COLONIZATION

Why explore?

Motives behind exploration: 1. The desire for wealth and power. 2. The desire to spread Christianity. 3. The desire for adventure and fame. 4. Improvements in technology.

What is Mercantilism?

A system where nations increase their power and status by acquiring gold and silver.

What is a missionary?

A missionary is a member of a religious group sent into an area to carry on ministries of the word, such as evangelism and literacy, or ministries of service, such as education, social justice, health care and economic development.

The word "mission" originates from 1598 when the Jesuits sent members abroad.

Effects of Exploration

1. Destruction of the Aztec and Incan Empires.2. The Columbian Exchange3. European Colonies in America4. Slavery

Question: How were the Spanish able to defeat the Native tribes of America?

Superior military technology such as the gun.

Playing one group of indigenous people off of another.

The tribes were weakened by the effects of small pox.

Columbian Exchange

Effect in America:

European disease kills millionsSettlers bring sheep, cattle, pigs, and horses.

Europeans and Native Americans begin to blend cultures.

Columbian Exchange

Effect in Europe:

~Native American crops are taken back to Europe.~Europeans have a more well balanced diet.~New foods fuel rapid growth in Europe.

Colonial Government

Royal Crown Royal Governor Council Colonial Assembly

What is Divine Right of Kings?

Northwest Passage

What was the Northwest Passage?

Northwest Passage: a travel route that would take merchants from Europe to Asia without having to travel around the continent of Africa.

In 1609, Englishman, Henry Hudson, set sail for Europe hoping find a quicker route to China.

Hudson did not find the passage to Asia. He led a second expedition in 1610. He sailed through the frozen waters in Canada and into what is now the Hudson Bay.

After a harsh winter, Hudson’s crew rebelled against him.

The English Arrive

The first attempt by the English to settle North America took place when Sir Walter Raleigh sponsored a settlement on Roanoke Island.

Roanoke

The colonists relied to heavily on the Native Americans for food.

Native Americans realized the colonists wanted their land and cut off the food supply.

The colony disappeared which is why it has become known as the Lost Colony.

VirginiaVirginiaVirginiaVirginia

Joint Stock Company

A group of investors who bought the right to establish New World plantations from the king.

People believed there was gold in the New World and wanted to make a profit.

The area around Jamestown took The area around Jamestown took it’s name from the company.it’s name from the company.

Settlers were promised the same Settlers were promised the same rights they had in England if they rights they had in England if they settled the new land.settled the new land.

Virginia CompanyVirginia CompanyVirginia CompanyVirginia Company

May 24, 1607 May 24, 1607 about 100 colonists about 100 colonists [all men] land at Jamestown, along [all men] land at Jamestown, along banks of James Riverbanks of James River

Easily defended, but swarming Easily defended, but swarming with with disease-disease-causing causing mosquitoes.mosquitoes.

They are They are ill prepared ill prepared to the to the many adjustments to life in the many adjustments to life in the New Colony.New Colony.

Founding of JamestownFounding of JamestownFounding of JamestownFounding of Jamestown

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown Fort & Jamestown Fort & SettlementSettlement Map Map

Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing

Jamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlementJamestown Jamestown SettlementSettlement

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

Jamestown Chapel, Jamestown Chapel, 16111611

1606-1607 1606-1607 40 people died on the 40 people died on the voyage to the New World.voyage to the New World.

1609 1609 another ship from England another ship from England lost its leaders and supplies in a lost its leaders and supplies in a shipwreck off Bermuda.shipwreck off Bermuda.

Settlers died by the dozens! Settlers died by the dozens!

““Gentlemen” Gentlemen” colonists would not colonists would not work work themselves.themselves.

Settlers wasted time looking for gold Settlers wasted time looking for gold instead of hunting or farminginstead of hunting or farming..

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

The Jamestown The Jamestown NightmareNightmare

Starving Time

During the period known as the “Starving Time” they ate rats, mice, and snakes to survive.

