium Implantation Into Titanium,• by J. Roth et al. Nuclear Fusion 30 (1990): 411-446.
"World Flash On Cold Fusionq No. 3," by T. Braun. Jopurnal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letter~ 144 (1990): 161-164.
"High Temperature Superconductivity and Cold Fusion," by Mario Rabinowitz. Modern Physics Letters B 4 (1990): 233-247.
"Production of tritium from D20 electrolysis at a palladium cathode,• by N.J.C. Packham et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chernistr~ 270 (1989): 451-458.
"Electrochernica 1 incorporation of lithium into palladium from aprotic electrolytes,• by F. Dalard, et al. Jouranl of E1ectroanalytical Chemistry 270 (1989): 445-450.
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375) •search for the Neutron Production in Niobium Deuteride,• by F. Demanins, et al. Solid State Communications 71 (1989): 559-561.
376) •Titanium fracture yields neutrons?, • by B. V. Derjaguin, et al. Nature 341 (12 Oct. 1989): 492.
377) .. Utah keeps embers of cold fusion aglow, • New Scientist 127 (7 April 1990): 25.
378) .. Cold Fusion: Wanted Dead and Alive,• I. Amato. Science ~ 137 (?April 1990): 212.
3 79) .. Magazine • s cold fusion confusion has sparks flying, • by Jo Ann Jacobsen-Wells. Deseret News (7 April 199)~: Bl.
380) "Still crazy, after a year?," The Economist (31 March 1990): 82.
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381) "Cold-Fusion meet at U. will include severe critics," Desert News (March 19, 1990): B1-2.
382) "Hawaiian research fuels new hope for fusion," Desert New (July 25, 1990): B1.
383) "Limits on neutron emission from "cold fusion" in metal hydrides," by B. Balke, et al. Physical Review C 42 (July, 1990): 30-37.
384) "Upper limits to fusion rates of isotopic hydrogen molecules in Pd," by M. A. Alberg, et al. Physical Review C 41 (June, 1990): 2544-2547.
385) "Surface and electrochemical characterization of Pd Cathodes after prolonged charging in Li OD + D20 solutions," by M. Ulmann, et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 286 (25 June 1990): 257-264.
386) "Comment on "Cold Fusion in Condensed Matter: Is a theoretical Description in Terms of Usual Solid State Physics Possible?" by V. C. Sahni. Modern Physics Letters B 4 (1990): 497-498.
387) "Upper limit for neutron emission from cold d-t fusion," by J. R. Southon, et al. Physical Review C 41 (May 1990): R1899-R1900.
388) "Surface-controlled deuterium-palladium interactions," by W. B. Wampler & P. M. Richards. Physical Review B 41 (15 April ,1990): 7483-7490.
389) "Cold Fusion at Texas A & M," by D. M. Anderson & J. 0. Bockris. Science 249 (3 August , 1990): 463-465.
390) "A Sensitive Multi-Detector Neutron Counter Used to Monitor "Cold Fusion" Experiments in an Underground Laboratory; Negative Results and Positive Artifacts," by R. I. Ewing et al. I. E. E. E. Transactions on Nuclear Science 37 (June, 1990): 1165-1170.
391) "World Flash On Cold Fusion, No. 6," by T. Brown. Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry, Letters 145 (1990): 245-248.
392) "Search for charged-particle emission from deuterated palladium foils," by K. D. Schilling et al. Zeitschrift fin Physik A 336 (1990): 1-4.
393) "Coulomb-Assisted Cold Fusion In Solids," by M. Danos. Fusion Technology 17 (May, 1990): 484-489.
394) "Cold Fusion Observed With Ordinary Water," by T. Matsumoto. Fusion Technology 17 (May, 1990) 490-492.
395) "Cold Fusion In A Confining Phase Of Quantum Electrodynamics," by M. Jande!. Fusion Technology 17 (May, 1990): 493-499.
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396) "On Fusion/Fission Chain Reactions In The Fleischmann-Pons "Cold Fusion" Experiment," by S. Anghaie et al. Fusion Technology 17 (May, 1990): 500-506.
397) "Cross Section For Cold Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion," by Y. Kim. Fusion Technology 17 (May, 1990): 507-508.
398) "Neutron Measurements on Electrolytic Cells (Pd-D20) Performed under Very Low Background Conditions," by J. R. Granada et al. Journal of Nuclear Science & Technology 27 (April 1990): 379-381.
399) "Absorption of electrolytic hydrogen & deuterium by Pd: the effect of cyanide absorption," by J. McBreen. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 287 (25 July 1990): 279-291.
400) "Calorimetry of the palladium-deuterium-heavy water system," M. Fleischmann, S. Pons, et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 287 (25
July 1990): 293-348.
