Cold War Crisis PointsChina to Terrorism

ChinaCivil war in ’30sNationalists v. CommunistsJoint Effort v. Japan in WW2Civil War resumes ’40sCold War

Nationalists Chiang Kai-Shek

Corruption Ineffective Leader

Support of USA Loses, flees Republic of China aka Taiwan

Communists Mao Zedong

Long March Peasant support

Support of USSR Wins 1949… domino People’s Republic of China…

mainland

Communists vs. Nationalists

Mao Zedong Jiang Jieshi (a.k.a. Chiang Kai-shek)

Communists vs. Nationalists

Civil War ResumesEconomic problems cause Nationalist

soldiers to desert to CommunistsMao’s troops take control of China’s

major citiesIn 1949, People’s Republic of China is

createdNationalists flee to Taiwan

The Two Chinas Affect the Cold WarThe Superpowers React

U.S. supports Nationalist state in Taiwan, called Republic of China

Soviets and China agree to help each other in event of attack

U.S. tries to stop Soviet expansion and spread of communism in China

The Two Chinas Affect the Cold War

China Expands under the CommunistsChina takes control of Tibet and

southern MongoliaIndia welcomes Tibetan refugees fleeing

revolt against ChineseChina and India clash over border;

fighting stops but tensions remain

The Communists Transform China Communists Claim a New “Mandate of

Heaven”Chinese Communists organize national

government and Communist Party Mao’s Brand of Marxist Socialism

Mao takes property from landowners and divides it among peasants

Government seizes private companies and plans production increase

The Communists Transform China New Policies and Mao’s Response

China and Soviet Union clash over leadership of communist movement

Strict socialist ideas are moderated, Mao reduces his role in government

Red Guards—militia units formed to enforce strict communism in China

The Communists Transform China

The Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution—movement to build

society of peasants and workersRed Guards—groups of violent and radical

youth—close schools and execute or imprison many intellectuals

In 1968, Chinese army imprisons, executes, or exiles most Red Guards who have been labeled by the government “Counter Revolutionary.”

However, the Cultural Revolution continues until Mao’s death in 1976.

The Red Guards: China’s Teenage Police Force

Between 1966 and 1976, students in China’s Red Guard waged a Cultural Revolution on teachers and professionals that left a million people dead and the country in chaos.

Red Guards holding Mao’s “Little Red Book” of his sayings during the cultural revolution.

Korea: Cold War by ProxyKorea Divided @ 38th

││USSR > N. KoreaUSA >> S. KoreaNK invades SKUN Police Action

US troopsDouglas MacArthur

StalemateArmistice 1953Was it worth it?

War in KoreaStandoff at the 38th Parallel

In 1950, North Koreans invade South Korea with Soviet support

South Korea requests UN assistance; 15 nations send troops

Douglas MacArthur—leads UN forces against North Koreans

North Koreans controls most of the peninsula when MacArthur attacks

Half of North Korea’s army surrenders, the rest retreat

War in Korea

The Fighting ContinuesUN troops push North Koreans almost to

Chinese borderChinese send 300,000 troops against

UN forces and capture SeoulMacArthur calls for nuclear attack and is

removed from commandIn 1953, cease fire signed and border

established at 38th parallel

War in Korea

Aftermath of the WarNorth Korea builds collective

farms, heavy industry, nuclear weapons

South Korea establishes democracy, growing economy with U.S. aid

The Khrushchev Era & De-Stalinization

Stalin dies ’53 Nikita Khrushchev emerges De-Stalinization

Secret Speech ’56 Denounce Stalin Remove Stalin supporters

Purge Memory of Stalin Destroy monuments

• Peaceful Competition

The Cold War Divides the World

The Threat of Nuclear WarSoviet Union explodes its first atomic

bomb in 1949U.S. and Soviet Union both develop the

more powerful hydrogen bombBrinkmanship—policy of willingness to

go to the edge of warIncreasing tensions lead to military

buildup by U.S. and the Soviets

The Cold War Divides the World

The Cold War in the SkiesIn 1957, Soviets launch Sputnik,

first unmanned satellite. THE SPACE RACE BEGINS!

