Cologne, 3 April 2008

Supply of essential services to citizens: comparing rural and urban

areas in Calabria

Public Investment Evaluation UnitDepartment for Development and Cohesion Policies

Ministry of Economic Development-

University of Calabria

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Rural areas in Calabria

• 64% of Italian average income (among the poorest Regions in ITA/EU)

• unemployment rate twice than nat. average (even worse for youth and female)

• illiteracy

• low level of services (especially child care and elderly)

PEOPLE ARE LEAVING

Cologne, 3 April 2008

A New Approach to analyse services needs of Rural Areas

• a New Mapping system

• 11 rural FOCUS Groups

• a mix of Field Analysis and Desk Analysis

• policy Suggestions

Cologne, 3 April 2008

The old Policy Model

Predominance of a sectoral approach

No ‘rural proofing’ of sectoral policies (Education, Health, Transport etc.)

Modest Knowledge of Socio-Economic Conditions of different areas …

Regional and central Institutions perceived as Strangers

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Selected Interviews + Focus Group

11 Focus Groups in main rural areas = 10% of total population living in rural Calabria

Local active people, Without Intermediaries: doctors; religious; schoolteachers; voluntaries; entrepreneurs;

Interviews with Mayors and Local Administrators, if necessary

“Understanding” the key Challenges

Every Local meeting has been Filmed!

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Focus Group:

Areas N. Focus

ReligiousGeneral

Practitioners

VoluntariesMayor/

CoucillourWomenFamily

Entrepreneurs Teachers

UrbanCastrovillari (CS) 2 X X XXX X XXX

Piana di Sibari (CS) 1 X

Bosco di Bovalino (RC–Locride)

1 X X XXX X

Peri-urbanFuscaldo (CS) 1 X X X x

Feroleto Antico (CZ) 1 X X

San Nicola da Crissa (VV)

1 X X XXX X X X

IntermediateCarfizzi (KR) 2 X X X X X

San Nicola dell’Alto (KR)

2 X X X X XXX

Cerchiara di Calabria (CS)

1 X X

RemoteSan Lorenzo Bellizzi CS)

1 X X X X X X

Nardodipace (VV) 1 X X

Caulonia (RC – Locride)

1 X X X X X

Careri (RC – Locride) 1 XXX

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Linkages between essential services supply and liveability of rural areas

The problem of young people living in rural areas

The high level of woman non activity rates (no regular working conditions and high opportunity costs)

The difficulty of old people in managing their daily life and in accessing even essential health care services

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Main Messages from People

Main Issue: lack of Job Opportunities

A diffuse perception of Remoteness

No Opportunities for Young People’ Free Time: lack of Qualified Human Capital

The problem of local public Transportation service and the absence of Internet

Very weak Health Network (and serious problems of accessibility for old people)

Need of Innovative Actors and (Simple) Innovative Policy Solutions

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Young people, Free Time and Schools

Focus Group Results:

Lack of opportunities for Free Time– Weakness of Secondary Schools (11-13 years)

A good school network, but problems with Classes Composition

The Issue of school Transportation, particularly at High school level

High Teachers Turnover and a Quality problem (parents opt for the nearest urban school)

No incentives to teach in “rural schools” and no special training for rural teachers

Few Schools with Special Activities in the afternoon (spontaneous Initiatives of “leading groups”)

No relationships Secondary School –Local Community

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Desk Analysis and Indicators

Quite good education attainment level (in line with the national level): territorial discrimination!

High levels of illiteracy in Rural Areas (double than urban areas …especially women)

Discrimination starts at High School and University level (5,6% with a University degree, half than people in urban areas)

Quite good primary and secondary schools network (Indicators!)

Only 16% of Rural Municipalities have at least two of these structures (football fields; library; cinema and theatre)!

Teachers Mobility: Not Strong Difference Between Urban and Rural Areas

Essential Services Targets

Early School Leavers: share of secondary school students dropping out the school in 2006-2007 (no transfers), higher in rural areas, because of Peri-Urban Rural Areas!

The share of young living in these areas is 15% (the same than in urban areas) – Lack of adequate Human Capital resources

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Old People and Social and Health Care Services

Focus Group Results:

An Elderly People Issue: a lack of Daily Care (especially for old woman)

Remoteness is particularly hard for weak groups

Key Actors: general practitioners and “Home Nursing” (often immigrated)

Territorial Health Network particularly weak, especially in the poorest rural areas (Locride and Crotonese)

Transportation of old people to specialised Hospitals guaranteed just by voluntaries groups and people (Red Cross)

Indicators

A quite good distribution of general practitioners, but problems with paediatricians in rural areas

More Hospitals in Urban Areas (still too many, with high quality problems), not Adequately compensated by territorial services (Local Surgeries, for analysis and specialised visit)

People benefiting Home Assistance (difficulties with figures and some rural districts with no service)

Crisis of The Traditional Family Model

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Policy SuggestionsEqual Opportunities?

A) Differentiated Policies (not giving just to lagging people or territories, but finding different solutions for different places and actors)

Special policy solutions for special needs (managing a school in a small village; organising soft daily care services for old people; micro child care services)

B) Building Up Local Voice and Listening to Territories

The Issue of Problems Perceptions! (Especially for Child Care Services and young woman) and of “local VOICE” emersion (even the most organised disabled association had not enough VOICE)

Local Administrations and Central Policy Makers are not able to organise “local voices” and listen to territories

C) Policies Incentives for Local Solutions (accreditation of autonomous solutions vis à vis of local authorities - Municipalities, Schools)

Starting where exist a strong Communities

Building up infra local networks

If local Community is Weak, imaging Local Strong Actors helping Weak

Local Actors (at both public and private level)

D) Policies affording a Scale Problem

To reason at single Municipality level is not yet feasible (even not for schools!)

Giving Incentives and Helping Municipalities Networks

Cologne, 3 April 2008

What Policies for What Solutions

A Light Policy for Small Problems needing Targeted Policy Answers

- school transportations; managing small transportation local services; helping the organisation of small daily old care services

- projects to facilitate the Strongest helping the Weakest (the local cooperative managing the school restaurant helping the close municipality …)

- improving local projects capacity and overcoming the High Variability- to broaden the use of existing local Presidiums (financing one Football

Filed for a number of Municipalities)

Development Policies: both Regional and Rural development Policy

Important Policy Solutions for Important Issues

- The Accessibility Issue and the Local Transportation System- The lack of an appropriate Health Care Territorial Network

Ordinary Policy Proofing and Helping Ordinary Policies to have a Territorial Approach

Cologne, 3 April 2008

Thanks for your Attention!!