401) "Solid-state Fusion" Effects," by D.T. Thompson. Platinum Metal Review 34 (July, 1990): 136-141.
402) "Cold" Fusion caused by a Weak "On-Off Effect" by Y. Arata & Vue-Chang Zhang. Proceedings of the Japan Academy Series B 66 (February 1990): 33-36.
403) "On Electrochemical Tritium Production," by G. H. Lin, J. O'M. Bockris, et al. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 15 (No. 8): 537-550.
404) "Real Time Deuterium Loading Investigation in Palladium Using Neutron, Diffraction," by R. Mukhopadhyay, et al. Solid State Communication 75 (July, 1990): 359-362.
405) "Limits on Neutron Emission following Deuterium Absorption into Palladium & Titanium," by D. Aberdom, et al. Physical Review Letters 65 (3 September 1990): 1196-1199.
406) "An Attempt To Replicate Cold Fusion Claims," by S. Miljanic, et al. Fusion Technology 18 (September 1990): 340-346.
407) "Relaxation Toward Equilibrium in Plasmon-Enhanced Fusion," by M. Baldo, et al. Fusion Technology 18 (September, 1990): 347-350.
408) "Heat Flow Calorimeter With A Personal-Computer-Based Data Acquisition System," by 0. A. Velev and R.C. Kainthlo. Fusion Technology 18 (September 1990): 351-355.
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409) "Observation of New Particles Emitted During Cold Fusion," by T. Matsumoto.
Fusion Technology 18 (September, 1990): 356-360.
41 0) "Calorimetric Measurements of the Palladium/Deuterium System: Fact &
Fiction," by S. Pons and M. Fleischmann. Fusion Technology 17 (July 1990}:
669-679.
411) "Electrolytic Tritium Production," by E. Storms & C. Talcott. Fusion Technology
17 (July, 1990): 680-695.
412) "Enhanced Fusion Induced By Affiliated Muons," by du T. Van Der Merwe.
Fusion Technology 17 (July, 1990): 696-698
413) "The Behavior of Electrochemical Cell Resistance A Possible Application To
Cold Fusion Experiments," K. A. Ritley, et al. Fusion Technology 1 7
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415) "Bloch-Symmetric Fusion in Pd Dx," by T. A. Chubb and S. R. Chubb. Fusion
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423) "Possibility of Cold Fusion," by M. Y. Azbel. Solid State Communications 76 (October 1990): 127-129.
424) "Energy balance in the electrolysis of water with a palladium cathode," by Peter A. Rock, et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 293 (25 October, 1990): 261-267.
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426) "Investigations of the Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion Reaction in Cost, Annealed, and Cold-Rolled Palladium," by R. llic, et ai.Fusion Technology 18 (November 1990): 505-511.
427) "Intermittency, Irreproducibility, and Main Physical Effects in Cold Fusion," by P. Handel Fusion Technology 18 (November, 1990): 512-517.
428) "A Proposal for a Lukewarm Nuclear Fusion," by Nimty and P. Marquardt. Fusion Technology 18 (November 1990): 518.
429) "Electrochemically induced Nuclear Fusion of Deuterium: The Existence of Negatively Charged Deuteride Ions," by J. Jorne. Fusion Technology 18 (November 1990): 519-522.
430) "A phenomenological study of the Fleischmann-Pons effect," by D. Lewis & Kurt Skoid. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Interfacial Electrochemistry 294 (9 November 1990): 275-288.
431) "World Flash on Cold Fusion," No. 7 by T. Braun. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 145 (28 August 1990): 385-388.
432) "Measurement of absorption of hydrogen and deuterium into palladium during electrolysis by a quarty crystal microbalance," by Lars Grasjo & Masahiro Seo. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry Vol. 296 (1 0 December 1990): 233-239.
433) "Electrochemical calorimetric evidence for cold fusion in the palladiumdeuterium system," by Miles, M.H. et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Interfacial Electrochemistry Vol. 296 (1 0 December 1990): 241-254.
434) "A comparison of calorimetric methods applied to the electrolysis of heavy water on palladium cathodes," by Wagner, F.T. et al. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry & Interfacial Electrochemistry Vol. 295 (26 November 1990): 393-402.
435) "Search for Cold Fusion Induced by Electrolysis in Palladium," by A. Alessandrello, et al. II Nuono Cimento Vol. 103 A (November 1990): 1617-1638.
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436) "A Search for Neutron Emission from Cold Nuclear Fusion in a Titanium -Deuterium System," by T. lzumida, et al. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (December, 1990): 641-646.
437) "Prediction of New Particle Emission on Cold Fusion," by T. Matsumoto. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (December, 1990): 647-651.
