COLD WAR

Cold War : State of political & military

tension – without any armed struggle –

characterized by violent propaganda

Term Coined by Walter Lippman

1st used by Bernard Baruch

Formally declared by Winston Churchill –

5th March 1946

World War II ended in 1945 – Wartime allies turned bitter-cold enemies

After the World War II – USA & Soviet Union became super powers

Divided the world into two competing blocsMain concern of international political

atmosphereAlso known as “Propaganda War”

CAUSES:Sovietisation of Eastern Europe

Russia’s policy towards Iran

Soviet pressure in Greece & Turkey

German problem

Delay of Second Front

Failure of Peace Treaties

Ideological Differences

Atomic Factor

RIVAL PROPOGANDA

PHASES

I. 1945-1950

II. 1950-1953

III.1953-1959

IV. 1959-1970

1945-1950Eastern Europe, Greece & TurkeyTruman DoctrineCouncil for Mutual Economic AssistancePartition of GermanyBerlin BlockadeAirlift of 1948-49Brussels TreatyNATO

BRUSSELS PACT

Great Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands & Luxemburg

They promised aid to each other against any aggression

Berlin Airlift1948 – Russia violated her oral assurancesSealed off Berlin from West : Blocked all food &

fuel suppliesUSA & Western powers engaged in Airlift on

Berlin : to supply necessitiesRussia withdrew in 1949

Berlin Airlift

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation Between USA, Canada, Britain, France,

Belgium, Italy, Netherlands, Luxemburg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland & Portugal

1952 – Greece & Turkey1955 – Germany

“An armed attack against or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all”

1950-1953East-Asia : Korea – North & South conflict

North Korea + Russian weapons + China’s

troops

South Korea + USA + United Nations

1953-1959Stalin’s death – Khrushchev's peace policy

Indo-china & West Asia : Geneva conference /

Partition of Vietnam

Formation of SEATO

Extension of Truman Doctrine by Eisenhower

Camp David

SEATO: South-East Asian Treaty Organisation

1959-1970Summit conference to be held

U – 2 Incident – 1960

Erection of the Berlin Wall – 13th August 1961

Cuban Missile Crisis – 1962

“Détente” Era – decline of Cold War

Berlin Wall

Soviet Union planted missiles in Cuba to target USA

USA had kept secret missiles in Southern Italy & Turkey

Ended on 28th October 1962

End of Cold WarGreatest event of 1990

Unification of Germany

Mikhail Gorbachev’s Perestroika

(Restructuring) & Glasnost (Openness)

Military domination to Hi-tech supremacy

IMPACTRise of two super-powers : USA & USSRAffected international decision-making (UN)Balance of power replaced balance of terrorInternational peace & security gained importanceArms control & disarmament became complicatedEmergence of NAMEmergence of Neo-imperialism & Neo-ColonialismShowed war can be avoidedChange in the outlook of Foreign PolicyForeign aid in Foreign Policies