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Cold WarThe Early Years
Cold WarThe Early Years
The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet &
Eastern Bloc Nations
[“Iron Curtain ”]
US & the Western
Democracies
GOAL spread world-wide Communism
GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.
METHODS:
Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]
Arms Race [nuclear escalation]
Ideological Competition
Economic Aid
Cold War Strategies
Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany
Germany was divided among the allies. Divided into two pieces, Eastern Germany (Communist) & West Germany (Democracy)
• The world became divided into two camps, democracies versus communist nations (Bi-polar)
• Non-aligned Nations (Egypt, India) tried to play both sides off each other– Non-aligned nations were
usually in the “Third World” – former colonies
North Atlantic Treaty North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)Organization (1949)
United StatesUnited States
BelgiumBelgium
BritainBritain
CanadaCanada
DenmarkDenmark
FranceFrance
IcelandIceland
ItalyItaly
LuxemburgLuxemburg
NetherlandsNetherlands
NorwayNorway
PortugalPortugal
1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey
1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany
1983: Spain1983: Spain
Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)
} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.
} AlbaniaAlbania
} BulgariaBulgaria
} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia
} East East GermanyGermany
} HungaryHungary
} PolandPoland
} RomaniaRomania
The The ““Iron CurtainIron Curtain””
From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an the Adriatic, an iron curtainiron curtain has descended has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe.Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946-- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946
Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]
• The U. S. will support people The U. S. will support people who are resisting Communist who are resisting Communist takeovers takeovers
• [ aka: We will help you fight the [ aka: We will help you fight the dirty red commies]dirty red commies]
• ””We must assist free peoples to We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in work out their own destinies in their own way.their own way.””
Domino Theory
• Theory of Democratic Governments
• Believed if one nation became Communist, its neighbors would follow.
Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]
1.1. ““European Recovery European Recovery Program.Program.””
2.2. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations aid to all European nations that need it. that need it. This move This move is not against any country or is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. poverty, desperation, and chaos.
3.3. ACTUALLY…TO STOP THE SPREAD ACTUALLY…TO STOP THE SPREAD OF COMMUNISM!OF COMMUNISM!
4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].& USSR, [but this was rejected].
Berlin CrisisFirst Showdown of the Cold
War• USSR tries to cut off
all of Berlin from the West
• US and British planes drop supplies to West
• The Soviets backed down
• 1961 - the Soviets began building a wall to prevent migration to the West. Berlin was split in two.
Berlin Blockade & Airlift Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)(1948-49)
The Arms RaceThe Arms Race
} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.
} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!
During the Cold War, the U.S.S.R and the U.S. followed a policy of Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD).
The U.S. and U.S.S.R The U.S. and U.S.S.R had enough nuclear had enough nuclear bombs to destroy the bombs to destroy the world about 400 world about 400 times. times.
I guess I guess it made it made sense at sense at
the the time.time.
MAD = military strategy in MAD = military strategy in which a full scale use of which a full scale use of nuclear weapons by one of the nuclear weapons by one of the opposing powers would result opposing powers would result in the destruction of both. in the destruction of both.
Premier Nikita Premier Nikita KhrushchevKhrushchev
About the capitalist About the capitalist states, it doesn't states, it doesn't depend on you depend on you whether we whether we (Soviet Union) exist.(Soviet Union) exist.If you don't like us, If you don't like us, don't accept our don't accept our invitations, and don'tinvitations, and don'tinvite us to come invite us to come to see you. Whether to see you. Whether you like it our not, history is on you like it our not, history is on our side. our side. We will bury youWe will bury you. -- . -- 19561956
De-Stalinization De-Stalinization ProgramProgram
MaoMao’’s Revolution: 1949s Revolution: 1949
Who lost China? – A 2Who lost China? – A 2ndnd }} Power!Power!