438) "Calorimetric Measurements of Excess Power Output During the Cathodic Charging of Deuterium into Palladium," by R. A. Oriani et al. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (December, 1990): 652-658.
439) "Measurements of Helium in Electrolyzed Palladium," by J. R. Morrey et al. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (December, 1990): 659-668.
440) "Statistical Analysis of Neutron Burst Size and Rate During Electrolysis of LiOD Solutions," by J. N. Harb et al. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (December, 1990): 669-677.
441) "The Possible Negative Influence of Dissolved 02 In Cold Nuclear Fusion Experiments," by P. G. Sana & Marco Ferrari. Fusion Technology 1 8 (December, 1990): 678-679.
442) "Neutron Burst from a High Voltage Discharge Between Palladium Electrodes in D2 Gas," by Y. Kim. Fusion Technology 18 (December, 1990): 680-682.
443) "Could Spectator Electrons Legalize Cold Fusion?" by Lali Chatterjee. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (December, 1990): 683-685.
444) "A Review of the Investigations of the Fleischmann-Pons Phenomena," by J.O'M. Bockris, et al. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (August, 1990): 11-31
445) "Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Studies in Cold Fusion," by P. K. Iyengar et al. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (August, 1990): 32-94.
446) "Achievement of an Intense Cold Fusion Reaction," by Y. Arata & Y. Chang Zhang. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (August, 1990): 95-102.
447) "Measurement of Excess Heat & Apparent Coincident Increases in the Neutron & Gamma Ray Count Rates During the Electrolysis of Heavy Water," by C. D. Scott et al. Fusion Technology 18 (August, 1990): 103-114.
448) "Nuclear Fusion Experiment in Palladium Charged Deuterium Gas," by S. Aiello, et al. Fusion Technology 18 (August, 1990): 115-119
449) "Method for Investigation of Fusion Reactions in Condensed Matter," by M. Bittner, et al. Fusion Technology Vol. 18 (August, 1990): 120-130.
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450) "Neutron Monitoring & Related Measurements during Electrolysis of Heavy Water with Palladium & Titanium Cathodes: Activity Report," by A. F. Para et al. Fusion Technology 18 (August, 1990): 131-135.
451) "How Cold Fusion Can Be Catalyzed," J. Rafelski et al. Fusion Technology 18 (August, 1990): 136-142.
452) "A Dynamical Model for Cold Fusion in Deuterated Palladium," E. Tabet & A. Tenenbaum. Fusion Technology 18 (August, 1990): 143-146.
453) "The Role of Velocity Distribution in Cold Deuterium - Deuterium Fusion," by R. Rice et al. Fusion Technology 18 (August, 1990): 147-150.
454) "A Selective, Annotated Bibliography No. 7," by T. Brown. Journal of Radioanalytical & Nuclear Chemistry, Letters 145 (1990): 385-388.
455) "Cold Fusion: Only the Grin Remains," Science 250 (9 November 1990): 754-755.
456) "Cold Fusion Follies," Science 250 (9 November 1990): 755.
457) "Cold Fusion Still Escapes Usual Checks of Science," by W. J. Broad. New York Times (October 30, 1990): B5 and B9.
458) "Scientists from 3 nations confirm cold fusion data," by I. Stewart Deseret News (9 September 1990): 18B.
459) "Paper debunks cold fusion phenomenon, says the heat is energy freed from cracks," by E. Fagg. Deseret News (20 December 1990): B1.
460) "World Flash on Cold Fusion, A Selective, Annotated Bibliography," by T. Braun. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. Letters 146 (19 November 1990): 289-292.
461) "Possible Resonant Mechanism of Cold Fusion," by W. Zakowicz. Fusion Technology 19 (January, 1991): 170-173.
462) "The Role of the Low-Energy Proton - Deuteron Fusion Cross Section in Physical Processes," by Y. E. Kim, et al. Fusion Technology 19 (January, 1991): 174-177.
463) "Some Characteristics of Titanium & Palladium Samples Used in Cold Fusion Experiments," by J. Sevilla, et al. Fusion Technology 19 (January, 1991 ): 188-191.
464) "A Search for Tritium Production in Electrolytically Deuterided Palladium," by K. A. Ritley, et al. Fusion Technology 19 (January, 1991 ): 192-195.
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465) "World Flash on Cold Fusion, No. 8- A Selected, Annotated Bibliography," by T.
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466) "Update on Cold Fusion," by John Douglas. EPRI Journal (January/February,
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467) "Cold fusion archive opens its doors," announcement of The Cornell Cold
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468) "Telling a Detective Story on Cold Fusion in a Jar," by W. Goodman. New York Times (January 4, 1991 ): B4.