In 1960, Soviets shoot down American spy plane (a U-2), increasing tensions

A replica of Sputnik 1

U-2 spy plane similar to the one shot down over the U.S.S.R.

Francis Gary Powers with a model of a U-2 spy plane.

Wreckage of Gary Powers’ U-2

Cold War Crisis Points Hungarian Uprising 1956

Imre NagySought greater independence from USSRSought coalition with non-communistsSought Hungarian neutrality

SeizureProtesters seize radio station… HELP!No US response…??

Soviet responseSoviet tanks crush uprisingNagy executed > New Pro-Soviet leader Janos Kadar

ResultCold War boundaries solidified in E. EuropeUS - Soviet spheres accepted in Europe

Cold War Crisis Points Sputnik ’57

Soviet victory = Western fear Kitchen debates w/ Nixon

U-2 Incident US spy-plane shot down US lies > no apology > ↑ tension

Communist Split Soviet vs. Chinese

Doctrine & Spheres of Influence Berlin Wall ’61

Vienna Conference w/ JFK US response > Wall

Cuban Missile Crisis ’62 Soviet nukes in Cuba > “Quarantine”

Khrushchev ‘resigns’

Confrontations in Latin America

Fidel Castro and the Cuban RevolutionFidel Castro—leads revolt in Cuba

against dictator supported by the U.S.By 1959, Castro in power, nationalizes

economy, takes U.S. propertyIn 1961, Castro defeats U.S. trained

Cuban exiles at the Bay of Pigs

Fidel Castro

Confrontations in Latin America

Nuclear Face-off: the Cuban Missile CrisisIn 1962, U.S. demands removal of

Soviet missiles in CubaSoviets withdraw missiles; U.S.

promises not to invade CubaCuban economy is left dependent on

Soviet support

From Brinkmanship to Détente

Brinkmanship Breaks DownBrinkmanship cause

repeated crises; nuclear war a constant threat

John F. Kennedy—U.S. president during the Cuban Missile Crisis

Lyndon Johnson—president who increases U.S. involvement in Vietnam

From Brinkmanship to Détente The United States Turns to

Détente Vietnam-era turmoil fuels

desire for less confrontational policy

Détente—policy of reducing Cold War tensions to avoid conflict

Richard M. Nixon—U.S. president who launches détente

Détente grows out of philosophy known as realpolitik—”realistic politics”—recognizes need to be practical and flexible

Cold War Crisis PointsThe Brezhnev Era Policy Changes

↑repression ↓freedoms Arrest of A. Solzhenitsyn

Czechoslovakia 1968 A. Dubcek softens Czech communism Soviet invasion >> Brezhnev Doctrine

Détente Ike, JFK, LBJ = Brinkmanship Nixon = realpolitik + détente >> ↓ tension

Nixon visits China & USSR >> SALT I Treaty Afghanistan 1979

Muslim revolt vs. Afghan Communist regime Soviet invasion >> 10 Year War >> Soviets leave ’89

Moscow Olympics boycotted by US & allies Ruins Soviet economy US supports Taliban & Osama Bin-Laden vs. USSR

From Brinkmanship to Détente

Nixon Visits Communist PowersNixon visits Communist China and

Soviet Union, signs SALT I TreatySALT—Strategic Arms Limitation

Talks—limits nuclear weapons

Nixon visiting China

The Collapse of Détente

Policy ChangesNixon and Gerald Ford improve

relations with Soviets and ChinaJimmy Carter has concerns about

Soviet policies but signs SALT IICongress will not ratify SALT II due

to Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

Confrontations in the Middle East The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan

Soviets invade Afghanistan to help Communist government against rebels

Muslim rebels fight guerilla war against Soviets with U.S. weapons

U.S. stops grain shipments to Soviet Union

Soviets eventually withdraw in 1989

Cold War Crisis Points Poland & 1980s Solidarity Movement Economic Failure of Communist Party

Food & Product Shortages Pope John Paul II – Polish Pope – Paves Way for Reform ↑ Meat Prices >> Protests >> STRIKES! Aug 80

Lech Walesa & Workers gained right to organize Independent union – Solidarity - formed

Sept 80 Polish Communist Leadership replaced Solidarity officially recognized Radio broadcast of Catholic Mass –WOW!

