UUsingsing C Collaborativeollaborative OOn-linen-line TTeachingeaching

EEffectivelyffectively

Tom Treadwell Ed.D., West Chester UniversityDonna Ashcraft Ph.D., Clarion University

http://coral.http://coral.wcupawcupa..eduedu

CORALCORAL

1111

Forming - Meeting, Forming - Meeting, team logo & identity, team logo & identity, collaborative vs collaborative vs cooperative project, cooperative project, PPt presentation [1- PPt presentation [1- 4 weeks]4 weeks]

Storming - Task Storming - Task Clarification[4-8 Clarification[4-8 weeks]weeks]

Norming -Duty/Role Norming -Duty/Role Clarification [4-12 Clarification [4-12 weeks]weeks]

Performing -“Work” Performing -“Work” [12-15 weeks][12-15 weeks]

Adjourning - Adjourning - Settlement and Settlement and Closure [15 + weeks]Closure [15 + weeks]

Confusion,Confusion,Anxiety, Anxiety,

Trepidation!Trepidation!

Team PhasesTeam Phases FormingForming StormingStorming NormingNorming PerformingPerforming

Instructors /Instructors /

Project Project Guides Guides LeadershipLeadership

Direct & Direct & provide provide structure for structure for the team, the team, clarifies clarifies expectations expectations about how to about how to initiate team initiate team project & project & group group process. process. (Select wtw (Select wtw data data collector). collector).

A team A team Leader Leader emerges, emerges, helps team by helps team by focusing on focusing on goals & goals & expectations. expectations. Manages Manages process and process and conflict, conflict, generates generates ideas, & ideas, & makes makes decisions.decisions.

Team leader Team leader begins to see begins to see that that leadership is leadership is distributed. distributed. Leader acts Leader acts primarily as a primarily as a facilitator facilitator providing providing encouragemeencouragement& helping nt& helping team to build team to build a a collaborative collaborative consensus.consensus.

Leader(s) Leader(s) facilitate facilitate team team collaborative collaborative process, but process, but tasks and tasks and objectives objectives become become shared shared leadership. leadership. Leader sees Leader sees the advantage the advantage of shared of shared (collaborative(collaborative)leadership )leadership and allows and allows other member other member to take the to take the lead.lead.

Purpose & Purpose &

Goal clarityGoal clarity

Members Members discover relevant discover relevant parameters of parameters of the goals. There the goals. There is little team is little team agreement or agreement or commitment to commitment to team missionteam mission

Goals Goals challenged as challenged as team members team members question question parameters. parameters. There is There is increased increased clarity, yet clarity, yet some some misconceptions misconceptions linger.linger.

Agreement from Agreement from most team most team members. members. Commitment is Commitment is forming. The forming. The team is moving team is moving toward unity.toward unity.

The team shares The team shares a commitment a commitment to their goals. A to their goals. A tangible tangible understanding understanding for the team is for the team is clear.clear.

Tuckman ModelTuckman Model

FormingForming StormingStorming NormingNorming PerformingPerforming

Decision Decision MakingMaking

Directed by Directed by the leader. the leader. The process is The process is sometimes sometimes dominated by dominated by the most the most vocal vocal members.members.

Decisions are Decisions are hard to make; hard to make; deadlocks deadlocks common; common; Process is Process is usually usually dominated by dominated by power plays & power plays & fast and loud fast and loud talkers. talkers. Compromise Compromise is the fall is the fall back tactic.back tactic.

Distributed Distributed leadership leadership emerges -emerges -decisions are decisions are made by made by consensus. consensus. Differences Differences are are negotiated &negotiated & some some decisions are decisions are delegated to delegated to individuals.individuals.

Team Team members members make make distributed distributed leadership leadership decisions that decisions that areare agreed agreed upon. Major upon. Major decisions are decisions are made by team made by team consensus.consensus.

Roles & Roles & ResponsibilitiResponsibilitieses

Roles and Roles and responsibilitieresponsibilities emerge s emerge slowly. slowly. Members Members jockey for jockey for roles and roles and power.power.

