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Date: 18 February 2008
Federal AviationAdministrationCollaborative Decision
Making at the FAA/ATO
A look at how CDM is applied in the U.S.
2 2Federal AviationAdministration
CDM in the US - Outline
• Overview of the problem CDM is addressing• Early successes with FAA/ATO data sharing• Airport arrival constraints and managing
equity thru ground delay programs• Airspace flow program (AFP) focused on en
route constraints• CDM tools in development
3 3Federal AviationAdministration
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Major US Airports - Demand vs. Delay
4 4Federal AviationAdministration
ATO Dash Board
5 5Federal AviationAdministration
Early CDM Accomplishments
NAS status information is available on the Internet at http://www.atcscc.faa.gov/ois
- Special Use Airspace data is available- Special Use Airspace data is availableRunway visual range data is available at 28 airportsRunway visual range data is available at 28 airportsTRACON Radar tracks available to airlines at major TRACON Radar tracks available to airlines at major airportsairports
6 6Federal AviationAdministration
Sample Benefits of FAA Data Sharing• Approach radar tracks available to Airlines
– Enhanced terminal area situational awareness to Airline Operations Centers
• Reduced the number of diversions– Estimated 3 - 5 diversions avoided per week during inclement
weather ($5K - $100K each)
• Improved recovery from missed approaches
– Improved gate management at ramp tower
• Increased accuracy on touchdown and gate times• Improved management of airline/airport resources
7 7Federal AviationAdministration
Highlights: CDM for Traffic Flow Management in the US
• Initial CDM concepts were developed starting in the mid-90’s.
• CDM-based decision support tool (FSM – the flight schedule monitor) and information exchange network (CDM-net) became operational in 1998 for the planning and control of ground delay programs (GDP’s).
• Broad participation by FAA operations personnel and nearly all air carriers and more recently business jet operators.
• “CDM-Group” meets regularly to develop new computer-based tools and operational procedures, to analyze air traffic data and problem areas and to solve pressing problems.
8 8Federal AviationAdministration
CDM Concepts and Features• Philosophical components:
– improved information and common situational awareness – distributed control and decision making:
• Decision made by most appropriate party• Economic tradeoffs made by appropriate flight operator
– strong and continuous interaction among airspace system managers and flight operators
• FAA—airlines• airline—airline; peer pressure
• Technical accomplishments:– new fair allocation principles– shared decision support tool (FSM)– shared communications network (CDMnet)– Airspace Flow Program
• Reliance on data analysis and objective critique
9 9Federal AviationAdministration
Motivation for Ground Delay Programs: airline schedules “assume” good weather
SCHEDULED ARRIVALS AND CURRENT ARRIVAL RATE BOUNDARIES, REDUCED RATE CONDITIONS
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SFO: scheduled arrivals: VMC airport acceptance rate:IMC airport acceptance rate:
10 10Federal AviationAdministration
Flight Schedule Monitor (FSM)
• Decision support tool to monitor and control arrival demand at airports
• Receives regular flight list updates from ETMS• Provides graphical and statistical displays
of arrival demand
Flight
ListsHourly Demand Graphs
11 11Federal AviationAdministration
Ground Delay Programs
delayed departures
delayed departures
delayed departures
delayed arrivals/no airborne holding
control = flight departure timedecision variable = flight arrival time (slot)
12 12Federal AviationAdministration
Ground Delay Programs (GDPs)• Used to control excess arrival demand at airports
• Executed through FSM
• Assigns ‘arrival slots’ to flights based on airport capacity
• Releases each flight from its departure airport in time to meet its arrival slot
Excess demand …
… delayed to match capacity
13 13Federal AviationAdministration
Equity is the Challenge in Assigning Airline Delay
CDM provides a Slot Exchange:- Intra-Airline Slot Exchange -- Cancellation and Substitution Process: slot-to-flight allocation viewed as slot-to-airline allocation; airlines can reassign slots they “own” to their flights in any way possible – as part of process they may cancel certain flights.- Inter-Airline Slot Exchange -- Compression: implements a type of inter-airline slot exchange in situation where airlines are assigned slots they are otherwise unable to use.
14 14Federal AviationAdministration
Arrival slot allocations
Normal Capacity:arrival rate = 60/hr
Degraded Conditions:arrival rate = 30/hr
15 15Federal AviationAdministration
GDPs under CDM
Resource Allocation Process:• FAA: initial “fair” slot allocation [Ration-by-schedule]• Airlines: flight-slot assignments/reassignments
[Cancellations and substitutions]• FAA: periodic reallocation to maximize slot utilization
[Compression]
Estimated that millions of minutes of delay are saved each year due to better use of available capacity.
16 16Federal AviationAdministration
Convective Weather Problem
17 17Federal AviationAdministration
GDPs as an Airspace Tool Control the Wrong Flights
• Many flights in the FCA are not controlled because they aren’t going to the GDP airports
Uncontrolled flights in the FCA
• Many flights not in the FCA are unnecessarily delayed because they are going to GDP airports
Delayed flights not in the FCA
18 18Federal AviationAdministration
Airspace Flow Programs (AFPs)
• Uses FSM scheduling technology matched airspace demand and capacity problems
• Lets traffic managers apply coordinated delays to flights overloading en route resources
Create a Flow Constrained Area
ETMS manages data exchange
Meter flights in the FCA through FSM
FCA parameters FCA flight list
Flight delaysUpdated demand
19 19Federal AviationAdministration
AFP Operations• Uses established infrastructure and procedures for distributing
and maintaining controlled departure times• Customers can avoid imposed ground delay by routing around
constrained area– Resulting drop in demand will reduce all delay through ‘compression’
• Programs can be revised as demand and weather change, to make full use of all available capacity
20 20Federal AviationAdministration
AFP Benefits• Much more precise control of airspace demand
– Reduce Ground Stops, diversions and airborne holding
versus
• Distribute delay fairly among flights contributing to the excess demand
• Avoid imposing unnecessary delay on flights that don’t use constrained resources
• Provide customers more predictability and flexibility / options
• The AFP is a building block for airspace congestion management
Before AFP With AFP
21 21Federal AviationAdministration
Other CDM Activities
• Concept Engineering Activities– TFM Surface Data Initiative (TSDI)– Surface Traffic Count Monitor (STCM)– Departure Flow Management (DFM)– Route Availability Prototype Tool (RAPT)
22 22Federal AviationAdministration
END