Summer 81 Secret Ballot Elections held… WOW!

Crackdown! Martial Law declared by Gen. Jaruzelski 1981 – 83 Avoided Soviet invasion

The Collapse of Détente

Reagan Takes an Anti-Communist StanceRonald Reagan—anti-Communist U.S.

president takes office in 1981Reagan increases military spending and

proposes a missile defense programIn 1985, new Soviet leadership allows

easing of Cold War tensions

Confrontations in Latin AmericaCivil War in Nicaragua

Anastasio Somoza Debayle—Nicaraguan dictator supported by the U.S.

Daniel Ortega—leads Sandinista rebels who take power in Nicaragua

U.S. and Soviet Union both initially support Sandinistas

Sandinistas aid Communist rebels in El SalvadorU.S. helps anti-Communist Contras in Nicaragua

to assist El Salvador In 1990, Nicaragua holds first free elections,

Sandinistas lose

Daniel Ortega on Time magazine, March 31, 1986

Anastasio Somoza Debayle (U.S. supported president of Nicaragua from 1967-1980)

Cold War & De-ColonizationTransforming Colonies to CountriesGB & IndiaMohandas K GandhiPassive Resistance – Civil Disobedience

1920s – 1940s >> Indian IndependenceIndian National Congress

Textile Boycott & Salt MarchIndian Independence & Partition

Muslim League – Muhammad Ali JinnahPakistan = Muslim / India = HinduTensions persist … Kashmir

France & Vietnam: Cold War by Proxy French Indochina

WW2 = J takes it! Post-WW2 F wants it back!

Ho Chi Minh + Vietminh seek independence

Dien Bien Phu = F lost Geneva Conference ’54

Split @ 17th ║ US backs Ngo Dinh Diem (SV) Ho Chi Minh (NV)

US involvement … ’61 thru ’73 Advisors > Air > Infantry Escalation >

Vietnamization > Withdrawal SV surrenders 4/30/75 Vietnam remains Communist

War Breaks Out in Vietnam

The Road to War Ho Chi Minh—

Vietnamese nationalist, later Communist leader

The Fighting Begins In 1954, French

surrender to Vietnamese after major defeat

Domino theory—U.S. theory of Communist expansion in Southeast Asia

Ho Chi Minh

The War in Vietnam, 1957-1973

Note the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Laos and Cambodia

War Breaks Out in VietnamVietnam—A Divided

CountryInternational peace

conference agrees on a divided Vietnam

Ngo Dinh Diem—leads anti-Communist government in South Vietnam

Vietcong—South Vietnamese Communist guerillas fighting against DiemNgo Dinh Diem

The United States Gets Involved U.S. Troops Enter the Fight

In 1964, U.S. sends troops to fight Viet Cong and North Vietnamese

U.S. fights guerilla war defending increasingly unpopular government

Vietcong gains support from Ho Chi Minh, China, and Soviet Union

The United States Gets Involved The United States Withdraws

War grows unpopular in the U.S.; in 1969, Nixon starts withdrawing troops

Vietnamization—Nixon’s plan to withdraw U.S. from war gradually

Last U.S. troops leave in 1973; South Vietnam overrun in 1975

Postwar Southeast Asia

Vietnam after the WarSaigon renamed Ho Chi Minh City;

Vietnam united as Communist nationAbout 1.5 million people flee Vietnam,

some settling in the U.S. and CanadaIn 1995, United States normalizes

relations with Vietnam

Postwar Southeast Asia

Cambodia in Turmoil Khmer Rouge—

Communist rebels who take control of Cambodia in 1975

They slaughter 2 million people; overthrown by Vietnamese invaders

In 1993, Cambodia adopts democracy, holds elections with UN help

Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge (Cambodian Communist Party, literally “Red Khmers”) in 1977 at the height of his power

Postwar Southeast Asia

The Killing Fields were a number of sites in Cambodia where large numbers of people were killed and buried by the Khmer Rouge regime, during its rule of the country from 1975 to 1979, immediately after the end of the Vietnam War.