Individuals Individuals are not clear are not clear about roles. about roles. They privately They privately hold opinions, hold opinions, but are but are fearful to fearful to express them. express them. Team Team members members incubate incubate frustration. frustration. Leads to Leads to conflict.conflict.

Roles are Roles are clarified & clarified & accepted. accepted. There is There is discussion discussion about how about how team team members members perform tasks perform tasks and work and work toward toward collaborative collaborative goals.goals.

Team Team members are members are willing to willing to challenge challenge team team collaborative collaborative goals and goals and adopt adopt changes as changes as needed.needed.

Tuckman ModelTuckman Model

FormingForming StormingStorming NormingNorming PerformingPerforming

Attention to Attention to team processteam process

Process is Process is usually usually ignored; it is ignored; it is noticed but noticed but avoided. avoided. Members test Members test the waters and the waters and look for look for guidance from guidance from the designated the designated instructor. instructor.

Team work Team work doesn't seem doesn't seem justified for justified for the effort the effort required. required. Cliques can Cliques can form!form!

Members Members generate team generate team norms and norms and develop develop mutual mutual respect. respect. However, can However, can be sidetracked be sidetracked by process by process discussions discussions and waste and waste time focusing time focusing on on unimportant unimportant issues.issues.

Members are Members are autonomous; autonomous; not dependent not dependent on designated on designated leaders. leaders. Everyone Everyone shares shares responsibility responsibility for initiating for initiating and discusses and discusses team team collaborative collaborative process.process.

Reaction to Reaction to Leadership Leadership within teamwithin team

Team members Team members take a wait and take a wait and see approach. see approach. They watch They watch from a distance from a distance and remain and remain dependent on dependent on a fixed a fixed hierarchy of hierarchy of responsibility.responsibility.

Team Team members members challenge the challenge the leader. leader. Factions and Factions and cliques cliques emerge. emerge. Power Power struggles and struggles and polarization polarization often occur often occur I.e. we vs I.e. we vs them.them.

General General support for support for distributed distributed leadership. leadership. Leadership is Leadership is shared among shared among the group.the group.

Discussions Discussions are open; are open; disagreements disagreements do not lead to do not lead to fear of fear of rejection. rejection. Members feel Members feel highly highly supported. supported. Leaders offer Leaders offer inter-personal inter-personal support as support as well as well as guidance.guidance.

Tuckman ModelTuckman Model

Keeping Track of Team Keeping Track of Team CommunicationCommunication

Who speaks to whom in the team? When observing a group, develop a table like the one on the right to keep track of the team communication.

Each time a member speaks to another member, make a note of it in the appropriate column.

You can then use the information to identify team leader(s), subgroups, social loafers, & members that are more and less active in webboard discussions.

Communication Analysis - Who-To-Whom Chart Template TEAM 1 - WEEK ?

