8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 1/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 2/47
TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN COLLEGE( )TARC
-SCHOOL OF PRE UNIVERSITY
STUDIES
Colloquium Presentation2011
Researcher: Chin Wui Ling Caryn Tan Sze Yee Chong Yi Hua
Hema Farhana Hew Yee Lim
/Lokanayagi a p Santher
Segaran Loo Fu Hong
Advisor.Mr Low Wai Leon
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 3/47
Carbohydrates in infant
milk
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 4/47
StudyStudy
Objective:Objective:Research objective is tostudy:
the importance of babymilk for baby or infant.
the nutrients in babymilk.
the benefits of carbohydrate to babyor infant.
the type of carbohydrate in babymilk.
the different betweenfew types of baby milk
the way to estimate
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 5/47
Infant formula is food manufactured tosupport great adequate of growth of
infants under six month age when fed assole source of nutrition
Roughly based on the mother’s milk 1-3months of postpartum.
Most of the milk is from purified cow’s milkwhey and casein as protein source, andothers.
In United States, there’s manufacturer using
soy milk to replace cow’s milk to babieswho is allergic to other proteins.
INT
RO D
U C T
IO
INT
RO D
U C T
IO
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 6/47
:REASONS TO USE INFANT FORMULA:REASONS TO USE INFANT FORMULA
Babies unable to breastfeedüChild has birth defects or inborn
error of metabolism, inexample galactosemia.
Mother’s health
üinfected with diseases , inexample, tuberculosisand HIV.
üMalnourishment or hadbreast cancer
üTaking drugs
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 7/47
Recommendation by FDA based onRecommendation by FDA based onAmerican Academy of PediatricsAmerican Academy of Pediatrics
Committee on NutritionCommittee on Nutrition
d, C, D, E, K, thiamin(B),riboflavin(B2),B6,B12
acid
Metals: magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copp
Phosphorus
IodineSodium chloride
Potassium chloride
Carbohydrates
Nucleotides
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 8/47
Carbohydrates are an important sourceof energy for growing infants as it
accounts for 35 to 42%of their dailyenergy intake.
C a rb o h y d ra te is an organic compound containing the
, ,elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen in proportion
: :1 2 1 which is
C6H12 O6
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 9/47
Digestion ofDigestion of
carbohydratescarbohydrates
in infant babyin infant baby
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 10/47
Mouth
into small particles to increase surface area for enzyme action.sedby amylase into maltose.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 11/47
Stomach
Stomach did not help in carbohydrate digestion.
Duodenum
ncreatic juice hydrolyse incomplete digestion in the mouth
rch is converted into maltose
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 12/47
illeum
crase , maltase and lactase are released. Further digestisorption begins.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 13/47
Blood capillaries andliver
lucose absorbed is carried by hepatic portal vein to the liver and distributed throxidation of glucose in the muscles produces energy for various activities, such a
xcess glucose is converted and stored in liver.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 14/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 15/47
Carbohydrates can divided
into three main classes
based on their complexity
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 16/47
3 to 7 carbonCannot be broken down
lucose, fructose, galactose and ribose
D-isomers
Aldose (glyceraaldehyde) and ketose (dihydroxyacetone)
Water soluble
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 17/47
.d e x tr o s e an d b l o o d s u g a rTrioses, D-glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone and the D forms of gluc
T h e n o r m a l c on c e n t r a t i o n o f g l u c o s e i n h u m a n b l o o d i s i n t h e r a
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 18/47
The Brain Sugar
:D-galactose
ØD-galactose is sometimes called
brain sugar because it is a component of glycoprotein found in brain andnerve tissues
ØIn the human body, galactose is synthesized from glucose in
the mammary glands for use in lactose which is a disaccharideconsisting of glucose unit and a galactose unit.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 19/47
D-fructose
■ It is one of the three important dietarymonosaccharide along with glucose andgalactose.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 20/47
D-Ribose
●D-ribose is a pentose which is acomponent of a variety of complexmolecules, including ribonucleic acids(RNAs) and energy –rich compounds suchas adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
●2-deoxy-D-ribose is a compound of DNA
molecules. The prefix deoxy means “minusan oxygen”. So, the structures of ribose and2 deoxyribose differ in that the latter compound lacks an oxygen atom at carbon2.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 21/47
Reaction of Monosaccharides
►The hydroxyl groups of monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacidss toform inorganic ester.
►For example, specific enzymes in the human body catalyze the esterification of
the hemiacetal group (carbon 1) and the primary alcohol group (group 6) inglucose to produce the compounds glucose 1 phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate.
(a) Phosphate Ester Formation
a-D- Glucose 1-phosphate a-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 22/47
(b) Amino Sugar Formation
When one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is
replaced with an amino group ,an amino sugar is produced. Thethree common natural sugars are
D-glucosamine D-galactosamine D-mannosamine
yl derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides found
d
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 23/47
di s a c c h a r i d e
s
di s a c c
h a r i d e
s
Disaccharide Monosaccharide unitsSucrose (cane sugar) Glucose +FructoseMaltose(malt sugar) Glucose + GlucoseLactose(milk sugar) Glucose +Galactose
The combination of two monosaccharide
produces a disaccharides.It’s always a carbon-hydrogen-carbon bond ina disaccharide.
qM lt l k lt
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 24/47
qMaltose commonly known as malt sugar.
qNormally found in baby food and malted
milk
qThe single most common monosaccharide is
the hexoseqD glucose, represented by the formula
C6H12 O6.
qEach disaccharide is formed by a
condensation reaction .
qWhen two glucose molecules are linkedtogether by a glycosidic bond (one of the
glucose must be D glucose), such as inα
maltose.
