COLEGIO DE COLEGIO DE POSTGRADUADOSPOSTGRADUADOS

INSTITUTO DE FITOSANIDADINSTITUTO DE FITOSANIDAD

IN MÉXICO:IN MÉXICO:

- First report by - First report by Bruner in pepper crops (1967). Bruner in pepper crops (1967).

- Impact: - Impact:

+ + Hidalgo State.- Abandon production. Hidalgo State.- Abandon production. + Tecamachalco, Puebla.- Losses of 83%. + Tecamachalco, Puebla.- Losses of 83%. (Cid del Prado (Cid del Prado et alet al., 1997, Cristóbal, 2001).., 1997, Cristóbal, 2001).

-- Wide host range. Wide host range.

-- High population density in the field High population density in the field..

- Resistant to adverse condition.- Resistant to adverse condition.

-- Produce severe galls in the roots. Produce severe galls in the roots.

Nacobbus aberransNacobbus aberrans

N. aberransN. aberrans distribution in Mexico distribution in Mexico

Cid del Prado Cid del Prado et alet al. . (1991).(1991).

N. aberransN. aberrans STUDIES IN MEXICO STUDIES IN MEXICO

FEMALEMALE

MALE

N. aberransN. aberrans

N. dorsalisN. dorsalis

FEMALE

FEMALE

MALE

MALE

(Aparicio, (Aparicio, et al.et al., 1989; Cid del Prado, 1985; Cid del Prado and Manzanilla, , 1989; Cid del Prado, 1985; Cid del Prado and Manzanilla, 1992; Cid del Prado 1992; Cid del Prado et al.et al., 1993; Cid del Prado , 1993; Cid del Prado et al.et al., 1997; Carrillo, 1988; , 1997; Carrillo, 1988; Cruz Cruz et al.et al., 1987, García-Camargo and Trejo, 1995; Santacruz and Marbán, , 1987, García-Camargo and Trejo, 1995; Santacruz and Marbán,

1983). 1983).

TOMATOTOMATO((Lycopersicon esculentum Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.Mill.))

CHILI PEPPERCHILI PEPPER((Capsicum annuum Capsicum annuum L.L.))

BEANSBEANS((Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus vulgaris L.L.))

Spinacea oleracea L.Spinacea oleracea L.

Physalis ixocarpa Physalis ixocarpa L.L.

Beta vulgaris Beta vulgaris L.L. cvcv.. ciclacicla

Amaranthus cruentus Amaranthus cruentus L.L.

Chenopodium muraleChenopodium murale

Portulaca oleraceaPortulaca oleracea

Amaranthus hybridusAmaranthus hybridus

Datura stramoniumDatura stramonium

- Complete life cycle (40-45 days) and maximum abundances of - Complete life cycle (40-45 days) and maximum abundances of each stage in the roots.each stage in the roots.

((Cid del Prado Cid del Prado et al.et al., 1995b; Cid del Prado , 1995b; Cid del Prado et al.et al., 1997a, 1997a).).

- Maximum abundances in tomato crops: - Maximum abundances in tomato crops:

1) J2 at 6, 11, 15 and 22 weeks after transplanting.1) J2 at 6, 11, 15 and 22 weeks after transplanting.

2) J3 at 4, 8 and 16 2) J3 at 4, 8 and 16 weeks after transplantingweeks after transplanting. .

- Adult females are evident in the - Adult females are evident in the second second and and thirdthird week after week after transplanting. Abundances may reach 20 females/g root (16transplanting. Abundances may reach 20 females/g root (16thth week).week).

((Cid del Prado Cid del Prado et al.et al., ,

19971997). ).

- In tomato crops under field conditions, 3 generations:- In tomato crops under field conditions, 3 generations:

11stst. 0. 0 60 days after transplanting (d.a.t.). 60 days after transplanting (d.a.t.).

22ndnd. 60. 60 100 d.a.t. 100 d.a.t.

33rdrd. More that 100 d.a.t.. More that 100 d.a.t.

((Cristóbal, 2001Cristóbal, 2001).).