Some colonists resorted to cannibalism and joining neighboring Indian tribes.

By 1610 there were only 60 colonists left alive when two ships arrived from Europe.

High Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality RatesHigh Mortality Rates

The “Starving Time”:The “Starving Time”:1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists

By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived

1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants

By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived

1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants

1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200

Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years

Death of children before age 5: Death of children before age 5: 80%80%

Captain John SmithCaptain John SmithCaptain John SmithCaptain John Smith

Captain John Smith imposed martial law.

What was his motto?His motto was “He who will not work shall not eat”.

““WidowarchyWidowarchy””““WidowarchyWidowarchy””

High mortality High mortality among husbands among husbands and fathers and fathers left left many women many women in the Chesapeake in the Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual autonomy unusual autonomy and wealth!and wealth!

PowhatansPowhatansPowhatansPowhatans

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

Powhatan dominated a few dozen Powhatan dominated a few dozen small tribes in the James River small tribes in the James River area when the English arrivedarea when the English arrived..

The English called all Indians in the The English called all Indians in the areaareaPowhatans.Powhatans.

Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

PowhatanPowhatanIndian VillageIndian Village

The Powhatan taught the English which crops to grow and how to grow them.

PocahontasPocahontasPocahontasPocahontas

Pocahontas “saves” Pocahontas “saves” Captain John SmithCaptain John Smith

John RolfeJohn RolfeJohn RolfeJohn Rolfe

What finally made What finally made the colony the colony

prosperous??prosperous??

Jamestown prospered after John Rolfe introduced the cash crop of tobacco.

The crop needs vast amounts of land and needs to constantly be moved to new soil.

Farmers were constantly encroaching on Native American land in search of new fields.

TOBACCOTOBACCOTOBACCOTOBACCO

Tobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco PlantTobacco Plant

Virginia’s Virginia’s gold gold and and silversilver..

-- John Rolfe, 1612-- John Rolfe, 1612

Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:economy:

Vital role in putting VA on a firm Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.economic footing.

Ruinous to soil when continuously Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.planted.

Chained VA’s economy to a single Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.crop.

Tobacco promoted the use of the Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system.plantation system.

Need for cheap, abundant labor.Need for cheap, abundant labor.

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Virginia: “Child of Virginia: “Child of Tobacco”Tobacco”

Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.

16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.

16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.

16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.

Powhatan Alliance

A 1616 A 1616 engravingengraving

In 1614, Pocahontas, the daughter of the Powhatan chief married John Rolfe.

This helped ease the tension between the settlers and the Native Americans.

Why form an alliance?

The Powhatans hoped that an alliance with the settlers would give them the advantage against enemy tribes.

As more English settlers arrived the English forgot their debt to the Powhatan as soon as they need more land.

Breaking the AllianceBreaking the AllianceBreaking the AllianceBreaking the Alliance

Relations between Indians & settlers Relations between Indians & settlers grew worse.grew worse.

General mistrust because of different General mistrust because of different cultures & languages.cultures & languages.

English raided Indian food supplies English raided Indian food supplies during the starving times.during the starving times.

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Culture Clash in the Culture Clash in the ChesapeakeChesapeake

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

Jamestown Colonization Jamestown Colonization Pattern:Pattern:1620-16601620-1660

As new settlements sprang up around Jamestown the whole area became known as the Chesapeake.

Today this area is comprised of Virginia and Maryland.

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

Indentured Indentured

ServitudeServitude

HeadrightHeadrightSystemSystem

Indentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeIndentured ServitudeHeadright System:Headright System:

Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person whose passage they paid.whose passage they paid.

Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:

5-7 years.5-7 years.

Promised “freedom dues” Promised “freedom dues” [land, £][land, £]

Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.

1610-1614: only 1 in 10 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured outlived their indentured contracts!contracts!