Hydrolysis of maltose:
DMaltose+H 2O +(H+ or maltase) 2 Dglucose
o rm a t io n o f ma l to s e by c o nd en s at i o n i s s ho wn in t he fo l lo wi n g
- - + - +D glucose α D glucose maltose waterC6H12 O6 + C6H12 O 6 C 12 H22 O11 +H2 )0
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 25/47
CellobioseCellobiose is produced as an immediate in thehydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose . It differs
from maltose in that one of the D-glucose unit is βconfiguration. This result in a β(1-4) glycosidiclinkage.
Different biochemical behaviour betweenmaltose and cellobiose is related to thestereochemistry of their glycosidic linkage.Maltase, the enzyme that breaks the glucose-glucose α(1-4) glycosidic linkage present in
maltose, is found in human body.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 26/47
Lactose is made up of a β-D-galactose unit and D-glucoseunit joined by a β(1-4) glycosidic linkage
LACTOSE(milk sugars):Abundantly found in milk.
It is an important ingredientin commercially producedinfant formulas that aredesigned to stimulate
mother’s milk.
Enzymes in mammalianmammary glands take glucosefrom the bloodstream andsysthesize lactose.
Lactose can be hydrolyzed by acid or by the enzymelactase,forming a mixture of galactose and glucose.
D-Lactose+H 2O+(H+ or lactase) D-galactose+ D-glucose
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 27/47
Polysaccharides
Is a polymer that contains many monosaccharide
units bonded to each other by glycosidiclinkages.
A storage polysaccharide is a storage form of monosaccharides and is used as an energy
source in cells. The most important storage polysaccharide in
animal and human cells is glycogen.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 28/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 29/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 30/47
O l i g o s a c c h a r i d e s a sacch a rid e p o lym e r co n ta in in g a
(sm a ll n u m b e r n o rm a lly th re e to
)te n o f co m p o n e n t su g a rs com m o n ly fo u n d o n th e p la sm a
m e m b ra n e o f a n im a lce lls an d p la y
- .a ro le in ce ll ce ll re co g n itio n
- -fo u n d e ith e r O o r N lin ke d to co m p a tib le a m in o a cid sid e ch a in s
.in p ro te in s o r to lip id m o ie tie s
, -3 ty p e o f o lig o sacch a rid e Fru cto
( ), -o lig o sacch a rid e FO S G a la cto
( ) .O lig o sa cch a rid e M O S a n d In u lin
p a rtia lly d ig e ste d b y h u m a n s
FOS GOS d I liFOS GOS d I li
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 31/47
, ,FOS GOS or inulin increases the number friendly bacteria in the
colon while simultaneously reducing.the population of harmful bacteriaUndigested portion serve as food for
.intestinal microflora ,Depend on type of oligosaccharides
different group of bacteria are
.simulated
FOS and Inulin promote calcium.absorption
The fermentation of produce gases and.acids The latter provide some
.energy to the bodyFOS can also be synthesized by
enzymes of the fungus Aspergillus niger .acting on sucrose GOS is
naturally found in soybeans and can(be synthesized from lactose milk
).sugar
FOS, GOS and InulinFOS, GOS and Inulin
Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillusbiffidus
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 32/47
Chapter4:Effectofcarbohydrate
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 33/47
Chapter 4:Effect of carbohydrate
to infant
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 34/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 35/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 36/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 37/47
, & , , , ,Hypoglycemia nausea vomiting abdominal pain sweating tremors
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 38/47
Prolonged Ingestion
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 39/47
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 40/47
Experiment on the presence of Experiment on the presence of carbohydrates in infant milk carbohydrates in infant milk
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 41/47
Aim : To investigate the relationship between infant
milk and non-reducing sugar.
*The concentration of non-reducing sugar is determined by
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 42/47
g g ycolour changes. It increases from:
Green yellow orange red.→ → →
*Conclusion: Theseinfant milk do not contain reducing sugar but
contain non–reducing sugar.
Increasing concentration of non-reducing sugar
*
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 43/47
T t t b 1 t 4 i d f l ft t i ht
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 44/47
Test tube 1 to 4 is arranged from left to right.
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 45/47
ConclusionO Infant milk plays an important role in infant
body.
O Infant milk contains a lot of essential nutrientswhich bring benefits to infant health.
O The molecules of infant milk powder is small.This enhances infant to absorb the nutrientseasily.
O Some infants cannot utilize certain nutrient,such as galactosemia. They should consumemilk that is galactose-free.
O In conclusion, infant should consume suitablemilk powder .
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 46/47
ReferencesBesty ,T.L.H.(2008).Eseential Biology Form 4.Petaling Jaya.Pearson Malaysia
Sdn.Bhd.
Tan ,Y.T. & Loh ,W.L. & Kathirasan ,M.(2010).Ace Ahead Chemistry (2nded).Shah Alam:Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.Whiter ,E.O. & Cary,C.A. & Ellis ,N.R.(1934).Reserch laboratories,Bureau of Dairy
Industry,and Animal Husbandy Division,Bureau of Animal Industry in U.S.Department of Agriculture ,Washington.The effects of lactose on growth andlongevity .Retrieved August 31,1934 from the World Wide Web:
http://jn.nutrition.orgLinda A. Hatfield, PhD & Maryellen E. Gusic & Anne-Marie Dyer & Rosemary C.Polomano, PhD(2008). Pennsylvania State University School of Nursing,College of Health and Human Development, University Park, Pennsylvania &Division of General Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine & Division of Biostatistics, Public Health Sciences, Penn State MiltonS. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania & Biobehavioral ResearchCenter, University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia in Pennsylvania. Sucrose During RoutineImmunizations at 2 and 4 Months of Age. Retrived February 2,2008 from thethe World Wide Web:http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/2/e327
8/7/2019 coloquioum
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/coloquioum 47/47
THANK YOU.THANK YOU.