From / To >>Kelly Marketa Rob Madeline Ashley Sami Tara PG Prof Team Total

Kelly XX

Marketa XX

Rob XX

Madeline XX

Ashley XX

Sami XX

Tara XX

PG XX

Prof XX

Total

Who to WhomWho to Whom Data ChartData Chart22ndnd Week Week

Communication Analysis - Who - To - Whom Chart TEAM 1 - WEEK 2

From / To >> Kelly Marketa Rob Madeline Ashley Sami Tara PG Prof Team Total

Kelly XX 3 3

Marketa 1 XX 0 1

Rob 1 XX 1 0 2

Madeline XX 3 3

Ashley XX 2 2

Sami 1 XX 6 7

Tara 1 1 XX 5 5

PG XX 2 2

Prof XX 0 0

Total 4 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 19 25\25

Team Members

Person Talk Project Guides /

ProfsTotal Talk

Team Talk

Who to WhomWho to Whom Data ChartData Chart77thth Week Week

Communication Analysis - Who - To - Whom Chart TEAM 1 - WEEK 7

From / To >> Kelly Marketa Rob Madeline Ashley Sami Tara PG Prof Team Total

Kelly XX 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 9

Marketa XX 1 8 9

Rob 1 XX 2 2 1 1 5 12

Madeline 2 7 3 XX 4 1 7 24

Ashley 1 4 XX 3 2 7 17

Sami 2 2 5 2 XX 3 2 16

Tara 2 2 1 XX 3 8

PG 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 XX 0 7

Prof XX 1 1

Total 6 11 9 15 10 8 8 1 0 35 103\103

Project Guides / Profs

Team Members

Person Talk Total Talk

Team Talk

Who to WhomWho to Whom Data ChartData Chart1414thth Week Week

Communication Analysis - Who - To - Whom Chart TEAM 1 - WEEK 14

From / To >> Kelly Marketa Rob Madeline Ashley Sami Tara PG Prof Team Total

Kelly XX 3 2 4 3 4 2 6 24

Marketa 3 XX 1 2 2 7 15

Rob 3 2 XX 1 4 1 1 1 6 19

Madeline 5 6 4 XX 8 3 2 1 3 4 36

Ashley 3 4 5 3 XX 7 3 5 30

Sami 2 4 2 4 7 XX 3 2 3 27

Tara 4 2 3 3 2 3 XX 1 10 28

PG 1 XX 2 3

Prof XX 5 5

Total 20 21 17 17 24 18 11 2 9 48 187/187

Person Talk

Team Members

Project Guides / Profs

Total Talk

Team Talk

Communication-Communication-Collaborative Collaborative

Developmental ProcessDevelopmental ProcessOver 15 WeeksOver 15 Weeks

Total Talk

4.5

10.8

15.511.9

0

5

10

15

20

Qtr 1 Qtr 2 Qtr 3 Qtr 4

Quarters

Mea

n A

ve.

Qtr 1

Qtr 2

Qtr 3

Qtr 4

Project Guide AssistanceProject Guide Assistance

05

1015202530

Interactions

Week1

week7

week13

Project Guide Assistance

Project Guides

project guide

Electronic Team RolesElectronic Team Roles

AAlmost all of our time is spent interacting in groups; we are lmost all of our time is spent interacting in groups; we are educated in groups, we work in groups, we worship in educated in groups, we work in groups, we worship in groups, and we play in groups. We take on various roles in groups, and we play in groups. We take on various roles in groups. We live our lives in groups & take them for granted. groups. We live our lives in groups & take them for granted. Roles vary - we often pay little attention to the role we Roles vary - we often pay little attention to the role we

assume in groups.assume in groups. CConsider the team role you have assumed or have onsider the team role you have assumed or have

been appointed. How does it feel? or fit? The been appointed. How does it feel? or fit? The following are a few examples of Electronic Roles! following are a few examples of Electronic Roles!

Team RolesTeam RolesMaintenance Roles: These roles focus on how the group works together!

Elaborator (Task Clarifier)Clarifies and expands others' ideas through examples, illustrations, explanations.

Encourager (Coral Team supporter)Friendly, warm, responsive to others, praises others and their ideas, agrees with and accepts the contribution of others.

Follower (Admirer – Devotee)Goes along with the group, somewhat passively accepts ideas of others, serves as audience during discussions.

Team RolesTeam Roles

Team RolesTeam RolesTask-Oriented Roles: These are roles that address the group's task. Each has a characteristic strength and weakness!

Distributed Leader/Manager/Electronic Energizer, Team catalystSelf-confident, commands respect, good speaker, thinks positively, good at guiding the team. (Can be domineering)

Evaluator (coral analyst)Careful, makes good judgments, test ideas, evaluates proposals, helps team avoid mistakes. (Can become isolated, aloof, pessimistic, over-critical)

Finisher (Task master/Summerizer)Painstaking, conscientious, follows through and works hard to finish things properly. Meets deadlines; pays attention to detail. (Can be over-anxious and perfectionist)

TeamTeam RolesRoles

Team RolesTeam Roles

Non-Functional Roles:Non-Functional Roles:

These are roles that detract from the group's efforts; try to avoid performing any of them!