- Most favorable conditions for - Most favorable conditions for N. aberransN. aberrans development include development include sand to sandy-loam soils, temperature range between 15 and sand to sandy-loam soils, temperature range between 15 and 23°C and 5 and 19% soil moisture.23°C and 5 and 19% soil moisture.

((Cruz Cruz et al., et al., 19871987) )

4 plots with 50004 plots with 5000EGGS WITH MASSEGGS WITH MASS

4 plots with 50004 plots with 5000 EGGS WITHOUT MASSEGGS WITHOUT MASS

4 plots with 50004 plots with 5000J2J2

4 plots with 50004 plots with 5000

J3 J3 andand J4 J4

4 plots with 500g 4 plots with 500g fragmented ROOTSfragmented ROOTS

400g each month

(12 months)

Greenhouse:Greenhouse:

Transplanted with tomato cv. Rio Grande (2 plants/treatment), Transplanted with tomato cv. Rio Grande (2 plants/treatment), evaluated 45 days later.evaluated 45 days later.

Field: 10 kg sterilized Field: 10 kg sterilized soil plots.soil plots.

Before treatment, Before treatment, inoculum viability is inoculum viability is

tested in the greenhousetested in the greenhouse

4 PLOTS WITHOUT4 PLOTS WITHOUT NEMATODESNEMATODES

- - N. aberransN. aberrans J3 J3 andand J4 J4 survive under field conditions without a survive under field conditions without a host for one year.host for one year.

- J3 and J4, possibly in anhydrobiotic state, are the primary - J3 and J4, possibly in anhydrobiotic state, are the primary inoculum infecting susceptible hosts the next year.inoculum infecting susceptible hosts the next year.

- Survival of J3 and J4 increases if they are in root fragments. - Survival of J3 and J4 increases if they are in root fragments.

- Eggs and J2 do not survive without a host or under adverse - Eggs and J2 do not survive without a host or under adverse conditions. conditions.

(Cristóbal, 2001). (Cristóbal, 2001).

Without nematodes With nematodes

Roots Foliage

Without nematodes With nematodes

Roots Foliage

Without nematodes With nematodes

Roots Foliage

Corn and barley strawCorn and barley straw, 1973)., 1973).

Association and/or incorporation of Association and/or incorporation of TagetesTagetes (Gómez (Gómez et al.et al., 1991; Zavaleta-Mejía and Ochoa, 1992)., 1991; Zavaleta-Mejía and Ochoa, 1992).

Crucifer residues with nematicide activity Crucifer residues with nematicide activity (Zavaleta-Mejía and Rojas, 1988).(Zavaleta-Mejía and Rojas, 1988).

Castor bean and cabbage residues applied at Castor bean and cabbage residues applied at different concentrations and at different dates different concentrations and at different dates before the transplanting before the transplanting (Franco (Franco et al.et al., 2002)., 2002).

Lycopersicon esculentum-Nacobbus aberransRelease of nematicidal substances and/or reception inhibitors.

Increase antagonist microorganism diversity.

Modification of physical properties of soil.

Release nutrients (short-term).

CABBAGE / CASTOR BEAN

- Fewer galls.

- Phytotoxicity (Cabbage).

- Fewer galls.

- Biomass increase (Cabbage)

1. INCREASE IN THE NUTRIENT CONTENT OF FOLIAGE

2. REDUCE NUTRIENT UNBALANCE INDEX (IDN)

LOWER LEVELS OF SOIL NUTRIENTS

- FEWER GALLS.

- INCREASE OF BIOMASS.

HIGHER YIELD

(Total and Commercial).

1. GREATER QUANTITY OF NUTRIENTS

2. LOWER IDN

1. FEWER INDIVIDUALS PER STAGE

(SOIL AND ROOTS)

Lycopersicon esculentum-Nacobbus aberransRelease of nematicidal substances and/or reception inhibitors.

Increase antagonist microorganism diversity.

Modification of physical properties of soil.

Release nutrients (short-term).