469) "New Doubts Raised on Cold Fusion," by William Broad. New York Times
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470) "There Still May be Something Scientific About Cold Fusion," by William Broad. New York Times (April 14, 1991 ): E4.
471) "Fusing Officials face Nov. 1 deadline to report on fund use," by Ellen Fagg.
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472) "Cold Fusion Claim Is Faulted on Ethics as Well as Science," by William Broad. New York Times (17 March 1991): A1, A19.
473) "Cold Fusion Is Blazing Once Again," by Ellen Fagg. Deseret News (April 16,
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474) "Cold Fusion": The Transmission Resonance Model Fits data on Excess Heat, Predicts Optimal Trigger Points, & Suggests Nuclear Reaction Scenarios," by
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475) "Detection of Neutrons in Electrolysis of Heavy Water," by T. Stao et al. Fusion Technology 19 (March, 1991 ): 357-363.
476) "Determination of the Excess Energy Obtained During the Electrolysis of Heavy Water," by V. C. Noninski & C. I. Noninski. Fusion Technology 19 (March,
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477) "Deuterium Fusion Through Nonequilibrium Induction," by P. H. Fang. Fusion
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478) "Neutron and Gamma Ray Emission from Palladium Deuteride Under Supercritical Conditions," by J. Jorne. Fusion Technology 19 (March, 1991): 371-374.
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479) "Thermal, Thermoelectric and Cathode Poisoning, Effects in Cold Fusion Experiments," by R. G. Keesing, et al. Fusion Technology 19 (March, 1991 ): 375-379.
480) "Windows of Cold Nuclear Fusion and Pulsed Electrolysis Experiments," by A. Kito Takahashi, et al. Fusion Technology 19 (March, 1991 ): 380-390.
481) "Detection of High Tritium Activity on the Central Titanium Electrode of a Plasma Focus Device," by R. K. Rout, et al. Fusion Technology 19 (March, 1991 ): 391-394.
482) "On the behavior of Pd deposited in the presence of evolving deuterium," by S. Szpak, P.A. Mosier-Boss, and J.J. Smith. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 302 (11 March 1991 ): 255-260.
483) "On Nuclear Reactions in Defects," by John K. Dienes. Fusion Technology 19 (May, 1991 ): 543-546.
484) "Eiectropionies and Fusion," by John P. Kenny. Fusion Technology 19 (May, 1991 ): 547-551.
485) "Nuclear Energy Release in Metals," by Frederick J. Mayer & John R. Reitz. Fusion Technology 19 (May, 1991 ): 552-557.
486) "Surface Reaction Mechanism for Deuterium - Deuterium Fusion with a Gas/Solid - State Fusion Device," by Yeong E. Kim. Fusion Technology 19 (May,1991): 558-566.
487) "Microscopic Observations of Palladium Used for Cold Fusion," by T. Matsumoto. Fusion Technology 19 (May, 1991 ): 567-575.
488) "Cold Fusion: Utah Pressures Pons-Fieischmann," by Ron Dagani. Chemical & Engineering News (14 January 1991): 4-5.
489) "Does Cold Fusion Exist & Is It Measurable?" by V. V. Komarov. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung A 45 (5 May 1990): 759-761.
490) "World Flash on Cold Fusion, No. 5," Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 145 (2 May 1990): 1-3.
491) "Possible Participation of Lithium in Fleischmann-Pons Reaction is Testable," by P. Frodl, et al. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung A 45 (May, 1990): 757-758.
492) "Cold Fusion Conundrum at Texas A & M," by Gary Taubes. Science 248 (15 June 1990): 1299-1304.
493) "Gunfight at the Cold Fusion Corral," by Christopher Joyce. New Scientist (16 June 1990): 22.
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495) "Search for neutrons from controlled deuterium concentrations in palladium," by
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496) "World Flash on Cold Fusion, No. 2," by T. Braun. Journal of Radioanalytical
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497) "Measurement of Neutron Emission from a Ti-D2 System," by M. Vagi, et al.
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498) "Measurement of Neutron Emission from a Si02- D2 System," by M.Yagi et al.
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499) "Cold Fusion: Out But Not Down?" Science Watch (January/February, 1991 ):
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500) "Statistical Analysis of a 'Cold Fusion' Experiment," by W. E. Meyerhof. Journal
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501) "Helium production during the electrolysis of D20 in cold fusion experiments,"
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502) "The observation of tritium in the electrolysis of D20 at palladium sheet
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503) "Electrochemical Hydrogen Insertion Into Palladium and Palladium-Nickel Thin
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504) "Cold Nuclear Fusion in Thin Foils of Palladium," by E. Palibroda and P.
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