Cold War and Postwar Changes

Chapter 27Our Lady of Lourdes High SchoolMarch 2015

Section 1: Development of the Cold War

• What is the message of this political cartoon?

Following World War II

• Europe is destroyed• Ideological differences between United States and Soviet Union– Communism Versus Democracy– Both fear each other

• Both countries are “superpowers”

Eastern Europe

• Soviets refuse to give up control of Eastern Europe– U.S. and G.B. want conquered territories to self-determine

• First place of conflict is a Civil War in Greece– Communist V. Anti-Communist

Truman Doctrine

• Goal is to avoid Soviet expansion• Truman asks for $400 million in support of

Greece and Turkey• Also stated the U.S. would support other

countries threatened by Communism

Don’t Write“Like apples in a barrel infected by disease, the

corruption of Greece would infect Iran and all the East….likewise Africa, Italy, France….Not since Rome and Carthage had there been such a polarization of

power on this earth”United States Secretary of State Dean Acheson

1. What is Acheson saying in this quote in your own words?

2. What steps can the United States take to achieve this goal?

The Marshall Plan

• 1947 – A European recovery program• Belief is Communism thrives in countries with economic

problems• Marshall Plan provides $13 Billion to rebuild Europe

New U.S. Policy

• Europe is split; not much U.S. can do about it• Policy of Containment – Keep Communism

within its current boundaries

Iron Curtain

• The imaginary line that divided the Western European countries from the Eastern European countries after World War II

Germany Split

• Country is split in 4 after WWII– Berlin is also split

• U.S., G.B. and France unite to create West Germany, also want to unite Berlin

• Soviets Blockade Berlin

Federal Republic of Germany

German Democratic Republic

The Berlin Airlift

• British and U.S. airlift supplies for 10 months• Soviets give in and lift Blockade

Loading milk on a flight headed for East Berlin

Above: A drop of supplies over East BerlinLeft: East Berliners await a drop on top of a destroyed building

An Arms and Space Race

• Both the US and Soviets try and build militaries– Both have nuclear weapons– Believe large nuclear arsenals will prevent war (deterrence)

• Also race to space– Sputnik 1 (1957)– Soviet satellite put into orbit around Earth.

New Military Alliances

• North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)– U.S., France, G.B. and others

• Warsaw Pact– Eastern European nations and S.U

NATO IN BLUE WARSAW PACT IN RED

The Berlin Wall• After Stalin’s death Nikita Khrushchev emerges

as Soviet leader• 1961 Khrushchev constructs a wall– Prevent people from leaving East Berlin to West

Berlin

Your Contribution to the WallChoose West Berlin or East Berlin

• East Berlin– May want to have a

central theme of:• Communism• Destitution• Oppression• Control• Thoughts about the

West– Loss of family

• West Berlin– May want to have a

central theme of:• Democracy• Employment• Freedom• Thoughts about

the East–Loss of family

Communist Cuba

• 1959 – Fidel Castro overthrows Fulgencio Batista in Cuba (90 miles off coast of Florida)

• Removes all American businesses• Establishes Communist gov’t

Bay of Pigs Invasion

• Kennedy decided to launch an invasion to remove Castro

• Bay of Pigs April 16,1961• Horrible failure; creates more tension

The Cuban Missile Crisis• 1962 – Soviets (Khrushchev) place nuclear

missiles in Cuba– Response to U.S. missiles in Turkey

• JFK blockades Cuba to not allow missiles in• Khrushchev and JFK reach agreement– Soviets remove missiles, U.S. will not invade Cuba

Left: Fidel Castro and Nikita Kruschev embrace.Right: JFK on the cover of the Daily News during the crisis

The Vietnam War

• Communist N. Vietnam want control of S. Vietnam• 1964 – US troops sent to keep this from happening– Sent by Linden B. Johnson (after Kenedy’s assassination)– Following the Domino Theory (if one country falls to

Communism so will surrounding countries)

DO NOW:Was the United States justified in involving itself in the Communist conflict in Greece, Cuba, and Vietnam? Why or why not?

Result of Vietnam War

• US fail to hold North Vietnamese led by Ho Chi Minh

• 1973 - US withdraws troops• Within two years all Vietnam is Communist• Domino theory proves to not be true

Nikita Khrushchev emerges as Soviet

policy maker

• De-Stalinization – Process of eliminating the more ruthless policies set forth by Stalin

• Failed foreign and domestic policies get him removed from office in 1964

Revolts Against Communism

• Eastern European countries exploited by Soviets• Soviets fight to keep control• Will see Eastern Europeans fight for sovereignty