Samplings in Mexico, Morelos, Puebla and Tlaxcala StatesSamplings in Mexico, Morelos, Puebla and Tlaxcala States

(fields naturally infested with (fields naturally infested with N. aberransN. aberrans))

Isolates of nematophagous fungi:Isolates of nematophagous fungi:

Phoma, Acremonium, CatenophoraPhoma, Acremonium, Catenophora and and

Pochonia chlamydosporia Pochonia chlamydosporia (identified by PCR)(identified by PCR)

Mexican isolations of Mexican isolations of P. chlamydosporiaP. chlamydosporia: SMB3A, SC1, SMB3, SM4 and : SMB3A, SC1, SMB3, SM4 and MHCH.MHCH.

((Flores-Camacho, 2003Flores-Camacho, 2003).).LAB TESTINGLAB TESTING

((Potential as biological control agentsPotential as biological control agents))

Chlamydospores - Chlamydospores - production and production and

viabilityviability

(Wheat-quartz sand and (Wheat-quartz sand and preboiled rice) preboiled rice)

Rhizosphere Rhizosphere colonizationcolonization

N. aberrans N. aberrans eggs - eggs - percent parasitizedpercent parasitized

ROOT COLONIZATIONROOT COLONIZATION

ALL THE ISOLATES COLONIZED 100% OF ROOT ALL THE ISOLATES COLONIZED 100% OF ROOT FRAGMENTSFRAGMENTS

CHLAMYDOSPORE - CHLAMYDOSPORE - PRODUCTION AND VIABILITYPRODUCTION AND VIABILITY

- IN WHEAT-QUARTZ SAND: - IN WHEAT-QUARTZ SAND:

SMB3ASMB3A

(MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE)(MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE)

- IN PREBOILED RICE:- IN PREBOILED RICE:

SM4SM4

(MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE)(MOST PROLIFIC ISOLATE)

CHLAMYDOSPORES CHLAMYDOSPORES VIABILITY:VIABILITY:

SMB3A (93.3%)SMB3A (93.3%)

EGG PARASITISMEGG PARASITISM

N. aberrans N. aberrans (Montecillo) (Montecillo)

N. aberrans N. aberrans (Tecamachalco) (Tecamachalco)

N. aberrans N. aberrans (Zacatecas) (Zacatecas)

- Of 90 varieties and lines of - Of 90 varieties and lines of Capsicum Capsicum spp., only spp., only Capsicum Capsicum pendulum pendulum = = C. baccatumC. baccatum was considered resistant. was considered resistant.

((Bruner de Magar, Bruner de Magar,

19671967).).

- Later studies demonstrated that - Later studies demonstrated that C. baccatumC. baccatum was was susceptible-tolerant to susceptible-tolerant to N. aberransN. aberrans, but not resistant., but not resistant.

((Castillo and Marbán-Mendoza, Castillo and Marbán-Mendoza,

19841984).).

- All tomato varieties (wild, criollas, hybrid) tested in the - All tomato varieties (wild, criollas, hybrid) tested in the greenhouse (60) and in the field (81) were susceptible to greenhouse (60) and in the field (81) were susceptible to N. N. aberransaberrans. .

- Some varieties tested in the greenhouse were tolerant under Some varieties tested in the greenhouse were tolerant under field conditions. field conditions.

((Zamudio, Zamudio,

19871987).).

Flor de Mayo Flor de Mayo CriolloCriollo

N. aberransN. aberrans

(PUEBLA)(PUEBLA)

N. aberransN. aberrans

(ZACATECA(ZACATECAS)S)

0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 J0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 J22/plant/plant

The population from Puebla did not establish or reproduce, but The population from Puebla did not establish or reproduce, but the population from Zacatecas infected bean crops (from 100 Jthe population from Zacatecas infected bean crops (from 100 J22))

(Hernández, 2001).(Hernández, 2001).

Improved varieties:Improved varieties:

Bayo Mecentral, Flor de Mayo M-Bayo Mecentral, Flor de Mayo M-38, Bayo INIFAP,Black Puebla 38, Bayo INIFAP,Black Puebla

and Río Grande.and Río Grande.Criollas varieties:Criollas varieties:

Yelow Calpan, Black Querétaro, Yelow Calpan, Black Querétaro, Black San Luís, Flor de Junio Black San Luís, Flor de Junio

Criollo and Flor de Mayo Criollo.Criollo and Flor de Mayo Criollo.