VirginiaVirginiaVirginiaVirginia

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

VirginiaVirginiaHouse of BurgessesHouse of Burgesses

Virginia established the House of Burgesses in which any property-holding, white male could vote.

The House of Burgesses established in The House of Burgesses established in 16191619 & began to assume the role of the & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in EnglandHouse of Commons in England

Control over finances, militia, etc.Control over finances, militia, etc.

Mainly leading planters.Mainly leading planters.

Functions like House of Lords.Functions like House of Lords.

High death rates ensured rapid turnover of High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.members.

Growing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political PowerGrowing Political Power

James I grew hostile to VirginiaJames I grew hostile to Virginia

He hated tobaccoHe hated tobacco..

He He distrusted the House of Burgesses distrusted the House of Burgesses which which he called a he called a seminary of seditionseminary of sedition..

1624 1624 he he revoked the charter revoked the charter of the of the bankrupt VA Company.bankrupt VA Company.

Thus, Thus, VA became a royal colonyVA became a royal colony, under the , under the king’s direct control!king’s direct control!

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Virginia Becomes a Royal Virginia Becomes a Royal ColonyColony

Late 1600s Late 1600s large numbers of large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake areathe Chesapeake area..

Little access to land or women for Little access to land or women for marriage.marriage.

1670 1670 The Virginia Assembly The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!disenfranchised most landless men!

Frustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated FreemenFrustrated Freemen

Led 1,000 Virginians in a Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor rebellion against Governor BerkeleyBerkeley

Rebels resented Berkeley’s Rebels resented Berkeley’s close close relations with Indians.relations with Indians.

Berkeley monopolized the fur Berkeley monopolized the fur trade trade with the Indians in the with the Indians in the area.area.

Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.attacks on frontier settlements.

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Bacon’s Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Rebellion: 1676

Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon

GovernoGovernorr

William William BerkeleyBerkeley

Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676

Governor Berkeley driven from JamestownGovernor Berkeley driven from Jamestown..

They burned the capital.They burned the capital.

Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.Rebels went on a rampage of plundering.

Bacon suddenly died of feverBacon suddenly died of fever..

Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.hanged 20 rebels.

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion

Socio-economic class Socio-economic class differences/clashes between rural differences/clashes between rural and urban communities would and urban communities would continue throughout American continue throughout American historyhistory..

Upper class planters searched for Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel laborers less likely to rebel AfricansAfricans

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Results of Bacon’s Results of Bacon’s RebellionRebellion

Separatists

Separatists

vs. vs.

PuritansPuritans

PuritanismPuritanism

Calvinism The English followers of John Calvin were known as Puritans

Predestination.

•Good works could not save those predestined for hell.

•No one could be certain of their spiritual status.

Puritans:

Want to totally reform [purify] the Church of England.

Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England.

The Puritans leave England

The Puritans believed that Queen Elizabeth I’s reforms had not gone far enough to reform the church.

The Puritans controlled many congregations in England and had become an influential force.

King James I abandoned the policy of religious toleration when he took the throne.

One Puritan group called the One Puritan group called the Separatists Separatists believed in a total break believed in a total break from the Church of England.from the Church of England.

In 1629, King Charles I took the throne In 1629, King Charles I took the throne and launched a campaign of and launched a campaign of repression against the separatists.repression against the separatists.

This political turmoil paved the way for This political turmoil paved the way for thousands to escape to the colonies.thousands to escape to the colonies.

The SeparatistsThe Separatists

The Pilgrims

The first group of dissenters are commonly known as the Pilgrims today. They went by the name “Separatist” in their time period.

The originally moved to Holland but decided to proceed to North America because they felt the Dutch were seducing their children with their ideas of tolerance.

This Week:

Tues- Notes over Colonization Weds- In Class Assignment Thurs.-Notes/Witch Trials Fri-Salem Witch Trials Mon.-Salem Witch Trials Video Tues.- Discuss A.P. Exam/Review Weds.- Colonization Test

1620 1620 a group of 102 a group of 102 people [half Separatists] people [half Separatists]

Negotiated with the Virginia Company Negotiated with the Virginia Company

to settle in its jurisdiction.to settle in its jurisdiction.