Aggressor (On-line Antagonist)Insults, criticizes, and blames others, showing jealousy and ill-will. Makes jokes at others' expense; tries to deflate the ego or status of others.

Blocker (Short circuits team efforts)Constantly objects to others' ideas and suggestions, insisting that nothing will work. Always complaining, never satisfied.

Dominator (Controls on-line interaction)Tries to monopolize group interaction, using whatever tactics seem necessary,

Super-ordinate Goal(s)Super-ordinate Goal(s)High appeal value to both teamsHigh appeal value to both teams

Underlying hypothesis:Underlying hypothesis: Common goal(s) are Common goal(s) are established whereby achievement is possible only established whereby achievement is possible only by working together by working together as a teamas a team..

Based on the assumptionBased on the assumption – – Contact Contact Familiarity Familiarity Comfort Comfort Tolerance/LikingTolerance/Liking

Super-ordinate goalsSuper-ordinate goals – – Cooperative/Collaborative Paper, PPt presentation, Cooperative/Collaborative Paper, PPt presentation, Research Proposal, 4 Collaborative Analyses.Research Proposal, 4 Collaborative Analyses.

Helps to bind teams and give impetus to resolve Helps to bind teams and give impetus to resolve conflict and distance.conflict and distance.

Assessing Collaborative Assessing Collaborative TeamsTeams

Administer Pre-Post TestsAdminister Pre-Post Tests Administered during 1st & 14th week

APA Writing Style Group Processes Social Psychology Research Methodology Self-Report Student Learning Scale

Peer EvaluationsPeer Evaluations Administered 4 times [every 4th week] during Semester

Collaborative Writing AssignmentsCollaborative Writing Assignments Research Proposal [dispersed as lit review, hypotheses, method,

discussion]. Collaborative Analyses [4 team-process/developmental analyses every

4th week].

Fall 2006 Knowledge TestsFall 2006 Knowledge Tests

5.68

7.75

5.93

7.93

6.37

8.31

6.25

8.25

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Score

APA Group Research Social

Content Tests

Knowledge Gained

Pre

Post

Spring 2007 Knowledge TestsSpring 2007 Knowledge Tests

Content

APA 5.68 7.75Group 5.93 7.93Research 6.37 8.31Social 6.25 8.25Percept 5.79

Pre n=150

APA 5.1 6.01Group 5.76 7.97Research 7.04 8.21Social 5.43 7.69Percept 5.81

5.46

6.69

5.76

7.46

6.34

8.34

6.19

8.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

APA Group Research Social

Pre

Post

Assessment of Knowledge Assessment of Knowledge Fall 2002-Spring 2007Fall 2002-Spring 2007

Pre/Post Tests (Fall 2002-Spring 2007 n=180)

5.1 5.7 5.56.96.1

7.8 7.8 8.2

0

24

68

10

APA Group Social Research

Content Areas

Kno

wle

dge

Pre

Post

Teaching Ideas - Review the On-Teaching Ideas - Review the On-Line Social Psychology DVD. Line Social Psychology DVD.

CClarion larion UUniversity & niversity & WWest est CChester hester UUniversityniversity

The Social Psychology Laboratory is on a DVD - a small The Social Psychology Laboratory is on a DVD - a small demonstration – focusing on teaching social psychology demonstration – focusing on teaching social psychology “on-line” across two (distant) sites. This is intended to “on-line” across two (distant) sites. This is intended to be a teaching example that can be applied to multiple be a teaching example that can be applied to multiple disciplines.disciplines.

For a copy contactFor a copy contact ttreadwellttreadwell@@wcupawcupa..eduedu

ashcraftashcraft@clarion.@clarion.eduedu

Click here for Coral HomepageClick here for Coral Homepage