The Korean War: A The Korean War: A ““Police Police ActionAction”” (1950-1953) (1950-1953)
Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee
Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung
““Domino TheoryDomino Theory””
Radio Free Europe/Radio Radio Free Europe/Radio LibertyLiberty
The Hungarian Uprising: The Hungarian Uprising: 19561956
Imre Nagy, Imre Nagy, HungarianHungarian
Prime MinisterPrime Minister} Promised free Promised free
elections.elections.
} This could lead to This could lead to the end of the end of communist rule in communist rule in Hungary.Hungary.
Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the
technological edge!technological edge!
Nixon-KhrushchevNixon-Khrushchev““Kitchen DebateKitchen Debate””
(1959)(1959)
Cold War ---> Cold War --->
TensionsTensions
<--- Technology <--- Technology
& Affluence & Affluence
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary PowersPowers’’ plane was plane was
shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.
Paris, 1961Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev
thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be controlled.and can be controlled.
The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)
CheckpoinCheckpointt
CharlieCharlie
Ich bin ein Ich bin ein Berliner!Berliner!
(1963)(1963)
President President Kennedy tells Kennedy tells Berliners that Berliners that
the West is the West is with them!with them!
Castro’s Cuba
• 1950’s- Cuba ruled by an unpopular dictator, Batista- who the U.S. supported.
• Cuban resentment led to an overthrow led by Fidel Castro.
• Castro ruled Cuba harshly:– Suspended elections– Jailed/Executed opponents– Censored press– Took over U.S. sugar mills located in
Cuba. • U.S. ordered an embargo on all trade with
Cuba. – Castro asks for assistance for Soviet Union.
Khrushchev Embraces Khrushchev Embraces Castro,Castro,19611961
• 1960- CIA begins to train anti-Castro Cuban exiles.
• April 1961- Exiles invade Cuba landing at the Bay of Pigs hoping that fellow Cubans join them in regaining Cuba.
Bay of Pigs (1961)Bay of Pigs (1961)
What do you think happens?
• President Kennedy withdraws air support for the Cubans– Believes the U.S. is becoming too
involved.• Why would this matter?• Was if fair to do this to the exiles without
their knowledge?
• Castro’s forces crushed the invaders within two days.
• U.S. failure at the Bay of Pigs convinced Khrushchev that the U.S. could not resist Soviet expansion into Latin America.
• July 1962- Khrushchev began to secretly build missiles sites in Cuba.
• October 1962- U.S. spy planes discovered 42 missile sites in Cuba. – Just 90 miles south of Florida
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!Russians, and the other man blinked!
• Kennedy demands the removal of the Soviet Missiles.
• He demands a naval blockage of Cuba to prevent more installing of Soviet missiles.
• Meanwhile in the country of Turkey, right outside of the Soviet Union, the United States had missiles pointed toward Moscow, the Soviet’s capital.
• This was the Soviet’s way to play the Cold War fair.
• October 22nd-Preparations were made for an air attack on the missile sites.
• How do you think the American people felt during this crisis?
• On October 26th Kennedy received a message from the Soviet Premier Khrushchev implying that the Soviet’s would remove the missile bases as long as America didn’t invade Cuba.
• President Kennedy agreed. • Was it fair for the Soviet’s to have to remove
their nuclear weapons, but the United States didn’t have to remove their missiles from Turkey?
Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)(1962)
Vietnam War: 1965-1973Vietnam War: 1965-1973
““Prague SpringPrague Spring”” (1968) (1968)
Former Czech President, Former Czech President, Alexander DubčekAlexander Dubček
Communism with a human Communism with a human face!face!
““Prague SpringPrague Spring”” Dashed! Dashed!
Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Dissidents/playwrights arrested [like Vaclav HavelVaclav Havel—future president of a —future president of a
free free Czech RepublicCzech Republic].].
The End of EmpiresThe End of Empires
6.6. Europe is in a big debt!Europe is in a big debt!
7.7. Most former colonies establish Most former colonies establish independence. For example:independence. For example:
India – 1947India – 1947
Palestine – 1948Palestine – 1948
Kenya Kenya Mau Mau Mau Mau uprising - 1955uprising - 1955