Plymouth Bay way Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Companyoutside the domain of the Virginia Company..

Became squatters without legal right to land & specific Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a govt.authority to establish a govt.

The MayflowerThe Mayflower

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The first document of self government in North America.

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

The Mayflower Compact

November 11, 1620

Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship.

Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule.

Signed by 41 adult males.

Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

Covenant TheologyCovenant Theology

“Covenant of Grace”: between Puritan communities and God.

“Social Covenant”: Between members of Puritan communities

with each other.

Required mutual watchfulness.

No toleration of deviance or disorder.

No privacy.

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony

1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships

Established a colony with Boston as its hub.

“Great Migration” of the 1630s

Turmoil in England [leading to the English Civil War] sent about 70,000 Puritans to America.

Not all Puritans 20,000 came to MA.

The Great Migration was one of the largest migrations in history.

John WinthropJohn Winthrop

We shall be as We shall be as a a

city on a hill..city on a hill..

Well-off attorney and manor lord in England.

Became 1st governor of Massachusetts.

Believed that he had a “calling” from God to lead there.

Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Characteristics of New England Settlements

Low mortality Low mortality average life average life expectancy was 70 years of expectancy was 70 years of age.age.

Many extended families.Many extended families.

Average 6 children per family.Average 6 children per family.

Average age at marriage:Average age at marriage: Women – 22 years oldWomen – 22 years old

Men – 27 years old.Men – 27 years old.

PatriarchyPatriarchy

Authoritarian male father figures controlled each household.

Patriarchal ministers and magistrates controlled church congregations and household patriarchs.

Puritan “Rebels”Puritan “Rebels”Roger WilliamsRoger Williams

Taught a number of controversial Taught a number of controversial principlesprinciples, among them that , among them that church and state should be church and state should be separate. separate.

Condemned MA Bay Charter.Condemned MA Bay Charter.

• Did not give fair compensation to Did not give fair compensation to Indians.Indians.

Denied authority of civil Denied authority of civil govt. to regulate religious govt. to regulate religious behavior.behavior.

1635 1635 found guilty of found guilty of preaching preaching new & dangerous new & dangerous opinionsopinions and was exiled. and was exiled.

Roger Roger WilliamsWilliams

1636 1636 Roger Williams fled there. Roger Williams fled there.

MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony.to prevent him from founding a competing colony.

Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RIRemarkable political freedom in Providence, RI

• Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage later restricted by a later restricted by a property qualification.property qualification.

• Opposed to special privilege Opposed to special privilege of any kind of any kind freedom of freedom of opportunity for all.opportunity for all.

RI becomes known as the “Sewer” RI becomes known as the “Sewer” because it is because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters unbelievers and religious dissenters More More liberal than any other colony!liberal than any other colony!

Rhode IslandRhode Island

Intelligent, strong-willed, well-spoken woman.Intelligent, strong-willed, well-spoken woman.

Threatened patriarchal control.Threatened patriarchal control.

Anti-nomialismAnti-nomialism [direct revelation] [direct revelation]

Believed faith and God’s grace could save you as Believed faith and God’s grace could save you as opposed to the observance of moral law and opposed to the observance of moral law and performance of good deeds.performance of good deeds.

Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.Holy life was no sure sign of salvation.

Anne HutchinsonAnne Hutchinson

1638 1638 she confounded the Puritan leaders for she confounded the Puritan leaders for days.days.

Eventually Eventually bragged that she had received her bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God.beliefs DIRECTLY from God.

Puritan leaders banished her Puritan leaders banished her she & her family she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY.traveled to RI and later to NY.

She and all but one member of her family were killed She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County.in an Indian attack in Westchester County.

John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!John Winthrop saw God’s hand in this!

