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Colonial Ways of Life (1608-1763)
Chapter 3
The Southern Colonies
Southern Economy• Tobacco was a cash crop in Virginia & Maryland• South Carolina grew rice & indigo• Plantation – large commercial (for profit) estate where
labors lived and cultivated crops for owner• Indentured Servants – VA & MD had plenty of land, but
not enough labor. England had poor willing to come to America
• Indentured Servant: laborers bound to land owner working off debt of travel,
• Contract lasted 4-11 years
Southern Society• Plantations were self-contained communities
that had schools, churches, and workshops• 1600s, plantations small; 1700s, plantations
large due to slave labor• Small land owners lived in the backcountry
(frontier), close to Native American land• Small farmers known as yeoman• Practiced subsistence farming: only growing
enough crops for themselves– Corn, beans, potatoes, barley, rye
Social Classes in Southern Society
Bacon’s Rebellion
• Sir William Berkeley – governor of Virginia– Allowed wealthy planters to dominate society– Controlled by appointing supporters to the
governing council and giving land to burgesses– Restricted vote to wealthy land owners – almost
½ lost right to vote– Angered backcountry farmers and tenant farmers– Native American relations will spark the rebellion
Bacon’s Rebellion: Crisis Over Land• LAND!!! *That’s why people came to America!• Indentured servants & tenant farmers wanted to
own land eventually• Backcountry farmers wanted to expand their
land holdings• Colonists did not want war with Native
Americans• Berkeley asked burgesses for $$ to build forts
along the frontier to protect backcountry farmers
Bacon Leads a Revolt
• Backcountry farmers will meet at Nathaniel Bacon’s house– Bacon member of governor’s council but he took
up cause of small farmers because he had been attacked by Native Americans
– Organized a militia (army)– Berkeley restored voting rights to all FREE men– Changes did NOT satisfy Bacon & his men, they
went to Jamestown, seized power, and charged Berkeley with corruption
Slavery in the Colonies
• 1450-1870: 10-12 million Africans enslaved• 1450-1870: 2 million will die in transit• 500,000 taken to North America – first arrive
in 1619• Chattel Slavery – humans owning other
humans; slaves first treated like indentured servants; enslaved because they weren’t Christian
Slavery in the Colonies
• Maryland was the first to formally recognize slavery when it denied Africans same rights as English citizens
• 1705, VA enacted a slave code– Set of laws to regulate rights and behaviors of
slaves
• Because slaves played an important role in growth of colonies plantation economy
New England & Middle Colonies
Section 2
Puritan Society
• Puritan law banned: card games, dice, plays, dancing
• Salem & Witchcraft– Devout Puritans believed Satan used witches to
work evil in the world– Salem, MA 1692: 20 residents of Salem were
charged with witchcraft & executed– Began because a group of teenage girls accused
an African servant of being a witch
Trade & Rise of Cities
• New England wanted to buy: ceramic plates, hardware, fine cloth, and linens
• Triangular Trade– New England bought goods from England by
selling NE products to foreign countries in exchange for goods England wanted
– Bill of exchange: credit slips English merchants gave planters in exchange for sugar – could buy English goods with them
Triangular Trade
• This trade made many New England merchants wealthy.
• Many of these wealthy merchants built factories to refine raw sugar & distill molasses into rum
• NE will sell their rum to Southern colonies for rice, tobacco, and indigo
The Imperial System
Section 3
Mercantilism• Mercantilism: a set of ideas about the world
economy & how it worked; popular in the 1600s-1700s.– Country had to keep a favorable balance of trade– Country should be self-sufficient in raw materials– Should establish colonies where raw materials were
available– Raw materials in exchange for manufactured goods– Negative: colonies could not sell goods for gold or silver
– NE turned to triangular trade & smuggling
Navigation Acts• Mercantilists policies simple in 1600s, English
government tried to encourage exports and restrict imports
• Charles II, king in 1660, wanted to change the lax policies & enact a navigation act
• All goods imported/exported had to be shipped on British ships
• Specific raw materials could only be sold in England: sugar, tobacco, lumber, cotton, wool, & indigo
Navigation Acts
• 1663, Parliament passes the Staple Act– All merchants bringing European goods to the
colonies had to stop in England to pay taxes– Colonial merchants were frustrated with the new
acts & broke the laws– As a colonial power, England had the authority to
appoint customs officials/inspectors who directly reported to the English government
– In response to colonial disobedience, Parliament & the king created the Dominion on New England
Glorious Revolution
• English were suspicious of their new king James II. He insisted on his divine right to rule– King chosen by God & given all power to rule– James II angered people by rejecting advice of
Parliament, prosecuted bishops in the Anglican Church, revoked charters of English towns/corporations, and offended the people by practicing Catholicism
Bloodless Revolution
• Fearful that James II could turn England back to Catholic nation, Parliament asked Mary & William to succeed James II to the throne
• In response to invitation, James II fled England• Exchange of power = Glorious Revolution• Before taking the throne William & Mary had to
sign the English Bill of Rights– Guaranteed: freedom of speech (in Parliament), no
excessive bail, no cruel punishment, illegal for king to tax or raise army without Parliament’s ok
Legacy of John Locke
• Glorious Revolution set a precedent – it showed a revolution against the king was (sometimes) justified
• During the turmoil, English philosopher, John Locke, wrote a book called The Two Treatises of Government
• Locke argued king’s right to rule came from the consent of the governed (the people)
Legacy of Locke
• Locke believed everyone had certain natural rights: life, liberty, & pursuit of property
• People form a contract with government in exchange for protection
• Locke said if rights of people were violated, then people were justified to rebel & replace the government
• U.S. Constitution & Declaration of Independence – based on Locke’s ideas
Legacy of Locke
• Mayflower Compact & Fundamental Orders of Connecticut were examples of how colonists understood the contract between government & the people
• Colonists will use Locke’s ideas when they rebel in 1775 against England
• Thomas Jefferson will use Locke’s ideas in the Declaration of Independence in 1776
Diverse Society
Section 4
The Enlightenment
• Enlightenment Period: challenged authority of church in science & philosophy while elevating the power of human research
• Enlightenment thinkers believed in natural laws – could be applied to political, social, and economic relationships– Rationalism: focus on logic
• Rousseau wrote The Social Contract – argued govt should be formed from consent of people & people should make laws
The Enlightenment
• Baron de Montesquieu proposed three types of power in government: judicial, executive, and legislative & each power should be separate!– Three branches to protect the power of the people– Separation provided a system of checks and
balances that would prevent government from abusing its authority
– Ideas influenced the U.S. Constitution
The Great Awakening
• Stressed dependence on God – appealed to farmers, works, and enslaved people
• Revival spread from England – movement stressed piety– Pietism: focus on devoutness & emotional unity
with God– Revival: large public meetings for preaching &
prayer
Great Awakening• Many preachers felt religion was decreasing due to
focus on reasoning and not a reliance on God– NE preacher – Jonathon Edwards• Person had to be “born again”• Having a personal internal emotional experience that brought
a person to God was a central part of Great Awakening
• Had a profound effect on the South – Baptists let their slaves attend revivals where preachers condemned brutality of slavery and all people were equal in eyes of God
Overall Effect of Enlightenment & Great Awakening
• E. last two cultural movements in the colonies before the American Revolution
• F. Both movements emphasized individualism which supported independence. Enlightenment provided arguments against British rule and Great Awakening undermined allegiance to a traditional authority.