SUSCEPTIBLE VARIETIESSUSCEPTIBLE VARIETIESNegro Negro PueblaPuebla

Flor de Mayo Flor de Mayo CriolloCriollo

MORE... MORE...

Black QuerétaroBlack Querétaro

Flor de Junio Flor de Junio CriolloCriollo

Bayo INIFAPBayo INIFAP

CRIOLLASCRIOLLAS IMPROVEDIMPROVED

Negro San LuisNegro San Luis

Amarillo Amarillo CalpanCalpan

Bayo Bayo MecentralMecentral

Rio Rio GrandeGrande

RESISTANT VARIETIESRESISTANT VARIETIES

CONTROCONTROL L

Crop age= 30 days after transplantingCrop age= 30 days after transplanting

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Basamid (Dazomet) 35 Basamid (Dazomet) 35 g/mg/m2 2

Chicken manure 10 ton/haChicken manure 10 ton/ha

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR N. aberransN. aberrans

SPRING-SUMMER 1997SPRING-SUMMER 1997

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Management Chicken manure Control Oxamyl

To

n h

a-1

Total tomato production under different Total tomato production under different N. aberransN. aberrans control strategiescontrol strategies

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT FOR N. aberransN. aberrans

CONTROLCONTROL

No nematicideNo nematicide

No fertilizationNo fertilization

REGIONAL REGIONAL PRACTICESPRACTICES

Carbofuran (1L haCarbofuran (1L ha-1-1) ) 15, 30 and 60 dpt15, 30 and 60 dpt

Fertilization:150-100-Fertilization:150-100-100100

INTEGRATED INTEGRATED MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Etoprofos gel 68% (7 kg haEtoprofos gel 68% (7 kg ha-1-1) ) at transplant and 20 dptat transplant and 20 dpt

Optimum fertilization: 210-Optimum fertilization: 210-88-0088-00

Chicken manure (10 tonhaChicken manure (10 tonha-1-1): ): 30 dpt30 dpt

SPRING-SUMMER 2001SPRING-SUMMER 2001

Saladette tomato cv. Río GrandeSaladette tomato cv. Río Grande

Testigo Regional

Manejo Integrado

Testigo Absoluto

IntegratedManagement

RegionalPractices

Control

Testigo RegionalManejo Integrado Testigo AbsolutoIntegratedManagement

RegionalPractices

Control

Treatments

Total YieldCommercial Yield

Yie

ld (

kg

/15 p

lan

ts)

WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO?WHAT DO WE NEED TO DO?

1.1. EXPLORE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR BIOLOGICAL EXPLORE DIFFERENT STRATEGIES FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROLCONTROL OF OF N. N. aberrans aberrans (plant extracts, green manures, compost, antagonists, (plant extracts, green manures, compost, antagonists, etc.).etc.).

2. IMPROVE AND VALIDATE THE STUDIES WITH MEXICAN ISOLATES OF 2. IMPROVE AND VALIDATE THE STUDIES WITH MEXICAN ISOLATES OF NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI (large scale production and infectivity NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI (large scale production and infectivity tests). tests).

3. GREATER USE OF VARIETIES RESISTANT TO MEXICAN POPULATIONS 3. GREATER USE OF VARIETIES RESISTANT TO MEXICAN POPULATIONS OF OF N. aberrans N. aberrans (tomato, chili pepper, bean). (tomato, chili pepper, bean).

4. CONTINUE THE ESTABLISHMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR 4. CONTINUE THE ESTABLISHMENT AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER FOR INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT OF N. aberransN. aberrans. .

5. PROMOTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS FOR 5. PROMOTE MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS FOR N. aberransN. aberrans AMONG AMONG FARMERS AND EXTENSION PERSONNEL. FARMERS AND EXTENSION PERSONNEL.

6. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POPULATIONS. 6. MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POPULATIONS.