Postwar Southeast Asia

At least 200,000 people were executed by the Khmer Rouge (while estimates of the total number of deaths resulting from Khmer Rouge policies, including disease and starvation, range from 1.4 to 2.2 million out of a population of around 7 million).

A commemorative stupa filled with the skulls of the victims.

Cold War – Gorbachev Era – Soviet Collapse Soviet Internal Issues

Economic Stagnation Corruption Military Expenses

Gorbachev’s Reforms Perestroika = Restructuring

↓ Gov’t Role / ↑Free Market No economic ∆

’88 New Constitution… Open elections, autonomy?

Glasnost = Openness↓Censorship… ↑Free

Expression… ↑ Debate

The Results↓ Communist AuthorityFreedom NOW!

Cold War End

Reagan Administration ↑ Rhetoric

USSR is “Evil Empire”

“Mr. Gorbachev, Tear Down This Wall”

↑ Military Spending SDI or Star Wars = Space Based Defense

↓ Trade Embargo with USSR Sold Wheat to USSR

1989 – A Big YearPoland

Solidarity wins elections!Hungary

Opens borders w/AustriaGermany

Berlin Wall comes downCzechoslovakia

Vaclav Havel’s Velvet RevolutionRomania

Violent Revolt USSR = No Soviet interferenceChina = Tiananmen Square

Post – Cold War USSR

Gorbachev 1990 Share political power

Old School –Yeltsin – Republics The Break-Up 1991

Baltic States - Lithuania August Coup Attempt Yeltsin denounces CIS created 12/91

Post- Cold War Yeltsin Era

Reforms > From Russia with Love Russian Democracy + Free Market Privatization > Oligarchs Turmoil in CIS

Yeltsin as a Survivor Impasse > Suspended P / Deposed Y West & Army Supports Y Resigns > V. Putin is successor

Internal Conflict Chechnya… Beslan Disaster

Collapse of Yugoslavia Creation of Yugoslavia Post WW1

Multi-ethnic regions Monarchy > Constitutional Monarchy >

Communist dictatorship Leadership

Marshall Tito = dictator Slobodan Milosevic = dictator

The Break-up 1990s Serbs reassert supremacy Croatia & Slovenia declare independence Civil War 1991 – Serbs v. Croats Civil War 1992

Division of Bosnia-Herzegovina Ethnic Cleansing / Genocide Bombing of Sarajevo > UN > NATO

The Result Dayton Accords…peace?? Ongoing Conflict >> Kosovo

Confrontations in the Middle East

Religious and Secular Values Clash in IranShah Reza Pahlavi

embraces Western governments and oil companies

Iranian nationalists overthrow shah, seize British oil company

U.S. restores shah to power, fearing Soviet encroachment

Shah Reza Pahlavi

Confrontations in the Middle East The United States

Supports Secular Rule Shah Reza Pahlavi

westernizes Iran with U.S. support

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini—Iranian Muslim leader; lives in exile

In 1978, Khomeini sparks riots in Iran, Shah flees

Confrontations in the Middle EastKhomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies

Islamic revolutionaries hold American hostages in Tehran (1979-1981) for 444 days

Muslim radicals take control in Iran, increasing tensions with Iraq

Saddam Hussein, fearing the spread of the Iranian Revolution into Iraq, attacks Iran.

Iran and Iraq fight an 8-year war; U.S. aids both sides, Soviets help Iraq

Blindfolded American hostages in Iran in 1979.

The Cold War & Radical Islam Rooted in Arab Nationalism

Reject Western ideas Create an Islamic Society

Wahhabism, Taliban, etc. Oil creates Haves & Have-nots

’79 Iran Revolution Ayatollah Khomeini vs. Westernization US Hostage Crisis – 444 Days Fundamentalist Regime

’79 Soviet – Afghan War Jihad vs. Soviets… US backs Taliban Taliban establishes Fundamentalist regime

‘91Persian Gulf War US bases on “holy” soil in Saudi Arabia Jihad vs. USA… Osama bin Laden

WTC – Embassies – USS Cole – 9/11 >>> War on Terror

Cold War Timeline, 1946-1980