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

Anne Hutchinson’s Trial

Indians especially weak in New England Indians especially weak in New England epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native population.epidemics wiped out ¾ of the native population.

Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the Wampanoags [near Plymouth] befriended the settlerssettlers..

Cooperation between the two helped by Cooperation between the two helped by SquantoSquanto..

1621 1621 Chief Massasoit signed treaty with the Chief Massasoit signed treaty with the settlers.settlers.

Autumn, 1621 Autumn, 1621 both groups celebrated the First both groups celebrated the First Thanksgiving.Thanksgiving.

Puritans vs. Native Americans

Puritans vs. Native Americans

The First Thanksgiving?

The First Thanksgiving?

In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving In 1863, President Lincoln proclaimed Thanksgiving an official US holiday.an official US holiday.

THE CONNECTICUT VALLEYTHE CONNECTICUT VALLEY

As the population grew, As the population grew, settlers began to settlers began to look for more places to live.look for more places to live.

The The Connecticut Valley was a fertile Connecticut Valley was a fertile region region with lots of with lots of access to the sea.access to the sea.

This area was inhabited by the Pequots.This area was inhabited by the Pequots.

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

Pequots Pequots very powerful tribe very powerful tribein CT river valley.in CT river valley.

1637 1637 Pequot War Pequot War

The Pequots attacked a settlement killing nine The Pequots attacked a settlement killing nine colonists.colonists.

The members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony The members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony retaliated by killing 400 Pequotretaliated by killing 400 Pequot..

Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!Whites set fire to homes & shot fleeing survivors!

Pequot tribe virtually annihilatedPequot tribe virtually annihilated an uneasy peace an uneasy peace lasted for 40 years.lasted for 40 years.

A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637A Pequot VillageDestroyed, 1637

Only hope for Native Americans to resist Only hope for Native Americans to resist white settlers was to UNITE.white settlers was to UNITE.

MetacomMetacom [King Philip to white settlers] [King Philip to white settlers]

Tried to unite Indians and staged Tried to unite Indians and staged coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout coordinated attacks on white settlements throughout New England.New England.

Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.Frontier settlements forced to retreat to Boston.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

The The war ended in failure for the Indianswar ended in failure for the Indians

Metacom beheaded and drawn and Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered.quartered.

His son and wife sold into slavery.His son and wife sold into slavery.

Never a serious threat in New England Never a serious threat in New England again.again.

King Philip’s War (1675-1676}King Philip’s War (1675-1676}

DECLINE PURITAN SOCIETY

Many colonists began to care about business and material things.

The drive for economic success competed with Puritan religious ideas.

A new royal charter allowed for religious freedom in Massachusetts.

People were allowed to vote based on land ownership rather than church affiliation.

MarylandMarylandMarylandMaryland

A A royal charter royal charter was granted to was granted to GeorgeGeorgeCalvert, Calvert, Lord BaltimoreLord Baltimore,,in 1632.in 1632.

A A proprietary proprietary colony colony created in created in 1634.1634.

Becomes a haven for Catholics.Becomes a haven for Catholics.

Baltimore permitted high degree Baltimore permitted high degree of of freedom of worship in order to freedom of worship in order to prevent repeat of persecution of prevent repeat of persecution of Catholics by ProtestantsCatholics by Protestants

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

The Settlement of The Settlement of MarylandMaryland

New YorkNew York

New NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew NetherlandsNew Netherlands

New Netherlands founded in the Hudson River area (1623-1624)

Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade.

Aristocratic patroonships [feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them].

Charles II granted New Netherland’s land to his brother, the Duke of York.

Renamed “New York”

Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania

The Quakers and The Quakers and William PennWilliam Penn

The Quakers and The Quakers and William PennWilliam Penn

Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England.

Believed all were children of God refused to treat the upper classes with deference.

Embraced Quakerism after military service.

1681 he received a grant from king to establish a colony.

Colony was liberal land policy attracted many immigrants.